DAY – 23 : Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2026 : SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Answer:   (c)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: DNA is the master blueprint stored safely inside the cell nucleus. However, proteins are built in the ribosomes (the cell’s factories) located in the cytoplasm. mRNA acts as the messenger or a temporary copy that carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes so that protein synthesis can occur.
• Statement 2 is correct: While both DNA and RNA use Adenine (A), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C), they differ in their fourth base. DNA uses Thymine (T), whereas mRNA replaces it with Uracil (U). Additionally, mRNA contains a ribose sugar, while DNA contains deoxyribose

Answer:  (a)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme is a key pillar of the ISM. It is uniquely designed to move India up the value chain from just manufacturing to designing chips. It offers three types of support:

• • Design Infrastructure Support: Access to EDA (Electronic Design Automation) tools and IP cores.
  • Product Design Linked Incentive: Reimbursement of up to 50% of eligible expenditure.
  • Deployment Linked Incentive: An incentive of 4% to 6% of net sales over five years.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The DLI scheme is not implemented by NITI Aayog. It is implemented by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), which is a premier R&D organization under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

Answer:  (b)

Explanation:

• Bayraktar TB2 — Turkey (Correct): Produced by Baykar Tech, this MALE (Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance) drone became a household name due to its effectiveness in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and its early use by Ukraine.
• Shahed-136 — Russia (Incorrect): This is an Iranian loitering munition (suicide drone). While Russia has used them extensively in Ukraine (often rebranding them as Geran-2), their country of origin and design is Iran.
• MQ-9B Predator — United States (Correct): Manufactured by General Atomics, the MQ-9B (SkyGuardian/SeaGuardian) is a top-tier hunter-killer drone. India has been in the process of procuring 31 of these for its tri-services.
• Heron TP — Israel (Correct): Developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), the Heron is a mainstay of the Indian Armed Forces for long-range surveillance along the LAC and LoC.
• Orlan-10 — Russia (Incorrect): The Orlan-10 is a reconnaissance UAV developed by the Special Technology Center in Russia, not China. It is Russia’s most widely used tactical drone for artillery spotting.

Answer:  (d)

Explanation:

• (a) Incorrect: This describes a CPU (Central Processing Unit). CPUs are the brains of the computer, designed for general-purpose tasks and complex logic (serial processing).
• (b) Incorrect: This describes a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit). While GPUs are used for AI, they were originally designed for parallel processing in 3D rendering and gaming. They are more flexible than TPUs but less efficient for specific AI math.
• (c) Incorrect: This describes RAM (Random Access Memory) or Cache, which are volatile memory types used for data storage, not for specialized mathematical processing.
• (d) Correct: A TPU (Tensor Processing Unit) is an ASIC. Unlike a CPU or GPU which can perform many types of tasks, an ASIC is hardwired for one specific job. In the case of the TPU, it is optimized for the high-volume matrix mathematics (Tensors) required by neural networks.

Answer:  (c)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is indeed the apex statutory body in India. According to the Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells (1989), the GEAC is responsible for the appraisal of activities involving large-scale use of hazardous microorganisms and recombinants in research and industrial production from an environmental angle. It is the only body that can clear a GM crop for environmental release or commercial cultivation.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: This is the common error point. The GEAC functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), not the Ministry of Science and Technology. While the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) under the Science Ministry handles the research phase, the regulatory clearing happens under the Environment Ministry to assess ecological impact.
• Statement 3 is correct: Under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, any food product that contains genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or is derived from them requires approval from the FSSAI before it can be imported or sold in the Indian market.

Answer:   (d)

Explanation:

• Depleted Oil and Gas Reservoirs (Correct): These are the most well-understood storage sites. Since these rock formations held oil and gas for millions of years, they are proven containers. Additionally, injecting CO2 here can help in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR).
• Unmineable Coal Seams (Correct): CO2 can be injected into coal beds that are too deep or too thin to be mined. The CO2 binds to the surface of the coal, often displacing Coal Bed Methane (CBM), which can then be recovered as an energy source.
• Deep Saline Aquifers (Correct): These are layers of porous rock (like sandstone) saturated with undrinkable salt water, located deep underground. They have the largest potential capacity for CO2 storage globally. Over time, the CO2 dissolves in the brine or reacts with the rock to form minerals.
• Basalt Rock Formations (Correct): This is a newer, highly secure method. When CO2 is dissolved in water and injected into reactive basaltic rocks, it undergoes a chemical reaction (mineralization) to turn into solid carbonate minerals (like limestone) within a few years.

