- Temperate grasslands are one of the most important biomes to understand. They play an important role in our survival. They also play an important role in helping to manage climate change.
- Temperate grasslands are one of the two types of grassland biomes.
- The other type is tropical grassland.
- While both types share features of being bordered by a desert and a forest, are defined by a consistent geological plane, plus have unusually rich and deep soil, temperate and tropical grasslands are very different.
- Temperate grasslands are located in the Northern Hemisphere.
- They are also called prairies or steppes.
- Temperate grasslands have a distinct season pattern of growing and dormancy.
- Temperate grasslands can have a wide range of temperatures that occur during the year as well.
- Between both types of grassland biomes they cover almost 25% of all of the Earth’s landmass. Every continent has a grassland biome except one – Antarctica.
Location
- Temperate grasslands are located above the equator on the Northern Continents.
- One of the largest temperate grasslands was the US prairie land.
- Of the original prairie land in the country, only about 2% is left.
- This has caused serious concern among environmentalists and spurred renewed conservation activities.
- Temperate grasslands can be large or small.
- As long as the area is bordered by a desert and a forest, it can be considered a grassland.
- Besides the US prairie, other famous temperate grasslands include the Russian steppes, veldts of Africa, the pampas of South America (mostly located in Argentina and Uruguay), the steppes of Eurasia, the plains of North America and the steppes that surround the Gobi desert in Asia.
- Therefore locations of temperate grasslands include:
- Argentina, Uruguay – pampas
- Australia – downs
- Central North America – plains and prairies
- Hungary – puszta
- New Zealand – downs
- Eurasia-Russia, Ukraine-Asia – steppes
- South Africa – veldts
Climate
- Temperate grasslands have a mild range of temperatures, but they have distinct seasons.
- They have hot summers and cold winters.
- During summers, the temperature can be well over 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
- The growing season covers the traditional spring/summer months, and temperatures in this biome vary greatly between summer and winter months.
- There are some periods that are distinctly hotter during this time, but the overall temperature is conducive to healthy plant growth.
- The fall/winter season can bring temperatures to as low as -40 degrees Fahrenheit.
- This is the dormancy season, and it is characterized by a dying out or hibernation of plants until the weather and soil warm in the spring.
- It receives about 10 – 35 inches of precipitation a year in the late spring and early summer, and much of it falls as snow in the winter.
Temperature
- The temperature in temperate grasslands varies greatly depending upon the time of the year, and temperatures vary more from summer to winter.
- Seasonal temperature variation may be slight in tropical grasslands but may vary by as much as 40 °C (72 °F) in temperate grassland areas.
- In general, summers are hot, and winters are cold and temperate grasslands are somewhat drier and also colder than tropical grasslands, at least for part of the year.
- The temperature in the summer can exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit. In winter, the temperature can drop to 40 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.
- Mean temperatures in January range from −18 °C (0 °F) in the north to 10 °C (50 °F) in the south, with corresponding values in July being 18 °C (64 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F).
- The mean annual temperature in the most northerly areas of the North American grassland zone is below 0 °C (32 °F).
Precipitation and soil
- It is the soil that makes the temperate grasslands such an integral part of human society. It is unusually rich and fertile; it is also deep.
- The world’s most fertile soil is found in the eastern prairies of the US, the pampas of South America, and the steppes of Ukraine and Russia.
- The seasons deliver patterns of rainfall that never hit the extremes of a monsoon, which could wash soil and vegetation away.
- The mean annual rainfall in the North American grassland areas is 300 to 600 millimetres.
- For man, the grassland waterways and soil patterns also provided ideal points to establish transportation hubs too.
Vegetation
- Grasses dominate the temperate grasslands.
- Trees and large shrubs are rarely found as fires, droughts and grazing by animals prevent trees from becoming established.
- There is a large variety of plants that grow on the temperate grasslands.
- Plants such as:
- Low and mid-range grass types
- Small succulents and ground shrubs
- Small trees
- Grains
- Most important, mankind discovered centuries ago that the grasslands have the perfect soil for cultivating crops. This is why many of the original settlements were located on temperate grasslands. With the use of grasslands, civilization was able to begin to grow because the food source for people was stabilized. Cultures and societies began to build themselves around the planting and harvesting seasons too.
- Each different species of grass grows best in a particular grassland environment depending on the temperature, rainfall, and soil conditions.
- The various species of grasses include: Blue grama, Gallet, Blue-eyed grass, Purple needle grass, Buffalo grass, Ryegrass, Foxtail.
- However, a few trees other than grass you can find growing in temperate grassland biome in river valleys, and some nonwoody plants, specifically a few hundred species of flowers, grow among the grasses. Eg; Cottonwoods, Oaks, Cattail plants, Cacti, Sagebrush, Willows.
Animals
- The wide expanses and rich plant growth, plus adequate rainfall features of the temperate grasses, make it ideal for herd based animals, such as the following, to exist.
- The large herbivores include bison, gazelles, zebras, rhinoceroses, and wild horses.
- The natural carnivores, like lions, wolves, cheetahs, leopards, coyotes, red-tailed hawks, owls, and opossums, are also found in temperate grasslands and prey on big and small animals.
- Omnivores such as badgers also thrive in this biome. These kinds of animals eat rodents, snakes, frogs, insects, fruits, and roots.
- Animals like aardvarks feed exclusively on insects digging termite mounds and ant hills with the help of their large claws and long, sticky tongues. Whereas prairie dogs in temperate grassland biomes commonly feed on flowers, fruits, seeds, grasses, leave, as well as insects and eggs.
- Other animals of this region include deer, prairie dogs, mice, jackrabbits, skunks, coyotes, snakes, foxes, owls, badgers, blackbirds, grasshoppers, meadowlarks, sparrows, quails, and hawks.
- There is a delicate balance of predator and prey on this kind of grassland.
- It is most common that the prey-herbivore types such as Bison exist in large herds.
- Predators, such as wolves, operate in small packs.
- There is abundant ground life here with hares and other burrowing animals heavily represented.
- The avian life features flocks drawn to the seeds of the plants and the small groups of predator birds who hunt them as well.
- Prairie animals mostly have coats that mimic surrounding vegetation to camouflage from predators.
- Predators like the snow leopards develop a creamy white coat to camouflage and catch prey with ease.
