Topic: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.
Q4. Examine the limitations of the consensus-based decision-making model under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Why has it failed to ensure timely and effective climate action? Suggest reforms to democratise global climate negotiations. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question:
The growing calls to reform the UNFCCC decision-making model, especially in light of Bonn 2025, where civil society groups and developing nations raised concerns about consensus deadlocks and ineffective climate outcomes.Key Demand of the question:
You need to examine the weaknesses of the consensus model in climate talks, explain why it has failed to deliver meaningful action, and suggest reforms to democratise and accelerate global climate negotiations.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Mention the design of the consensus model and how it aimed for inclusivity but now hinders urgency in climate diplomacy.Body:
- Limitations of the consensus model: Highlight how veto power, diluted outcomes, and fossil fuel influence affect negotiations.
- Reasons for failure of effective action: Point to lack of enforcement, procedural delays, and the climate finance gap.
- Reform suggestions: Suggest QMV, stronger representation for vulnerable nations, exclusion of lobbies, and accountability mechanisms.
Conclusion:
Stress the need for balance between inclusivity and decisiveness, with Brazil’s COP30 offering a chance to reset the rules for fairer and faster outcomes.
