Considering the alarming importance of CSAT in UPSC CSE Prelims exam and with enormous requests we received recently, InsightsIAS has started Daily CSAT Test to ensure students practice CSAT Questions on a daily basis. Regular Practice would help one overcome the fear of CSAT too.We are naming this initiative as Insta– DART – Daily Aptitude and Reasoning Test. We hope you will be able to use DART to hit bull’s eye in CSAT paper and comfortably score 100+ even in the most difficult question paper that UPSC can give you in CSP-2021. Your peace of mind after every step of this exam is very important for us.
Looking forward to your enthusiastic participation (both in sending us questions and solving them on daily basis on this portal).
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
Three prime numbers p, q, and r, each less than 25, satisfy p − q = q − r. How many distinct possible values can (p + q + r) take?
Correct
Answer: (b)
Solution:
p − q = q − r gives 2q = p + r, so p, q, r are in arithmetic progression with prime terms under 25.
Primes under 25: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23.All prime A.P. triples and their sums:
3, 5, 7 → sum 15
3, 7, 11 → sum 21
5, 11, 17 → sum 33
7, 13, 19 → sum 39
11, 17, 23 → sum 51
3, 11, 19 → sum 33Distinct sums: 15, 21, 33, 39, 51. Count is 5. Hence option (b).
Incorrect
Answer: (b)
Solution:
p − q = q − r gives 2q = p + r, so p, q, r are in arithmetic progression with prime terms under 25.
Primes under 25: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23.All prime A.P. triples and their sums:
3, 5, 7 → sum 15
3, 7, 11 → sum 21
5, 11, 17 → sum 33
7, 13, 19 → sum 39
11, 17, 23 → sum 51
3, 11, 19 → sum 33Distinct sums: 15, 21, 33, 39, 51. Count is 5. Hence option (b).
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Question 2 of 5
2. Question
Three teams D, E, and F play a round-robin. Each win = 2 points, draw = 1 point. Each team scored exactly one goal in the whole tournament. Final points: D = 1, E = 3, F = 2.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?I. E defeated D by 1–0.
II. F drew with D 0–0.Correct
Answer: (c)
Solution:
E has 3 points → one win and one draw.
F has 2 points → two draws.
D has 1 point → one draw and one loss.So:
- E beat D (1–0, because each team scores exactly one goal total, and E must score it in this match).
- F drew both matches: vs D (0–0, since D already scored 0 in loss to E and must score 1 goal overall against E), and vs E (1–1, using E’s single goal).
Thus, I and II are both correct.
Incorrect
Answer: (c)
Solution:
E has 3 points → one win and one draw.
F has 2 points → two draws.
D has 1 point → one draw and one loss.So:
- E beat D (1–0, because each team scores exactly one goal total, and E must score it in this match).
- F drew both matches: vs D (0–0, since D already scored 0 in loss to E and must score 1 goal overall against E), and vs E (1–1, using E’s single goal).
Thus, I and II are both correct.
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Question 3 of 5
3. Question
The Phillips Curve, first proposed in the late 1950s, illustrated an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment—suggesting that lower unemployment could be achieved at the cost of higher inflation and vice versa. However, this trade-off has proved unstable over time. During the stagflation of the 1970s, many economies faced high inflation alongside rising unemployment, contradicting the original theory. Since then, economists have recognised that expectations of inflation play a crucial role: when people anticipate higher prices, they demand higher wages, feeding further inflation without reducing unemployment. Central banks today, therefore, focus less on exploiting the inflation-unemployment trade-off and more on anchoring inflation expectations through credible and transparent monetary policy.
Which one of the following statements best reflects the critical message conveyed by the author of the passage?
Correct
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Option (a) is incorrect: The passage explicitly states that the Phillips Curve relationship “proved unstable over time”, especially during stagflation, thereby rejecting any permanent or universal trade-off.
Option (b) is incorrect: The author does not recommend ignoring employment; rather, the focus is on managing expectations to balance both inflation and employment.
Option (c) is correct: The passage clearly says that inflation-unemployment dynamics changed once expectations were considered and that modern central banks aim to “anchor inflation expectations through credible and transparent policy.” This captures the nuanced, modern understanding of the Phillips Curve.
