Characteristics of Indian industry from 1900 to eve of independence
- Very Limited growth of modern Industries . At independence
- Modern factory sector never employed more than 2% of labor force.
- Modern industries only 7% of GDP
- Per capita income increased only 20% between 1900 to 1947
- Composition of Manufacturing: Consumer goods dominated the industrial production.
- 90% of core goods imported
- Dominated by Textile Industry –
- 60% of Manufacturing output
- next being engineering @ 8.4% and steel @ 7.6%
- Absence of core sectors: A characteristic feature was under development of capital goods and modern banking and insurance sectors. India relied on imports to meet around 90% of its machinery needs in 1951.
- Technology: Research institutions and research in companies almost non-existent. Indians not appointed to higher skilled jobs.
- Gradual Indianisation,
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- By Independence, 60% of Industries, owned by Indians
- In 1913, 60% under British
- Regional Concentration : Regionally only a few states had industry. Only a few sectors like sugar, textiles etc. dominated whole industrial output.
- De Industrialisation of Traditional Industries
- Export orientation had been against country’s interests.
- Male dominated
