Source: DTE Context: Bangladesh became the first South Asian country to accede to the UN Water Convention (2025), aiming to strengthen transboundary water governance. About Bangladesh Join UN Water Convention: What it is? The Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention) is a legally binding international framework promoting …
Syllabus: Forest and Environment Source: FAO Context: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) released The State of Food and Agriculture 2025 report titled “Addressing Land Degradation Across Landholding Scales,” highlighting how human-induced land degradation undermines global food production. About FAO released The State of Food and Agriculture 2025 report: What it is? An annual flagship …
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Syllabus: Climate and Energy Source: UNEP Context: The UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2025 titled “Off Target” warns that despite new climate pledges, the world remains on course for 2.3–2.5°C warming, far exceeding the Paris Agreement goals. About The UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2025: What it is? The 16th edition of UNEP’s annual assessment that measures …
Topic: Salient features of world’s physical geography Q1. Unseasonal rainfall events in India’s post-monsoon months indicate a shifting monsoon rhythm. Analyse the causes and implications of this emerging trend. (10 M) Difficulty Level: Medium Reference: IE Why the question: Due to the increasing frequency of unseasonal rainfall in India’s post-monsoon months, indicating shifts in traditional …
Syllabus: Climate & Geography Source: TH Context: The Himalayas are witnessing an alarming rise in climate-induced disasters—from floods and landslides to glacial lake bursts—prompting scientists to call for robust early warning systems (EWS) across the fragile mountain range to reduce loss of life and property. About Setting Up an Early Warning System (EWS) for the …
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Topic: changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes. Q2. Examine the major physical and climatic factors behind the recent surge in global wildfires. Evaluate their implications for global food and water security. (10 M) Difficulty Level: Easy Reference: DTE Why the question: …
General Studies-3; Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment. Introduction Tropical rainforests are among the Earth’s most vital ecosystems — they absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and help regulate the planet’s climate. For decades, they have acted as “carbon sinks”, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and serving as buffers against climate …
Topic: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone. Q1. Describe the role of sea-surface temperature and latent heat in sustaining cyclones. Examine how climate change is altering cyclone characteristics in the North Indian Ocean. (10 M) Difficulty Level: Medium Reference: IE Why the question: The recent Cyclone Montha and rising ocean temperatures …
Source: TH Context: The IUCN World Heritage Outlook 4 has placed India’s Western Ghats, under the “significant concern” category due to threats like climate change, unregulated tourism, and invasive species. About the Western Ghats: What it is: The Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri Hills, are a north–south mountain range forming the crest of …
Source: TH Context: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its World Heritage Outlook 4 (2025) report placed Western Ghats, Manas National Park, and Sundarbans National Park under the “Significant Concern” category. About IUCN Flags Western Ghats, Manas, and Sundarbans as ‘Significant Concern’ Sites: About the IUCN World Heritage Outlook The World Heritage …
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Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment Q6. “Carbon Capture and Storage has turned into a fossil-fuel subsidy rather than a mitigation tool”. Discuss this assertion. Suggest measures to realign CCS with genuine decarbonisation goals. (10 M) Difficulty Level: Medium Reference: DTE Why the question: Amid debates on the misuse of Carbon Capture …
Syllabus: Disaster Management Source: IE Context: Heavy rainfall triggered multiple landslides in Darjeeling and Kalimpong, killing at least 14 people and destroying vital infrastructure including the Dudhia bridge and Teesta Bazaar link road. About Landslides: What it is? A landslide is the downward movement of rock, debris, or soil along a slope under gravity. It …
Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation Q6. “The future of wildlife conservation lies in connectivity, not captivity”. Evaluate this statement in the context of climate-induced habitat shifts. (10 M) Difficulty Level: Medium Reference: DTE Why the question: Climate change–induced habitat shifts have exposed the limitations of conventional protected area–based conservation. The question tests understanding of …
Topic: Ocean waves Q2. Ocean waves are not merely surface phenomena but powerful agents shaping coastal geomorphology. Explain the processes involved. Assess their role in increasing coastal vulnerability under climate change. (10 M) Difficulty Level: Medium Reference: InsightsIAS Why the question Ocean waves are not only geomorphic agents but also central to understanding rising coastal …
Topic: Salinity distribution Q1. Describe the global pattern of salinity distribution. Analyse the influence of precipitation and freshwater inflow in modifying salinity levels. Evaluate the implications of salinity variations for marine ecosystems and human activities. (15 M) Difficulty Level: Medium Reference: InsightsIAS Why the question Climate change, ice-melt, and monsoon variability have made ocean salinity …
Topic: Pressure and Global Pressure belts Q2. Examine the causes of shifting of global pressure belts. How do these shifts influence jet streams? Discuss their impact on extreme weather events. (15 M) Difficulty Level: Medium Reference: InsightsIAS Why the question IPCC reports and multiple extreme events like Pakistan floods 2022 and Texas winter storm 2021 …
Source: DTE Context: Kerala’s Wayanad landslide (July 2024) has been described as a “grey rhino event” by scientists in the report Sliding Earth, Scattered Lives (Sept 2025), highlighting how policymakers ignored years of warnings about ecological fragility and rainfall risks. About Grey Rhino Event: What it is? A “grey rhino” is a highly probable, high-impact …
Topic: Heat & temperature Q1. “The distribution of global temperature is a result of both latitude and dynamic processes”. Analyse. (10 M) Difficulty Level: Medium Reference: InsightsIAS Why the question Global temperature distribution and the ability to integrate both static (latitude) and dynamic (circulation, currents, topography, anthropogenic) factors. Key Demand of the question The question …
Topic: Landforms (Riverine, Coastal, Karst, Glacial, Volcanic and Aeolian) Q1. How do river deltas differ from estuaries in their formation and ecological role. Evaluate the challenges faced by Indian deltas under climate change. (10 M) Difficulty Level: Medium Reference: InsightsIAS Why the question Climate change is increasingly threatening India’s coastal and riverine systems, making a …
Topic: Geomorphic Processes Q2. Differentiate between endogenic and exogenic processes. Illustrate their combined impact in shaping Himalayan landforms. Analyse how climate change is altering these geomorphic processes today. (15 M) Difficulty Level: Medium Reference: InsightsIAS Why the question Himalayan events such as the Joshimath subsidence and South Lhonak GLOF show how internal tectonics, external erosional …
