UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 12 December 2025

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 12 December 2025 covers important current affairs of the day, their backward linkages, their relevance for Prelims exam and MCQs on main articles

 

InstaLinks : Insta Links help you think beyond the current affairs issue and help you think multidimensionally to develop depth in your understanding of these issues. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background.

Table of Contents

GS Paper 2:

  1. Child Care in India

GS Paper 3:

  1. Invisible Epidemic: Air Pollution in India

Content for Mains Enrichment (CME):

  1. Supreme Court’s Ruling on Narco Tests

Facts for Prelims (FFP):

  1. July National Charter

  2. Diving Support Craft (DSC) A20

  3. India’s First Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Passenger Vessel

  4. Italy Becomes First Country to Win UNESCO Recognition for Its National Cuisine

  5. ISRO To Launch Its Heaviest Us Commercial Satellite: Bluebird-6

  6. Hard Corals (Stony Corals)

Mapping:

  1. Adichanallur Historical Site

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 12 December 2025


GS Paper 2:


Child Care in India

Source:  IE

Subject:  Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections

Context: Two new national-level analyses highlight that childcare is no longer just a social welfare function but a critical economic growth lever for India.

About Child Care in India:

What it is?

  • Childcare refers to the system of early childhood care, learning, nutrition, safety, and developmental support provided through institutional arrangements such as Anganwadi centres, crèches, preschools, and community-based caregiving systems.

Key Trends:

  • India has 1.4 million Anganwadi centres, reaching 23 million children, yet coverage gaps persist—especially in urban and migrant-dense areas.
  • Women spend 426 minutes/day on unpaid care work versus 163 minutes for men, creating a massive gendered labour imbalance.
  • Only 10% of Anganwadis operate fully in urban areas, despite rising female workforce participation in cities.
  • Care workers remain underpaid and undervalued, earning ₹8,000–₹15,000 per month with limited training or career pathways.

Need For Childcare in India:

  • Boost women’s workforce participation: Lack of reliable childcare forces millions of mothers to reduce hours or drop out of paid work altogether.
  • Human capital development: 80% of brain development occurs in the first 1,000 days; quality childcare improves cognitive, language, and emotional outcomes.
  • Economic growth multiplier: Childcare is a “soft infrastructure” essential for achieving 8–10% annual growth, improving productivity and labour supply.
  • Support for migrant and low-income families: Parents in informal labour markets depend heavily on childcare for livelihood stability.
  • Address demographic transition: With fertility below replacement levels in many states, investments in early childhood are vital for future workforce quality.

Initiatives Taken:

  • ICDS (1975): World’s largest childcare programme providing nutrition, preschool education, and health services.
  • Poshan Tracker: Digital guidance for parents on early childhood stimulation and nutrition.
  • Palna Scheme: Crèche support for working mothers (though only 2,500 of 10,000 approved centres operational).
  • State innovations:
    • Tamil Nadu: Half-time preschool educators doubled instructional hours.
    • Telangana: Increased honorarium for Anganwadi workers to extend centre hours.
    • Meghalaya, Chandigarh: Para-professionals & interns support Anganwadi services.
  • Civil society models: Mobile Crèches and FORCES push for quality standards and worker recognition.

Challenges Associated:

  • Underpaid & undervalued care workers: Low wages, absent career progression, weak training systems, and poor working conditions.
  • Urban childcare deficit: Only 10% Anganwadis function fully in India’s rapidly growing urban spaces.
  • Fragmented governance: Childcare responsibilities lie across multiple ministries without a unified mission or strategy.
  • Poor infrastructure & quality gaps: Overcrowded centres, limited hours, inadequate learning materials, and weak monitoring.
  • Gender inequality: Heavy burden of unpaid care work limits women’s economic agency and deepens workforce gender gaps.
  • Funding constraints: India invests only 0.4% of GDP in early childhood care—far below the 1–1.5% levels seen in Scandinavian nations.

