DAY – 40 : Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2026 : MODERN INDIA

Solution: C

Bipin Chandra Pal was NOT associated with the moderates in the early phase of the Indian National Congress. He was a prominent member of the extremist faction (Garam Dal) along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai, forming the famous extremist trio known as “Lal-Bal-Pal.” Pal advocated more aggressive methods for attaining independence, including swadeshi, boycott, and national education, rather than the constitutional methods preferred by the moderates. The other three leaders were prominent moderates.

Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the “Grand Old Man of India,” was a key moderate leader who served as Congress president three times and developed the “Drain of Wealth” theory.

Gopalkrishna Gokhale was a foremost moderate leader, founder of the Servants of India Society, and mentor to Gandhi.

Pherozeshah Mehta, known as the “Lion of Bombay,” was a prominent moderate leader who founded the Bombay Presidency Association and served as Congress president in 1890.

Solution: C

Rowlatt Act (1919)

• The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act (1919) is popularly known as the Rowlatt Act after Sir Sydney Rowlatt, the president of a committee set up in 1917 to look into the subversive activities.
• The Committee made recommendations to arm the government with powers to suppress all unlawful and dangerous activities.
• On the basis of its report, the government drew up a bill empowering itself to short-circuit the due process of law so as to check terrorist activities.
• The Rowlatt Act allowed the police to search any place and arrest any person without a warrant. The person could be kept in police custody without trial for an indefinite period of time, and the accused was deprived of the right to appeal to a higher court.
• Called the Black Act, it came to be widely opposed. An all-India hartal was organized on April 6, 1919, which was to mark the beginning of a satyagraha

Solution: A

The correct chronological sequence of the Viceroys of India mentioned is:

Lord Ripon (1880-1884): Known for his liberal policies, he introduced the Ilbert Bill, promoted local self-government, and repealed the Vernacular Press Act.

Lord Dufferin (1884-1888): During his tenure, the Third Anglo-Burmese War was fought, and Upper Burma was annexed. He also oversaw the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885.

Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894): He implemented the Indian Councils Act of 1892, which reformed the legislative councils. He also dealt with the Age of Consent controversy and established the Durand Line between India and Afghanistan.

Lord Elgin (1894-1899): His tenure saw the devastating famine of 1896-97, and he implemented the recommendations of the Indian Expenditure Commission.

Solution: C

Hyderabad: The founder of the Asaf-Jah house of Hyderabad was Kilich Khan, popularly known as Nizam-ul-Mulk. It was Zulfikar Khan who had first conceived the idea of an independent state in the Deccan.

Awadh: The founder of the independent principality of Awadh was Saadat Khan, popularly known as Burhan-ul-Mulk. Saadat Khan was a Shia. He had joined in a conspiracy against the Sayyid brothers, which resulted in his being given an increased mansab.

Bengal: Murshid Kuli Khan was the founder of the independent state of Bengal. He was a capable ruler and made Bengal a prosperous state.

Carnatic: Foundation of the autonomous state of Carnatic (which was earlier one of the subahs or provinces of the Mughals in the Deccan) with Arcot as its capital in the 1720’s by Saadutullah Khan (who was its governor and was nominally under the control of the nizam of Hyderabad). Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Solution: D

Forms of Drain

According to Dadabhai Naoroji, the following forms of drain can be identified:

• Remittances to England by Europeans for the support of families and education of children—a feature of the colonial system of government.
• Remittances of savings by employees of the Company, since most employees preferred to invest at home.
• Remittances for purchase of British goods for the consumption of British employees as well as purchases by them of British goods in India.
• Government purchase of stores manufactured in Britain.

In addition, the government of India had to make huge payments to people in England on account of political, administrative and commercial connections established between India and England. These commitments were called ‘Home Charges’. They included:

• Interest on public debt raised in England at comparatively higher rates;
• Annuities on account of railway and irrigation works;
• Payments in connection with civil departments where Englishmen were employed;
• India Office expenses including pensions to retired officials who had worked in India or who had worked for India in England and retired there, pensions to army and naval personnel, and their furlough allowances.

Solution: D

Theosophical Society

• Founded in New York (USA) in 1875 by Madam H.P. Blavatsky (1831–91), a Russian lady, and H.S. Olcott (1832–1907), an American colonel, with three main objects:
  • To form a universal brotherhood of man.
  • To promote the study of ancient religions and philosophies.
  • To make a systematic investigation into the mystic potencies of life and matter, which is called occultism.

Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

• They arrived in India in 1879 and established their headquarters at Adyar, near Madras in 1882. Later Mrs. Annie Besant arrived in India in 1893 and succeeded to the presidentship of the society after the death of Olcott in 1907.
• The society under Besant concentrated on the revival of Hinduism and its ancient ideas. In order to provide Hindu religious instruction, she founded the Central Hindu school at Varanasi (1898), which was later developed into the Benaras Hindu University by Madan Mohan Malaviya.

Solution: C

Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Solution: D

1632 : The Company gets the golden farman from the Sultan of Golconda ensuring safety and prosperity of their trade. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

Farrukhsiyar’s Farmans

In 1715, an English mission led by John Surman to the court of the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar secured three famous farmans, giving the Company many valuable privileges in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad. The farmans thus obtained were regarded the Magna Carta of the Company. Their important terms were—

• In Bengal, the Company’s imports and exports were exempted from additional customs duties excepting the annual payment of 3,000 rupees as settled earlier. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• The Company was permitted to issue dastaks (passes) for the transportation of such goods.
• The Company was permitted to rent more lands around Calcutta.

Answer: (d)

Explanation

Mahatma Jyotirao Phule was a pioneering social reformer, philosopher, and writer from Maharashtra who dedicated his life to the eradication of untouchability and the caste system, and the empowerment of women and the lower castes.

• I. Gulamgiri (Slavery): Written in 1873, this is perhaps Phule’s most famous work. He dedicated it to the American movement to abolish slavery, drawing a parallel between the condition of African Americans and the lower castes in India.
• II. Brahmananche Kasab (Priestcraft or Cunning of Brahmins): Published in 1869, this work exposed how the priest class exploited the ignorant and lower-caste masses through religious rituals and superstitions.
• III. Sarvajanik Satyadharma Pustak (The Book of True Religion for Everyone): Published posthumously in 1891, this work outlines Phule’s vision of a universal religion based on equality and social justice, free from the hierarchies of traditional Hinduism.
• IV. Shetkaryacha Asud (The Cultivator’s Whipcord): Published in 1881, this text analyzed the plight of the peasantry in Maharashtra, detailing how they were exploited by the combination of the British administrative system and local moneylenders.

Hence, all four works were authored by Jyotirao Phule.

Answer: (a)

Explanation

The Indian Association of Calcutta (also known as the Indian National Association)  was established on July 26, 1876, in Calcutta by Surendranath Banerjea and Anandamohan Bose.

• Objective: Its primary goal was to promote the political, intellectual, and material advancement of the people through legitimate and peaceful means. It aimed to create a strong body of public opinion on political questions and to unify Indian people on a common political program.
• Mass Appeal: Unlike earlier organizations like the British Indian Association, which were dominated by zamindars and the landed aristocracy, the Indian Association had more middle-class and democratic aspirations. It sought to involve the masses and lower the membership fee to make it more accessible.
• The association is well known for leading the agitation against the reduction of the maximum age for the Civil Service Examination (from 21 to 19 years) and against the Vernacular Press Act.

Solution:
Answer: (b)

The pattern is: multiply by increasing integers starting from 1, and add the same integer.

12 × 1 + 1 = 13
13 × 2 + 2 = 28
28 × 3 + 3 = 87
87 × 4 + 4 = 352

Next:
352 × 5 + 5 = 1760 + 5 = 1765

Answer: (b)

Solution:
Each term follows: n³ + n²

1³ + 1² = 2
2³ + 2² = 12
3³ + 3² = 36
4³ + 4² = 80
5³ + 5² = 150

Next:
6³ + 6² = 216 + 36 = 252

Answer: (b)

Solution:
Each column follows: sum of squares of the three numbers.

Column 1: 4² + 2² + 1² = 16 + 4 + 1 = 21
Column 2: 5² + 3² + 8² = 25 + 9 + 64 = 98
Column 3: 6² + 7² + 3² = 36 + 49 + 9 = 94

Answer: (b)

Solution:
Each term follows: n³ − n

1³ − 1 = 0
2³ − 2 = 6
3³ − 3 = 24
4³ − 4 = 60
5³ − 5 = 120
6³ − 6 = 210

Next:
7³ − 7 = 343 − 7 = 336

Solution:

Answer: (c)

Option (c) is the correct inference as it encapsulates the passage’s argument that technology alone is a “narrow focus” and that solving the crisis requires addressing consumption patterns, economic philosophy, and structural inequalities. Option (a) incorrectly prioritizes one over the other, while (b) and (d) introduce external assumptions or extreme views not explicitly justified by the text.