Option (d) is incorrect: The text provides no support for the idea that inflation automatically increases employment; instead, it warns that higher inflation without expectation control can worsen both.
Hence, option (c) best represents the critical message.Incorrect
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Option (a) is incorrect: The passage explicitly states that the Phillips Curve relationship “proved unstable over time”, especially during stagflation, thereby rejecting any permanent or universal trade-off.
Option (b) is incorrect: The author does not recommend ignoring employment; rather, the focus is on managing expectations to balance both inflation and employment.
Option (c) is correct: The passage clearly says that inflation-unemployment dynamics changed once expectations were considered and that modern central banks aim to “anchor inflation expectations through credible and transparent policy.” This captures the nuanced, modern understanding of the Phillips Curve.
Option (d) is incorrect: The text provides no support for the idea that inflation automatically increases employment; instead, it warns that higher inflation without expectation control can worsen both.
Hence, option (c) best represents the critical message. -
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
I. Managing public expectations is essential for stabilising inflation without sacrificing employment.
II. There is always a predictable and permanent inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment in every economy.Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
Correct
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Assumption I is correct: The passage notes that when people expect higher prices, they demand higher wages, and therefore, stabilising expectations through “credible and transparent monetary policy” is crucial. This directly supports the assumption that managing expectations helps maintain stability in both inflation and employment.
Assumption II is incorrect: The author explicitly rejects the universality of the Phillips Curve trade-off, stating that it has been “proved unstable over time.” Hence, there is no permanent or predictable inverse relationship.
Therefore, only Assumption I is valid, making option (a) correct.Incorrect
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Assumption I is correct: The passage notes that when people expect higher prices, they demand higher wages, and therefore, stabilising expectations through “credible and transparent monetary policy” is crucial. This directly supports the assumption that managing expectations helps maintain stability in both inflation and employment.
Assumption II is incorrect: The author explicitly rejects the universality of the Phillips Curve trade-off, stating that it has been “proved unstable over time.” Hence, there is no permanent or predictable inverse relationship.
Therefore, only Assumption I is valid, making option (a) correct. -
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
Entrepreneurship does not thrive in an environment of mistrust. Investors hesitate to take risks, workers resist innovation, and consumers remain skeptical of new products when institutions fail to ensure fairness and reliability. Trust reduces the cost of transactions, speeds up decision-making, and encourages collaboration—factors essential for entrepreneurial growth. However, building trust requires more than laws and contracts; it depends on a culture of transparency, accountability, and shared values. In societies where corruption, unpredictability, or excessive bureaucracy prevail, entrepreneurship tends to become either opportunistic or stagnant. Thus, trust is not merely a moral virtue but a form of economic capital that shapes how ideas are transformed into sustainable enterprises.
Which one of the following statements best reflects the critical message conveyed by the author of the passage?
Correct
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Option (a) is incorrect: While finance is important, the passage explicitly argues that “entrepreneurship does not thrive in an environment of mistrust.” The emphasis is on trust as a foundational element, not merely funding.
Option (b) is incorrect: The author clearly says that building trust “requires more than laws and contracts,” which directly contradicts this option.
Option (c) is correct: The closing line—“trust is not merely a moral virtue but a form of economic capital that shapes how ideas are transformed into sustainable enterprises”—captures the passage’s essence perfectly. It presents trust as a productive economic resource.
Option (d) is incorrect: The passage supports transparency, accountability, and shared values; it never claims transparency undermines innovation.
Hence, option (c) best conveys the critical message.Incorrect
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Option (a) is incorrect: While finance is important, the passage explicitly argues that “entrepreneurship does not thrive in an environment of mistrust.” The emphasis is on trust as a foundational element, not merely funding.
Option (b) is incorrect: The author clearly says that building trust “requires more than laws and contracts,” which directly contradicts this option.
Option (c) is correct: The closing line—“trust is not merely a moral virtue but a form of economic capital that shapes how ideas are transformed into sustainable enterprises”—captures the passage’s essence perfectly. It presents trust as a productive economic resource.
Option (d) is incorrect: The passage supports transparency, accountability, and shared values; it never claims transparency undermines innovation.
Hence, option (c) best conveys the critical message.