Way Ahead:

  • National Mission on Early Childhood Care: Establish an integrated, multi-ministerial anchor for childcare reform and convergence.
  • Upgrade Anganwadis to full-day centres: Extend working hours, improve infrastructure, and integrate trained para-professionals.
  • Invest in care workforce: Professionalise roles, enhance remuneration, provide certification pathways, and ensure social security.
  • Hybrid service model: Combine physical crèches with digital parent-support tools for early stimulation in the first 1,000 days.
  • Expand urban childcare: Prioritise centres in industrial belts, service hubs, slums, and migrant-heavy localities.
  • Increase public investment: Raise childcare spending to at least 1% of GDP to achieve universal quality coverage.

Conclusion:

Childcare is not a welfare cost—it is foundational to India’s productivity, gender equality, and long-term human capital. By valuing care work, investing in early childhood, and enabling women’s economic participation, India can unlock a transformative growth engine. A strong childcare ecosystem is essential for building a healthy, equitable, and future-ready nation.

Secure Link:             https://www.insightsonindia.com/2025/12/10/disappearance-of-children-reflects-both-institutional-opacity-and-societal-neglect-explain-the-statement-and-evaluate-how-data-deficits-impede-community-level-child-protection-outcomes-recommend-mea/


UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 12 December 2025 GS Paper 3:


Invisible Epidemic: Air Pollution in India

Source:  TH

Subject:   Pollution and other issues

Context: A new assessment shows that air pollution is now India’s largest health threat, cutting life expectancy, worsening disease burdens, and affecting vulnerable groups nationwide.

About Invisible Epidemic: Air Pollution in India

Trends in India’s Air Pollution:

  • Air pollution is no longer a seasonal winter issue, but a perennial national health crisis affecting rural and urban regions alike.
  • Of 256 cities monitored in 2025, 150 exceeded PM2.5 limits, indicating widespread non-compliance.
  • Delhi’s seasonal PM2.5 levels reached 107–130 µg/m³, far above India’s limit (60 µg/m³) and WHO guideline (15 µg/m³).
  • India’s AQI system still caps readings at 500, masking extreme pollution that often crosses 600–1,000.
  • Long-term exposure now reduces life expectancy by 3.5–8 years across northern India.

Causes of Air Pollution in India:

Structural issues:

  • Vehicular emissions: Rapid motorisation, old diesel fleets, traffic congestion, and poor public transport lead to continuous NOx, PM2.5 and ozone formation, especially in metros.
  • Industrial pollution: Coal-based power plants, refineries, brick kilns, and chemical units release sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals and particulate matter throughout the year.
  • Construction and demolition dust: Unregulated digging, material loading, concrete mixing, and demolition generate large amounts of PM10/PM2.5, worsening air quality in expanding urban corridors.
  • Household biomass use: Firewood, dung cakes and crop residues burned in rural and peri-urban kitchens produce indoor and outdoor smoke, contributing heavily to PM2.5 levels.

Seasonal Amplifiers:

  • Stubble burning: post-harvest crop burning in Punjab-Haryana adds massive but short-term particulate spikes, worsening air quality in Delhi and the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
  • Winter inversion layers: Cold, stagnant air traps pollutants near the surface, preventing dispersion and causing PM2.5 to accumulate for days or weeks in northern India.
  • Fireworks and festival combustion: Diwali and New Year fireworks, combined with low wind speeds, create sudden surges in toxic gases and particulates, amplifying existing pollution loads.

Impacts of Air Pollution on the Human Body:

    • PM2.5 enters bloodstream, causing inflammation, hypertension, heart attacks, strokes.
    • Every 10 µg/m³ increase leads to 8% rise in annual mortality.
  • Respiratory System:
    • Rising cases of asthma (6% of Indian children), COPD, chronic bronchitis.
    • PM2.5 increases paediatric emergency visits by 20–40%; lung capacity drops 10–15% in exposed children.
  • Neurological System:
    • PM2.5 crosses the blood–brain barrier → neuroinflammation, cognitive decline, dementia risk (+35–49%).
    • Linked to reduced academic performance in polluted Indian cities.
  • Maternal & Child Health:
    • Higher risks of preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirths, and neonatal mortality.
    • Worsens intergenerational health inequities.
  • Social & Economic Inequalities: The poor live closest to roads, industrial belts, landfills, suffering disproportionate exposure and healthcare burdens.

