Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
Q6. “The Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Treaty marks a shift from fragmented to rules-based governance of the high seas”. Explain this shift. Analyse its likely impact on India’s maritime interests. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: DTE
Why the question
The BBNJ treaty has recently secured the required ratifications and will enter into force in 2026, making it a significant development in global ocean governance with direct implications for India’s maritime interests.Key Demand of the question
The question asks you to explain how the BBNJ treaty represents a shift from fragmented governance to rules-based governance of the high seas, and then analyse its likely impact on India’s maritime and strategic interests.Structure of the Answer
Introduction:
Briefly highlight the inadequacy of earlier sectoral governance of high seas and situate the BBNJ treaty as a landmark under UNCLOS.
Body
- Explain the shift: Point out how the treaty introduces unified governance, MPAs, EIAs, and benefit-sharing mechanisms.
- Analyse India’s maritime interests: Show its implications for India’s blue economy, conservation responsibilities, maritime security, and diplomatic positioning.
Conclusion:
End with a forward-looking statement on how India can leverage BBNJ for sustainable development and leadership in global commons governance.
