Topic: Roles of Robert Clive, Warren Hastings
Q1. Outline the contributions of Robert Clive and Warren Hastings in laying foundations of British political authority in India. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the question
To compare early colonial figures who transformed the East India Company from a trading body into a political power in India.Key demand of the question
You need to outline Clive’s military and fiscal foundations, Hastings’ administrative and judicial consolidation, and compare their complementary contributions to British authority.Structure of the Answer
Introduction:
Mention the mid-18th century shift from mercantile dominance to political sovereignty by the East India Company.
Body
- Contributions of Robert Clive – focus on military victories (Plassey, Buxar), creation of dual system of governance, and initial framework of indirect control.
- Contributions of Warren Hastings – emphasise administrative centralisation, judicial reforms, political diplomacy, and knowledge–cultural policies.
Conclusion:
Highlight how both roles were complementary, making possible the later expansion of the colonial state.