Initiatives Taken by India:

    • Targets 40% reduction in PM10 in 131 non-attainment cities.
    • Expanded monitoring networks, city action plans, and clean mobility pilots.
  • Policy & Regulatory Measures:
    • GRAP in Delhi-NCR, BS-VI fuel norms, EV push, smog towers, anti-smog guns.
    • Industrial emission norms, construction dust rules, waste management guidelines.
  • Judicial Interventions: Supreme Court and NGT directives on stubble burning, fireworks, and industrial emissions.
  • Technological Steps: Real-time monitoring, satellite-based assessments, low-emission zones (pilot), and EV incentives.

Way Ahead:

  • Modernise Air Quality Governance: Reform the AQI system by removing the 500 cap, aligning thresholds with WHO norms, and making PM2.5 the central regulatory metric for all clean-air planning.
  • Strengthen Environmental Institutions: Increase staffing, funding, and technical capacity of pollution control boards, ensure independent oversight, and enforce real-time, science-based compliance monitoring.
  • Transform Transport and Industry: Accelerate electrification of buses, autos and two-wheelers; shift freight to rail; and mandate strict industrial emission standards while phasing down coal-heavy processes.
  • Regulate Construction and Waste Burning: Implement compulsory dust suppression, enclosure norms and mechanised sweeping, while reforming municipal waste systems to end open burning in all urban clusters.
  • Integrate Health & Community Action: Embed AQI advisories in healthcare, expand lung-function testing and COPD screening, and promote citizen-led air monitoring and localised clean-air interventions.

Conclusion:

India’s air pollution is an invisible epidemic—silent, chronic, and the largest threat to public health. The evidence is unequivocal: it shortens lives, harms the unborn, weakens the brain, and deepens inequity. Clean air must now be recognised as a fundamental right and national priority, anchored in science, backed by political will, and implemented with urgency to secure a healthier, equitable future.

Secure Link:              https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/10/29/air-pollution-is-a-significant-challenge-for-sustainable-urbanization-in-india-examine-the-causes-of-this-challenge-and-evaluate-its-broader-implications-for-regional-development/

 


UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 12 December 2025 Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)


Supreme Court’s Ruling on Narco Tests

Context: The Supreme Court has set aside the Patna High Court order permitting an involuntary narco-analysis test, reaffirming that forced narco tests violate Article 20(3).

About Supreme Court’s Ruling on Narco Tests:

What is a Narco Test?

  • A narco test involves injecting sedatives like Sodium Pentothal to reduce inhibitions so an accused may reveal concealed information.

It is considered a non-violent investigative tool, similar to polygraph or brain-mapping tests.

Key Judgments and Constitutional Basis:

  • Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010): The Court held that narco, polygraph and brain mapping cannot be administered without voluntary consent.
  • Amlesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2025): Patna HC allowed an involuntary narco test, which SC has now struck down as unconstitutional.
  • Article 20(3): Protects against self-incrimination; forced narco tests violate this right.
  • Article 21 – Right to Life & Privacy: Forced narco-analysis violates bodily integrity, privacy and personal liberty.
  • The Court reiterated the Golden Triangle principle (Articles 14, 19, 21) from Maneka Gandhi (1978) — any investigative procedure must be fair, reasonable, and just.

Features of the SC Ruling:

  • Consent must be voluntary, informed, and recorded before a magistrate.
  • Medical and legal safeguards mandatory before administering any such test.
  • Test results are not proof of guilt — they require independent corroboration (Manoj Kumar Saini 2023, Vinobhai 2025).
  • Accused may volunteer for narco-testing under Section 253 of BNSS, but courts need not allow it as a matter of right.

Relevance in UPSC Exam Syllabus

  • GS-II (Polity & Governance)
    • Fundamental Rights: Article 20(3), Article 21, privacy, bodily integrity.
    • Judiciary: Role of SC in protecting civil liberties, constitutional morality.
  • GS-IV (Ethics):
    • Consent, autonomy, dignity, natural justice in investigative procedures.
    • Ethical debate between victims’ rights and accused’s rights.
    • Application of Kantian ethics and human-rights principles.

