Source: IE
Context: Ho tribals in Jharkhand’s Kolhan region staged protests alleging interference in their traditional Manki-Munda self-governance system after some Mundas were removed.
About Manki-Munda System:
What it is?
- A traditional, decentralised self-governance model followed by the Ho tribe of Jharkhand’s Kolhan region.
- It revolves around village heads (Mundas) and pidh heads (Mankis) who collectively resolve disputes and maintain order.
Origin & History:
- Pre-British era: Functioned as a community-driven governance system with no concept of land tax or external sovereign control.
- British Era Recognition:
- After early Ho and Kol revolts, the British realised direct control was unsustainable.
- In 1833, Captain Thomas Wilkinson codified the system in 31 rules (Wilkinson’s Rules), later implemented in Kolhan Government Estate (KGE) in 1837.
- Mankis and Mundas were made intermediaries between colonial administration and the community, integrating Kolhan into British India while preserving autonomy.
How it Works?
- Munda: Head of a single village, resolves socio-political disputes locally.
- Manki: Head of a pidh (cluster of 8–15 villages), hears appeals when Munda-level resolution fails.
- System relies on customary law, not formal legislation, and continues in use even after Independence.
Key Features:
- Hereditary Leadership: Roles are passed from father to son.
- Decentralised & Community-based: Gram Sabha–like participation in dispute resolution.
- Cultural Autonomy: Protects Ho identity, traditions, and land rights.
- Legal Continuity: Though challenged, courts have allowed Wilkinson’s Rules to continue due to lack of alternatives.
