DAY – 65 : Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2026 : MODERN INDIA

Answer:    (d)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: In 1772, Warren Hastings established a dual system of courts in each district. The Diwani Adalat was created to resolve civil disputes and was presided over by the Collector, while the Faujdari Adalat handled criminal cases and was presided over by Indian officers assisted by Qazis and Muftis.
• Statement 2 is correct: In 1793, Lord Cornwallis introduced the Cornwallis Code, which was based on the principle of the separation of powers. He separated the executive branch from the judicial administration by divesting the Collectors of their judicial and magisterial powers, ensuring that the administration of justice was independent of the revenue department.
• Statement 3 is correct: William Bentinck reorganized the judiciary to increase efficiency and reduce delays. He abolished the Provincial Courts of Appeal and Circuit, which had become rest-houses for the unfit, and transferred their functions to the Commissioners of Revenue and Circuit.

Answer:    (d)

Explanation:

• Pair 1 is correctly matched: The Charter Act of 1853 introduced an open competitive system for the selection and recruitment of civil servants, ending the patronage of the Court of Directors. This transition to a merit-based system occurred during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie.
• Pair 2 is correctly matched: The Aitchison Commission was appointed in 1886 by Lord Dufferin. It recommended the abolition of the terms covenanted and uncovenanted and suggested a three-tier classification: Imperial, Provincial, and Subordinate Civil Services.
• Pair 3 is correctly matched: The Lee Commission (Royal Commission on the Superior Civil Services in India) was appointed in 1923 during the viceroyalty of Lord Reading. It dealt with the grievances of the services following the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and recommended that 20% of recruits should be promoted from the Provincial Civil Service.
• Pair 4 is correctly matched: Lord Lytton introduced the Statutory Civil Service in 1878. It was a failed attempt to satisfy Indian demands for higher administrative roles by allowing 1/6th of covenanted posts to be filled by Indians of high birth through nomination rather than competition.

Answer:    (c)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The Permanent Settlement (1793), introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal and Bihar, recognized Zamindars as the absolute owners of the land. The revenue amount to be paid to the British was fixed in perpetuity, meaning it could never be increased regardless of the land’s productivity.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: While Alexander Read and Thomas Munro were indeed the architects of the Ryotwari system, it was first introduced in the Madras Presidency (specifically the Baramahal district), not the Bengal Presidency. The Bengal Presidency was primarily under the Permanent Settlement system.
• Statement 3 is correct: The Mahalwari system, introduced by Holt Mackenzie and later refined by Robert Merttins Bird, focused on the Mahal (the village unit). The revenue settlement was made with the entire village community, and the village headman (Lambardar) was responsible for the collective payment.

Answer:   (b)

Explanation:

• Pair 1 is correctly matched: Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the Grand Old Man of India, started the journal Voice of India in 1883 (initially in London) to provide a platform for Indian opinions and to influence British public sentiment regarding Indian grievances.
• Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: The journal Sudharak (The Reformer) was started by Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, not Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Agarkar was a prominent social reformer from Maharashtra who used the journal to advocate for rationalism and social equity after his split with Lokmanya Tilak.
• Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: The Hitavada was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1911 (under the aegis of the Servants of India Society). S. Aiyar (G. Subramania Iyer) was the founder of The Hindu and Swadesamitran.
• Pair 4 is correctly matched: Surendranath Banerjea took over and edited The Bengalee (founded originally by Girish Chandra Ghosh). Under Banerjea’s leadership, it became a powerful voice for the nationalist movement and political awareness in Bengal.

Answer:    (a)

Explanation:

• East India Association (1866): Founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in London. Its primary aim was to discuss the Indian question and influence British public opinion to promote Indian welfare. It was one of the first organizations to have a global outlook on Indian grievances.
• Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870): Founded by G. Ranade and G.V. Joshi. It served as a mediating body between the government and the people of the Deccan, famously working during the famine of 1876-77 to advocate for peasant rights.
• Madras Mahajana Sabha (May 1884): Founded by Viraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, and P. Anandacharlu. It was established to coordinate the activities of local associations in South India and create a unified political platform.
• Bombay Presidency Association (January 1885): Founded by the Pherozeshah Mehta-K.T. Telang-Badruddin Tyabji triumvirate (often called the Three Stars of Bombay). It was formed in response to the reactionary policies of Lord Lytton and the Ilbert Bill controversy.

