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General Studies – 1
Topic: Effects of globalization on Indian society
Difficulty Level: Easy
Reference: TH
Why the question
Rising childhood obesity in India has gained urgency as a social issue, not just a health concern, revealing structural and cultural transformations in lifestyle, food habits, and family practices.Key demand of the question
The question demands an analysis of both social and cultural determinants that contribute to childhood obesity in India, with relevant real-life examples to substantiate each.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction
Define childhood obesity briefly as a social issue and mention how it reflects shifts in societal and cultural behaviours.Body
- Social determinants: Work-life imbalance, screen time, socio-economic aspirations, peer influence, and recreational space inequalities.
- Cultural determinants: Perception of fat as health, food as reward, erosion of traditional meals, festive food shifts, and low valuation of physical activity.
Conclusion
Suggest a need for behavioural reorientation and cultural awareness through education and community-driven strategies to curb long-term impacts.
Topic: Population and associated issues
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: NIE
Why the question
IIT Madras’s move to establish a dedicated centre to study happiness in its business management department has sparked a debate. It opens a space to rethink the role of education, which must help humans flourish while gathering economic competenceKey Demand of the question
The question asks for an analysis of how happiness education can rebuild social cohesion and trust, and how it can redirect youth ambitions from individual gain to collective well-being.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction
Briefly mention India’s growing emotional disconnect and refer to IIT-M’s 2025 initiative as a progressive shift.Body
- Explain how happiness education can restore emotional bonds, empathy, and institutional trust in society.
- Analyse how such education can influence youth to prioritise purpose, collaboration, and social impact over competitive individualism.
Conclusion
Suggest that long-term societal well-being needs emotional learning to go hand-in-hand with policy reforms and educational transformation.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Supreme Court to hear Ashoka University professor’s plea against his arrest
Why the question
The arrest of a university professor for a social media post amid Operation Sindoor has reignited debates on freedom of expression, its misuse under criminal law, and its indispensable role in democratic functioning.Key demand of the question
The question asks to explain why freedom of expression is vital to democratic governance, identify contemporary challenges to it, and suggest measures to protect and promote this right within constitutional and institutional frameworks.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction
Define freedom of expression as a constitutional and democratic value critical to public discourse and accountability.Body
- Importance of free expression in democracy – link with participation, dissent, and informed citizenship.
- Contemporary challenges – discuss legal misuse, institutional overreach, digital censorship, and social backlash.
- Way forward – propose legal reforms, institutional autonomy, civic education, and proportional regulation.
Conclusion
Reaffirm that safeguarding expression is non-negotiable in a democratic polity and must be upheld through law, policy, and civic culture.
Topic: India and its neighbourhood- relations
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question
Recent India-Pakistan conflict and its spillover on trade and diplomacy have reignited concerns over SAARC’s dysfunction and the broader failure of South Asian regionalism.Key Demand of the question
The answer must identify structural and geopolitical obstacles to South Asian integration and then explain how India-Pakistan tensions deepen these hurdles through trade disruption, institutional paralysis, and regional instability.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction
Briefly introduce South Asia’s unrealised integration potential despite geographic and cultural proximity.Body
- Mention major obstacles like political mistrust, institutional limitations, trade barriers, infrastructure gaps, and power asymmetry.
- Explain how India-Pakistan tensions worsen trade disruption, multilateral deadlock, investor anxiety, and shift toward alternative blocs.
Conclusion
Suggest the need for insulating regional platforms like SAARC from bilateral conflicts to revive South Asian cooperation.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Infrastructure: Energy
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question
Energy gaps in the North-East and East are being plugged by the transmission sector as India aims to boost its renewable capacity to 500 GW by 2030Key Demand of the question
The question requires identifying reasons for uneven energy access across states, examining how demand-supply mismatch contributes to the issue, assessing the performance of the national grid, and proposing practical solutions for fair and reliable electricity distribution.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction
Briefly introduce India’s progress towards energy sufficiency while highlighting persistent regional imbalances in power access.Body
- Identify key reasons for regional disparities in power access such as infrastructure gaps, weak DISCOMs, and policy asymmetries.
- Analyse how poor forecasting, rising demand, and underutilisation contribute to demand-supply mismatches.
- Assess successes and challenges of the national grid in balancing state-level gaps and enabling integration.
- Suggest targeted reforms including regional investment, DISCOM reform, renewable diversification, and grid modernisation.
Conclusion
Conclude with the need to align energy equity with sustainability and resilience through coordinated national and state-level interventions.
Topic: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question:
Prof Jayant Narlikar, one of India’s best-known scientists, passed away in Pune on Tuesday morning .A cosmologist, Narlikar is best known for developing an alternative to the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe, in collaboration with his PhD guide Fred Hoyle, who was among the prominent figures of 20th-century astrophysics.Key demand of the question:
The answer must explain the main features of the steady-state theory and analyse the scientific reasons, especially observational evidence, that led to its decline in favour of the Big Bang model.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction
Briefly mention the concept of steady-state theory and its origin in contrast to the Big Bang.Body
- Mention key features like continuous matter creation, eternal universe, and rejection of singularity.
- Explain how discovery of CMB, evolving galaxies, and lack of proof for C-field caused decline.
Conclusion
Note the value of such theories in advancing cosmological science and highlight Jayant Narlikar’s legacy.
General Studies – 4
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: NIE
Why the question
Jharkhand ACB interrogates IAS officer in liquor scam case linked to Chhattisgarh syndicateKey demand of the question
The question requires examining the importance of ethical conduct beyond legal compliance and clearly differentiating the two concepts within the context of public service responsibilities.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction
Introduce how law provides a minimum threshold of conduct, but public servants must be guided by ethical integrity to ensure justice and fairness.Body
- Explain how unethical practices can still occur within legal boundaries, especially in discretionary and policy-level decisions.
- Differentiate legal compliance and ethical integrity based on source (rules vs values), enforcement (external vs internal), intent (avoid penalty vs serve public good), and consequences (reputation, trust, justice).
Conclusion
Conclude by stressing that the credibility of public institutions depends not just on legal adherence but on the ethical behaviour of those who serve them.
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