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 12 December 2025 Facts for Prelims (FFP)


July National Charter

Source:  TP

Subject:  International Relation

Context: Bangladesh has announced its 13th general election and a national referendum on the July National Charter to be held on February 12, 2026.

About July National Charter:

What it is?

  • A political declaration and reform blueprint formulated after the July 2024 mass uprising in Bangladesh, proposing changes to the 1972 Constitution and governance structure.

Nation Involved: Prepared through national consensus in Bangladesh, involving the interim government under Muhammad Yunus and 30 political parties.

Aim of the Charter:

  • To institutionalise democratic reforms after the July Revolution (2024).
  • To introduce constitutional, electoral, administrative, and judicial reforms.
  • To protect the gains of the pro-democracy movement within the constitutional framework.

Features of the July National Charter:

  • 28-point reform document produced through multi-party consultations.
  • Commitment to:
    • Implement reforms aligned with public aspirations and sacrifices.
    • Enact changes via constitutional amendments, legal revisions, or new laws.
    • Establish legal and constitutional safeguards to ensure uninterrupted implementation.
    • Complete reforms within two years of the elected government taking office.
    • Ensure full protection for Charter provisions in the Constitution.
    • Formally recognise the July 2024 pro-democracy uprising as a historic event.
  • Backed by the National Consensus Commission.
  • Supported by 25–30 political parties, reflecting broad societal acceptance.

Significance:

  • Represents the foundation of Bangladesh’s new democratic trajectory after Hasina’s fall.
  • Attempts to restore public trust, strengthen electoral integrity, and rebuild state institutions.
  • Could reshape Bangladesh’s political architecture, judicial independence, and anti-corruption mechanisms.
  • Seen as a milestone in post-crisis nation-building, signalling a transition from authoritarian tendencies to participatory governance.

Diving Support Craft (DSC) A20

Source:  PIB

Subject:  Defence

Context: The Indian Navy will commission DSC A20, its first indigenously designed Diving Support Craft, at Kochi.

About Diving Support Craft (DSC) A20:

What it is?

  • A purpose-built Diving Support Craft designed for underwater operations such as diving missions, inspection, repair, and salvage in coastal waters.

Developed by: Titagarh Rail Systems Limited (TRSL), Kolkata

Aim:

  • To enhance the Navy’s diving, underwater inspection, salvage, and coastal operational support.
  • To strengthen indigenous maritime capability under Aatmanirbhar Bharat.

Key Features:

  • Catamaran hull form: superior stability, larger deck area, improved seakeeping.
  • Approx. displacement: 390 tons.
  • Advanced state-of-the-art diving systems meeting top safety and operational standards.
  • Designed and built as per Naval Rules & Regulations of IRS.
  • Underwent comprehensive hydrodynamic analysis and model testing at NSTL, Visakhapatnam.
  • Lead ship in a series of five Diving Support Craft.

Significance:

  • Strengthens India’s underwater operations, salvage, and coastal mission capabilities.
  • Enhances operational readiness of the Southern Naval Command (based at Kochi).
  • Represents a milestone in indigenisation and defence manufacturing, showcasing synergy between industry, research bodies, and the Navy.

India’s First Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Passenger Vessel

Source:  HT

Subject:  Economy

Context: India launched its first fully indigenous hydrogen fuel cell-powered passenger vessel into commercial service in Varanasi, marking a breakthrough in green inland water transport.

About India’s First Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel Cell Passenger Vessel:

  • What it is?
    • A 24-metre hydrogen fuel cell-powered AC catamaran crafted for zero-emission passenger movement, ensuring clean mobility on inland waterways.
  • Location: Namo Ghat, Varanasi — the vessel’s maiden commercial run began here along the Ganga.
  • Developed by: Cochin Shipyard Ltd (CSL), showcasing indigenous excellence in clean marine engineering.
  • Key Features:
    • Capacity: Carries 50 passengers comfortably with full air-conditioning for urban river mobility.
    • Propulsion: Uses Low-Temperature PEM fuel cell technology enabling silent, vibration-free cruising.
    • Emission: Emits only water, ensuring completely pollution-free navigation on the Ganga.
    • Endurance: Can operate for around 8 hours on a single hydrogen refill, supporting daily commercial runs.
    • Hybrid System: Integrates hydrogen fuel cells, batteries and solar panels to optimise efficiency.
    • Speed: Cruises at ~6.5 knots, balancing energy efficiency with safe riverine operations.
    • Hull Type: Catamaran design provides high stability, better deck space and superior seakeeping.

