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General Studies – 1
Topic: History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the question:
The global order we inhabit today—dominated by multilateral institutions and led by post-European powers—has its roots in the economic and political aftermath of the two world wars.Key demand of the question:
To analyse how the world wars transformed the global economic structure, and to evaluate the resulting redistribution of global power, institutional frameworks, and the erosion of Europe’s economic supremacy.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Highlight the wars as turning points in dismantling imperial economies and laying the foundation for a multilateral, institutionalised economic order.Body:
- How world wars altered global economic order: collapse of old trade blocs, end of gold standard, shift to state-led recovery, and rise of global cooperation.
- Shift in global power: rise of USA and USSR, bipolarity, and decline of European economic influence.
- Rise of economic institutions: creation of Bretton Woods system, institutionalisation of aid, and multilateral trade regulation.
- Decline of European dominance: decolonisation, internal economic exhaustion, and focus on domestic reconstruction.
Conclusion:
Emphasise that the global economy’s present contours—US dominance, institutional frameworks, and decolonised trade—emerged directly from the structural upheavals of the world wars.
Topic: Urbanization, their problems and their remedies
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question:
UK vlogger visits India’s cleanest city Indore and compares it to ‘Singapore’.Key Demand of the question:
To analyse how urbanisation has evolved from a demographic shift to a social transformation in India and to examine the key challenges posed by informal urbanism in this context.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly state how urbanisation is reshaping traditional social structures, not just increasing population density.Body:
- Urbanisation as social transformation: Changing family forms, caste mobility, gender roles, aspirations, and social behaviour.
- Challenges of informal urbanism: Issues of legal status, access to services, governance exclusion, and ecological stress.
Conclusion:
Emphasise the need for inclusive, rights-based urban development to bridge the gap between formal plans and informal realities.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question
The Supreme Court recently refused to entertain a plea for a judicial probe into the Pahalgam terror attack, which left 26 dead, asking whether the litigants wanted to demoralise the security forces.Key Demand of the question
The answer must analyse the trajectory of PIL from its inception to its expanded scope, highlight concerns arising from its misuse, and suggest concrete reforms to restore its intended democratic function.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction
Briefly introduce PIL as a judicial innovation aimed at social justice and institutional accountability.Body
- Judicial evolution of PIL: Trace major doctrinal and case-based developments in its expansion.
- Concerns of misuse: Highlight issues like frivolous filings, judicial overreach, and elite capture.
- Reform measures: Suggest structural, procedural, and institutional ways to safeguard its original spirit.
Conclusion
Conclude with a forward-looking statement on preserving PIL as a tool for constitutional morality and inclusive justice.
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question:
The Delhi Fee Regulation Bill, 2025, has reignited debates on state intervention in private education, making it a relevant issue amidst growing concerns over access and quality.Key demand of the question:
To analyse the trade-off between affordability and quality in the context of excessive fee control in private schools, and to suggest balanced policy approaches to ensure equity without compromising educational standards.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly highlight the paradox of affordability versus quality in India’s mixed school system and the context of rising regulation.Body:
- Examine the dilemma: Fee caps affect autonomy, teacher salaries, innovation, and competitiveness of private schools.
- Balancing mechanisms: Transparent audits, incentive-based support, fair competition, and institutional redress systems.
Conclusion:
Emphasise the need for the state to act as a facilitator, not a controller, to ensure inclusive yet high-quality education.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question:
Rising contractualisation in both private and public sectors has triggered debates around informalisation, job quality, and state responsibility in employment practices, especially post labour code reforms and recent PLFS data (2023).Key Demand of the question:
The answer must examine the major reasons behind the rise of contractual labour, analyse its broader implications on the economy and workforce, and assess how public institutions have contributed to this structural shift.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction
Mention the growing trend of contract-based hiring in organised sectors and its link to labour market flexibilisation.Body
- Drivers of contractualisation: Identify key policy, economic, and structural causes like labour code reforms, cost pressures, and demand volatility.
- Implications: Briefly touch on outcomes such as reduced worker security, lower wages, and informalisation within formal sectors.
- Public sector’s role: Show how state-led outsourcing, ad hoc hiring, and lack of enforcement have legitimised this trend.
Conclusion
Highlight the need to balance employment flexibility with social protection and restore the state’s role as a model employer.
Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: DTE
Why the question:
Delhi’s 56-day ground-level ozone exceedance in early 2025 has exposed a dangerous, under-addressed pollutant linked to urban heat and public health risks, making it a critical issue for environmental governance.Key Demand of the question:
The question requires explaining the causes of ground-level ozone in urban settings, identifying why it is termed a ‘silent’ pollutant, and suggesting how India should reform its public health response to tackle its unique threats.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Use a recent fact (e.g., Delhi’s 2025 ozone surge) to show rising concern around invisible urban pollutants.Body:
- Causes of ozone formation: List key contributing factors like sunlight-NOx-VOC interaction, vehicular/industrial emissions, urban heat, and stagnant meteorology.
- Why it is a silent pollutant: Focus on invisibility, delayed symptoms, lack of public alerts, and exposure during peak hours.
- Adapting health response: Recommend surveillance expansion, ozone alerts, urban cooling strategies, and VOC/NOx regulation.
Conclusion:
Highlight the urgency for a climate-health integrated clean air policy to address ozone before it becomes a chronic urban threat.
General Studies – 4
Given this scenario, answer the following:
-
- Identify the stakeholders and ethical issues involved in the case.
- What should be Chandan’s course of action in the given situation?
- If you were given the chance, what reforms would you propose to shield the public from the menace of disinformation which can hamper the social fabric?
Difficulty Level: Medium
Why the question:
The case reflects the ethical dilemmas faced by civil servants during politically charged misinformation crises, involving food safety, public order, and media accountability.Key Demand of the question:
The question demands identification of ethical issues and affected stakeholders, a balanced course of administrative action by Chandan, and systemic reforms to counter the social threat of disinformation.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction
Briefly mention the ethical tensions arising from misinformation, public panic, and the administrator’s duty to uphold institutional trust and social harmony.Body
- Stakeholders and ethical issues: Identify key actors (officer, public, media, activists, vendors) and map ethical concerns like public trust, safety, media responsibility, and political interference.
- Course of action by Chandan: Suggest steps balancing public order, procedural fairness, transparency, media communication, and proactive misinformation control.
- Reforms to combat disinformation: Recommend institutional, legal, educational, and digital reforms promoting responsible media behavior and public resilience against fake news.
Conclusion
Reinforce the need for ethical leadership, institutional coordination, and constitutional values like fraternity and trust to navigate such volatile incidents.
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