Answer:   (b)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) allotrope of carbon, not three-dimensional. It consists of a single layer of carbon atoms. When these layers are stacked on top of each other, they form Graphite (which is 3D and used in pencil lead).
• Statement 2 is correct: Graphene is only one atom thick, making it the thinnest material ever discovered. Despite its minimal thickness, its carbon-carbon bonds are so strong that it is approximately 200 times stronger than steel of the same weight.
• Statement 3 is correct: Graphene has very high electron mobility, making it an exceptional conductor of electricity and heat (surpassing copper). Because it is only one atom thick, it absorbs only about 3% of visible light, making it nearly transparent to the naked eye.

Answer:  (a)

Explanation:

• Assertion (A) is true: Artificial trans fats (Industrial Trans Fatty Acids) are created through a process called partial hydrogenation, where hydrogen is added to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid. They have been a staple in the food industry for decades, found in everything from vanaspati ghee and margarine to biscuits, fried snacks, and ready-to-eat meals.
• Reason (R) is true and explains A: The primary reason the food industry adopted trans fats isn’t for health, but for utility and profit.
  • Texture: They provide a desirable mouthfeel and crunch in baked goods.
  • Shelf Life: They are much more stable than liquid oils, meaning products don’t go rancid as quickly.
  • Cost: They are significantly cheaper than animal fats (like butter) or high-quality stable oils (like olive oil).

Answer:   (a)

Explanation:

• When light rays from the bottom of the pool travel through the water (Denser Medium) and enter the air (Rarer Medium), they speed up and bend away from the normal.
• To a human observer, the brain assumes that light travels in a straight line. Therefore, the eye traces these bent rays backward to a point higher than their actual origin.
• This creates a Virtual Image of the pool floor, making the pool appear to be only about 3/4th of its actual depth.

Other options are incorrect:

(b) Total Internal Reflection (TIR): This occurs only when light hits the boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing it to reflect back into the water. If TIR were happening, you wouldn’t see the bottom at all; the surface would look like a mirror.

(c) Diffraction: This is the bending of light around corners or through small openings. It is not responsible for the depth perception in a large body of water like a pool.

(d) Scattering: This is the redirection of light by small particles or molecules (like why the sky is blue). While scattering occurs in water, it affects the color and clarity of the pool, not its apparent depth.

Answer:   (b)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Neutrinos are electrically neutral subatomic particles. The name neutrino actually means little neutral one in Italian. Unlike electrons, which have a negative charge, neutrinos do not interact via electromagnetic forces. This is why they can pass through solid lead or the entire Earth without being stopped.
• Statement 2 is correct: Neutrinos are incredibly pervasive. They are indeed the second most abundant particles in the observable universe, surpassed only by photons (particles of light). At any given second, billions of neutrinos are passing through your body.
• Statement 3 is correct: Neutrinos are produced in high-energy environments. The Sun is the largest source for Earth (solar neutrinos produced during nuclear fusion). They are also created during Supernova explosions (dying stars) and through the natural radioactive decay of elements like Potassium inside the Earth.

Answer: (c) 16

Solution:
Let number of persons = n

Increase in average = 2 → Total increase = 2n

Sum of new persons = 2 × 42 = 84
Sum of replaced persons = 24 + 28 = 52

Net increase = 84 − 52 = 32

So,
2n = 32 → n = 16

Answer: (c) 70

Solution:

From A and B:
60A + 70B = 64(A + B)
⇒ 60A + 70B = 64A + 64B
⇒ 6B = 4A → A : B = 3 : 2

From B and C:
70B + 80C = 76(B + C)
⇒ 70B + 80C = 76B + 76C
⇒ 4C = 6B → B : C = 2 : 3

So,

From A:B = 3:2 and B:C = 2:3 → combine → A:B:C = 3:2:3

Final average =
(60×3 + 70×2 + 80×3) ÷ (3+2+3)
= (180 + 140 + 240) ÷ 8
= 560 ÷ 8 = 70

Answer: (b) 6

Solution:

Step 1: Runs scored so far

= 150

Step 2: Remaining runs

= 300 − 150 = 150

Step 3: Remaining overs

= 50 − 25 = 25

Step 4: Required run rate

= Remaining runs ÷ Remaining overs
= 150 ÷ 25
= 6

Answer: (a) 31

Solution:

Let temperatures be:
Monday = M, Tuesday = T, Wednesday = W, Thursday = 40°C

Step 1: From first average
(M + T + W) / 3 = 35
So, M + T + W = 105

Step 2: From second average
(T + W + 40) / 3 = 38
So, T + W + 40 = 114
T + W = 74

Step 3: Substitute
M + 74 = 105
M = 31

Answer: (c)

Solution:
The passage argues that modern digital technology is not neutral but deliberately designed to capture and hold user attention. Platforms use psychological techniques to maximize engagement, forming what is called the “attention economy,” where human focus becomes a resource to exploit. As a result, reduced concentration and fragmented thinking are not accidental but built into the system itself. The author emphasizes that this problem cannot be solved by individual willpower alone. Instead, it requires a deeper examination of how digital platforms are structured and how their algorithms influence human behavior and cognition.