About Hydrogen Fuel Cell:

  • What it is?
    • An electrochemical device that converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, yielding only water and heat for clean, efficient power generation.
  • How It Works?
    • Hydrogen enters the anode, supplying the fuel for electrochemical splitting.
    • A catalyst splits H₂ into protons (H⁺) and electrons (e⁻), initiating the energy conversion.
    • Protons move through the PEM membrane to the cathode, maintaining the reaction flow.
    • Electrons, unable to cross the membrane, travel via an external circuit to generate electricity.
    • At the cathode, oxygen, protons and electrons combine to form water and release heat.
  • Features:
    • Produces zero emissions, releasing only water as the harmless byproduct.
    • Offers higher efficiency than combustion engines by avoiding thermal losses.
    • Provides quiet, vibration-free operation ideal for sensitive environments.
    • Adaptable across mobility, stationary and portable clean-power applications.
  • Applications:
    • Used in transportation including cars, buses, trucks, ships, drones and forklifts.
    • Deployed in stationary systems for buildings, data centres and remote-grid power.
    • Used in portable supply systems for defence, small devices and emergency backup.

Italy Becomes First Country to Win UNESCO Recognition for Its National Cuisine

Source:  CNN

Subject: International Organisation

Context: UNESCO has inscribed “Italian cooking” on its Intangible Cultural Heritage List, making Italy the first country in the world to receive recognition for its national cuisine as a whole.

About Italy Becomes First Country to Win UNESCO Recognition for Its National Cuisine:

  • What it is?
    • A historic UNESCO recognition that declares Italian cooking—not a single dish, but the entire national culinary tradition—as an element of humanity’s intangible cultural heritage.
  • Awarded by:
    • UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, during the 20th session held in Delhi.
    • Recognition titled: “Italian cooking: Between sustainability and biocultural diversity.”
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Described as a cultural and social blend of culinary traditions, rooted in artisanal techniques and high respect for ingredients.
    • Emphasises conviviality, shared meals, intimacy with food, and intergenerational transmission of skills.
    • Strong anti-waste philosophy, use of seasonal/local produce, and community cooking practices.
    • Passed informally within families—especially grandparents to grandchildren—and formally through schools, universities and culinary institutes.
  • Significance:
    • Makes Italy the first nation globally to receive UNESCO recognition for an entire cuisine.
    • Reinforces Italy’s cultural identity and its political use of cuisine as a symbol of national pride.
    • Supports preservation of biocultural diversity, sustainable food practices and artisanal traditions.

ISRO To Launch Its Heaviest Us Commercial Satellite: Bluebird-6

Source:  TOI

Subject:  Science and Technology

Context: ISRO will launch BlueBird-6, the heaviest American commercial communication satellite (6.5 tonnes) ever to be launched by India, on December 15 aboard the LVM3 rocket.

About ISRO To Launch Its Heaviest Us Commercial Satellite: Bluebird-6:

  • What it is?
    • A 6.5-tonne Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) communication satellite, part of AST SpaceMobile’s next-generation constellation designed for direct-to-device mobile broadband globally.
  • Key Features:
    • Largest commercial phased array antenna in LEO: ~2,400 sq ft once deployed
    • Block-2 series: 3.5× larger than BlueBirds 1–5 and 10× higher data capacity
    • Provides up to 10,000 MHz bandwidth per satellite
    • Enables non-continuous direct-to-device connectivity in areas without terrestrial networks

About Launch Vehicle LVM3 (Bahubali Rocket)

