Source: NDTV
Subject: Science and Technology
Context: The Meghalaya government has issued a high-level health alert following the death of two Agniveer trainees at the Assam Regimental Centre in Shillong due to suspected meningococcal infection.
About Meningococcal infection:
What it is?
- Meningococcal disease is a severe, life-threatening bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (also known as meningococcus).
- It primarily causes inflammation of the meninges—the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (Meningitis)—and can also lead to a serious bloodstream infection (Septicemia).
Origin & Transmission:
- Source: The bacteria live in the upper respiratory tract (nose and throat) of humans. About 10% to 20% of the population are asymptomatic carriers who have the bacteria without getting sick.
- Vector/Spread: There is no animal vector; it spreads person-to-person through respiratory droplets or throat secretions (saliva).
- Common Modes: Coughing, sneezing, kissing, or sharing utensils and drinks. It thrives in crowded living conditions like military barracks, dormitories, and boarding schools.
Symptoms:
The disease progresses very rapidly, often becoming fatal within 24–48 hours of the first symptoms.
- Early Signs: Sudden high fever, severe headache, and vomiting.
- Classic Signs: Stiff neck and photophobia (sensitivity to bright light).
- Advanced Signs: A characteristic purpuric rash (dark purple spots or bruises that do not fade when pressed), confusion, cold hands/feet, and muscle aches.
Key Features:
- High Fatality Rate: Even with treatment, approximately 10% to 15% of patients die. Without treatment, the mortality rate is significantly higher.
- Long-term Complications: About 1 in 5 survivors suffer permanent disabilities, including hearing loss, brain damage, kidney disease, or limb amputations due to tissue death (necrosis).
- Age Risk: Most common in infants, adolescents, and young adults.
Treatment & Prevention:
- Emergency Care: This is a medical emergency requiring immediate hospitalization.
- Antibiotics: High-dose intravenous (IV) antibiotics (such as ceftriaxone or penicillin) are administered as soon as the disease is suspected.
- Supportive Care: Fluid resuscitation, oxygen therapy, and treatment for low blood pressure or organ failure.