Answer:     (b)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The first woman president of the Indian National Congress was Annie Besant, who presided over the Calcutta session in 1917. Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the president of the Congress, which occurred at the Kanpur session in 1925.
• Statement 2 is correct: The historic Lahore session of 1929, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, saw the passing of the Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) resolution. It was here that the tricolor flag was unfurled on the banks of the river Ravi, and January 26, 1930, was declared as the first Independence Day.
• Statement 3 is correct: Mahatma Gandhi occupied the presidential chair of the Congress only once in his life. This was at the Belgaum session in 1924, following his release from prison after the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Answer:    (b)

Explanation:

• Policy of Masterly Inactivity: This policy was famously associated with Lord Lawrence (Viceroy, 1864–1869). It was a reaction to the disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War. The core principle was to avoid entanglement in the internal dynastic struggles of Afghanistan and to refrain from a forward military policy as long as no foreign power (specifically Russia) interfered.
• Lawrence believed that the best way to keep Afghanistan as a buffer was to allow its rulers to settle their own disputes. He famously stated that Britain would recognize whoever was de facto ruler in Kabul.

Answer:    (a)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Lord Cornwallis reorganized police administration by relieving Zamindars of policing duties and introducing the Daroga system. However, the modern post of District Superintendent of Police emerged later under the Police Act of 1861, not under Warren Hastings or Cornwallis.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: The Indian Police Act of 1861 was based on the recommendations of the Police Commission of 1860, constituted after the Revolt of 1857. The Fraser Commission was appointed much later in 1902 to examine defects in the existing police system.
• Statement 3 is correct: Under the Cornwallis reforms, districts were divided into Thanas headed by Darogas assisted by constables, forming the basis of early colonial police administration.

Answer:    (d)

Explanation:

The Drain of Wealth theory, pioneered by Dadabhai Naoroji in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, highlighted the unilateral transfer of India’s resources to Britain without any equivalent return. A significant portion of this drain was accounted for by Home Charges—the expenditures incurred in England by the Secretary of State on behalf of India.

• Component 1 is correct: The salaries and generous pensions of British military and civil officers who had retired to London were paid out of Indian revenues.
• Component 2 is correct: The British government raised massive loans in the English market for developmental projects in India (like the Railways) and for funding wars. The interest on this public debt was a major part of the Home Charges.
• Component 3 is correct: The entire maintenance cost of the India Office in London, including the salaries of the Secretary of State for India and his council, was charged to the Indian taxpayer.
• Component 4 is correct: Indian revenues were frequently used to fund British imperialistic wars outside India’s borders (e.g., in Afghanistan, China, and Africa). This was a major point of contention for nationalists like G.K. Gokhale and Naoroji.

Answer:    (d)

Explanation:

Lord Curzon is often described as one of the most efficient, yet controversial, administrative reformers of the British Raj. His tenure was marked by a Commission-driven approach to governance.

• Statement 1 is correct: In 1902, the Raleigh Commission was appointed to investigate the conditions and prospects of universities in India. Its recommendations led to the Indian Universities Act of 1904, which tightened government control over educational institutions.
• Statement 2 is correct: Curzon was a passionate preservationist. He passed the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act in 1904, which made it a dynamic responsibility of the government to protect historical sites and monuments. This act also paved the way for the revival of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
• Statement 3 is correct: To boost the scientific basis of the Indian economy, Curzon established the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Commerce and Industry. He also founded the Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa (Bihar).
• Statement 4 is correct: In 1902, the Frazer Commission was appointed to look into the state of the police administration. It recommended the creation of the Criminal Intelligence Department (CID) and the establishment of training schools for officers and constables.

Correct Answer:    (b)

Detailed Solution:
From Figure 1:

Total number of Physics Professors
= Male + Female
= 32 + 8
= 40

From Figure 2:

35–44 years age group represents 40% of Physics Professors.

Required number
= 40% of 40
= (40/100) × 40
= 16

Hence, the correct answer is (b) 16.

Correct Answer:    (a)

Detailed Solution:
Compute the male : female ratio for each discipline:

Physics = 32 : 8 = 4 : 1
Mathematics = 28 : 8 = 3.5 : 1
Chemistry = 16 : 22 = 8 : 11
Economics = 24 : 8 = 3 : 1

The highest ratio is in Physics.

Hence, the correct answer is (a) Physics.

Correct Answer:   (b)

Detailed Solution:
Length of remaining portion
= 90 − 2 × 5
= 80 m

Breadth of remaining portion
= 70 − 2 × 5
= 60 m

Area of remaining portion
= 80 × 60
= 4800 m²

Hence, the correct answer is (b).

Correct Answer:   (a)

Detailed Solution:
Volume of a cylinder
= πr²h

Here,
r = 7 m
h = 10 m

Volume
= (22/7) × 7 × 7 × 10
= 22 × 7 × 10
= 1540 m³

Hence, the correct answer is (a).

Correct Answer:    (c)

Detailed Solution:
The passage explicitly states that morality may be based on religion, but need not necessarily be so. It also says that a person may be moral without being religious. Therefore, morality can exist independently of religion.

Hence, the correct answer is (c).