UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice – Insights SECURE: 18 April 2025

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General Studies – 1

Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Q1. Sanskrit is not merely a language but a carrier of India’s civilisational values. Trace its cultural significance. Examine recent government initiatives for its revival. What more can be done to protect and promote Sanskrit in a culturally inclusive and sustainable manner? (15 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: IE

Why the question:
The Adarsh Sanskrit Village programme and broader efforts under NEP 2020 have revived discourse around classical language promotion as a tool for civilisational revival and cultural inclusivity.

Key Demand of the question:
The answer must trace Sanskrit’s civilisational importance, evaluate recent official efforts to revive it, and suggest sustainable and inclusive policy directions for its promotion.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction
Briefly establish Sanskrit’s role as a transmitter of India’s intellectual, spiritual, and artistic heritage.

Body

• Trace Sanskrit’s cultural relevance through its role in shaping philosophy, literature, and pan-Indian identity.
• Examine initiatives like Adarsh Sanskrit Villages, NEP reforms, and digital integration for revival.
• Suggest inclusive, tech-enabled, and grassroots-based strategies for sustainable Sanskrit promotion.

Conclusion
Reinforce the need to make Sanskrit a lived, inclusive cultural medium relevant for a modern plural society.

Topic: Salient features of Indian Society

Q2. The rise of disinformation and influencer culture signals the collapse of authentic community bonds. Analyse. How can society rebuild ethical digital spaces? (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: NIE

Why the question:
Due to the increasing spread of misinformation, algorithmic bias, and rise of influencer-driven content, concerns are growing over social cohesion, truth decay, and ethical online behaviour.

Key demand of the question:
Analyse how disinformation and influencer culture are eroding genuine social bonds. Then suggest actionable and ethical measures to build trustworthy and inclusive digital spaces.

Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly introduce how digital culture is reshaping social relations and challenging community authenticity.

Body:

• Analyse the impact of disinformation and influencer ecosystems on shared trust, community engagement, and value systems.
• Suggest ways to ethically reconstruct digital spaces through media literacy, regulation, decentralised platforms, and institutional reforms.

Conclusion:
End with a futuristic vision for a responsible and humane digital public sphere rooted in truth and empathy.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections

Q3. How does prison overcrowding affect the delivery of justice and correctional services in India? Examine the institutional limitations and propose long-term sustainable solutions. (15 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: TH

Why the question
The India Justice Report 2025 has highlighted alarming overcrowding, staffing shortages, and rising undertrial population in Indian prisons, prompting debate on systemic justice delivery failures.

Key Demand of the question
Explain how overcrowding hampers legal and correctional outcomes, identify institutional bottlenecks, and suggest long-term reforms to ensure justice and humane incarceration.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction
Introduce with a sharp fact or constitutional lens (e.g. right to life with dignity under Article 21), linking overcrowding to justice erosion.

Body

• Impact of overcrowding on justice and correctional services – Mention effects on health, legal access, reform, and rights.
• Institutional limitations – Indicate issues in judiciary, budgets, non-implementation of prison reforms, etc.
• Long-term sustainable solutions – Suggest measures like judicial reform, non-custodial sentencing, digital tracking, staff investment.

Conclusion
End with a futuristic note stressing structural reforms and rights-based governance to humanise India’s prison system.

Topic: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

Q4. What are the diplomatic implications of the declining relevance of a rules-based international order? Analyse India’s response to global institutional fragility. (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: IE

Why the question:
The rise of multipolarity, institutional paralysis (UNSC, WTO), and realpolitik interventions have made it necessary to evaluate how India is adapting its diplomacy in a shifting global order.

Key Demand of the question:
The answer must explain the diplomatic effects of the breakdown of the global rules-based order and analyse India’s evolving strategic and institutional responses to this vacuum.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction
Briefly contextualise the weakening of global norms and India’s emerging diplomatic autonomy.

Body

• Highlight key diplomatic shifts resulting from the collapse of multilateral trust and institutional effectiveness.
• Examine India’s recalibration through multi-alignment, institutional reform advocacy, and creation of alternate frameworks.

Conclusion
Assert that India’s role in a fragmented global order lies in shaping inclusive institutions while safeguarding its strategic interests.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Technology missions

Q5. Why is the adoption of decentralised renewable energy crucial for agricultural mechanisation? Evaluate its role in reducing input costs and boosting farmer incomes. Examine long-term sustainability impacts. (15 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: DTE

Why the question
With rising focus on rural energy access and low-carbon agriculture, decentralised renewable energy (DRE) has emerged as a key enabler of mechanisation for small and marginal farmers, as highlighted in the 2025 IRENA report on Malawi.

Key Demand of the question:
Explain the importance of DRE in enabling agricultural mechanisation. Evaluate how it reduces input costs and raises farmer incomes. Examine its long-term sustainability impact on environment and rural livelihoods.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction:
Briefly highlight how energy access is vital for mechanisation and DRE provides scalable alternatives for smallholder farmers.

Body:

• DRE for mechanisation: Mention its role in powering irrigation, processing, storage and other on-farm tools.
• Input cost and income: Show how solar/biomass solutions reduce energy expenses and improve profitability through local value addition.
• Sustainability outcomes: Discuss its climate, groundwater, and rural employment impacts for long-term resilience.

Conclusion:
Affirm that DRE is not only a power source but also a developmental catalyst, needing integrated rural energy-agriculture policies.

Topic: Transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints;

Q6. Can aquaculture help India meet its nutrition and livelihood goals simultaneously? What are the critical gaps in India’s aquaculture supply chain? (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: DTE

Why the question
The growing role of aquaculture in addressing nutritional deficits and rural employment challenges, especially in light of government focus through PMMSY and digital interventions.

Key Demand of the question
Examine how aquaculture can serve dual goals of improving nutrition and livelihoods. Then identify key bottlenecks in the aquaculture supply chain that limit this potential.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction
Mention the emerging role of aquaculture in India’s developmental agenda and link it briefly with food security and income generation.

Body

• Aquaculture’s contribution to nutrition and livelihoods – Suggest that it is a low-cost protein source and a rural employment generator with government support.
• Gaps in aquaculture supply chain – Point to issues like cold chain, market access, finance, disease surveillance, and limited digital adoption.

Conclusion
Highlight the need for digital, institutional, and infrastructural reforms to realise aquaculture’s dual potential fully.

General Studies – 4

Q7. Value systems often collapse not due to lack of education, but due to failure in moral upbringing. Comment. (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: InsightsIAS

Why the question
Because rising ethical failures among educated individuals, especially in public life, highlight the deeper role of upbringing in shaping moral judgment beyond academic achievement.

Key Demand of the question
To examine how value systems are rooted more in early socialisation and moral upbringing than in formal education, and suggest ways to strengthen this foundation in contemporary society.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction
Mention how ethics is primarily shaped through lived experiences and early emotional conditioning, not just academic exposure.

Body

• Explain how moral upbringing contributes to emotional and ethical development, using thinkers like Kohlberg and real-life illustrations.
• Highlight the limitations of formal education in ensuring ethical behaviour due to its abstract, delayed, or merit-focused approach.
• Suggest systemic measures to integrate moral learning through both family and institutional collaboration.

Conclusion
Underline the need for convergence between education and upbringing to cultivate ethically resilient citizens and public servants.

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