  • What it is?
    • India’s heaviest-lift launch vehicle, capable of placing 8,000 kg into LEO and 4,000 kg into GTO, and the designated launcher for Gaganyaan human spaceflight missions.
  • Features:
    • Three-stage configuration:
      • S200 solid strap-on boosters (204 tonnes propellant; among the world’s largest).
      • L110 liquid core stage with twin engines.
      • C25 cryogenic upper stage powered by indigenous CE-20 engine (28-ton propellant load).
    • Dimensions: 43.5 m height, 640-ton lift-off mass, 5-m payload fairing.
    • Precision staging sequence:
      • S200 ignition, separation at ~137 seconds.
      • L110 ignition at ~113 seconds, separation at ~313 seconds.
      • C25 ignition thereafter.
    • Injects spacecraft into GTO (180 × 36,000 km) in ~974 seconds.
    • Recently launched CMS-3 (4.4 tonnes) successfully.
    • Human-rated LVM3 variant to fly astronauts under Gaganyaan in 2027.

Hard Corals (Stony Corals)

Source:  DTE

Subject:  Environment

Context: A new Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) assessment shows Caribbean hard coral cover has declined by 48% between 1980 and 2024 due to extreme heat and bleaching events.

About Hard Corals (Stony Corals):

  • What they are?
    • Hard corals (stony corals) are marine animals that secrete calcium carbonate skeletons, forming the rigid structures that make up coral reefs, which support one-third of marine biodiversity.
  • Types of Corals:
    • Hard Corals (Reef-Building): Species like elkhorn and staghorn corals; they grow in colonies, produce limestone skeletons, and construct reef frameworks.
    • Soft Corals (Non-Reef-Building): Include Sea fingers, sea whips; flexible, plant-like, without stony skeletons, and do not form reefs.
  • Key Features of Hard Corals:
    • Build calcium carbonate skeletons that become reef rock over centuries.
    • Live in colonies of tiny polyps, each hosting zooxanthellae algae that provide food through photosynthesis.
    • Form the foundation of coral reef ecosystems, enabling fish nurseries, coastal protection, and high biodiversity.
    • Thrive in warm, clear, shallow waters with stable conditions.
  • Threats to Hard Corals:
    • Mass Bleaching Events: Driven by extreme heat waves (1998, 2005, 2023–24), causing coral starvation and mortality.
    • Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD): A fast-spreading disease affecting >30 species, now across 30 Caribbean countries; considered the most devastating coral disease recorded.
    • Herbivore Declines: Collapse of sea urchins (Diadema antillarum) and declining parrotfish populations → uncontrolled macroalgae growth (up 85%).

UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS – 12 December 2025 Mapping:


Adichanallur Historical Site

Source:  TH

Subject:  Mapping

Context: The Madras High Court has ordered that no sand mining be permitted anywhere near the Adichanallur archaeological site, citing the need to protect its heritage value.

About Adichanallur Historical Site:

  • What it is?
    • One of India’s oldest Iron Age archaeological sites, known for extensive urn burials, skeletal remains, metal artefacts, and early cultural evidence of South India.
  • Located in:
    • Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, on the banks of the Thamirabarani river, near Srivaikuntam.
    • About 24 km from Tirunelveli, and close to ancient port town Korkai, indicating maritime connectivity.
  • Major Discoveries:
    • Large urn burials, skeletal remains of mixed ethnic origins, pottery, iron and bronze artefacts.
    • 169 burial urns unearthed in the 2004–05 ASI excavations.
    • Early excavations uncovered gold diadems, pottery, weapons, and over 4,000 antiquities.
    • American and Indian analyses reveal multiracial skeletal composition—Negroid, Australoid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Dravidian traits—suggesting a cosmopolitan settlement.
    • Carbon dating (2019): artefacts between 905 BCE and 696 BCE, older than Keezhadi.
  • Historical Background:
    • Excavations began with German explorer Dr. Jagor (1876) and were expanded by Alexander Rea (1899–1904).
    • The site likely thrived due to proximity to Korkai, a major maritime trade centre in Sangam literature.
  • Key Features:
    • Represents a major Iron Age urn burial culture, with evidence of long-distance contacts via the Thamirabarani–Korkai maritime route.
    • Only 4–5% of the site excavated and full potential remains untapped.

 


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