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General Studies – 1
Topic: Indian Geography
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the question
The concept of “climate twins” is crucial in understanding how geographically distant yet climatically similar regions experience parallel environmental and socio-economic changes, helping in comparative climate impact assessment and policy formulation.Key demand of the question
The answer must explain the concept of climate twins, analyze how such regions undergo similar environmental and socio-economic changes, and provide relevant examples to substantiate the discussion.Structure of the Answer
Introduction
Define “climate twins” and briefly highlight its relevance in climate studies and adaptation planning.Body
- Environmental changes in climate twin regions – Discuss how climate twins experience similar changes in temperature, biodiversity, coastal vulnerability, desertification, or glacial retreat, with examples.
- Socio-economic changes in climate twin regions – Explain how climate shifts impact agriculture, health, economy, urban infrastructure, and migration patterns in such regions, with specific cases.
Conclusion
Emphasize the importance of recognizing climate twins for effective policy planning, resilience strategies, and international cooperation in climate adaptation.
Topic: Indian Geography
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the Question?
India’s coastline is undergoing rapid changes due to multiple natural and human-induced factors. Understanding the interplay of tectonics, sediment transport, human activities, and climate change is crucial for sustainable coastal management.
Key Demand of the Question
The question requires an analysis of how tectonic shifts, sediment movement, human interventions, and climate change contribute to coastal retreat. It demands a structured examination of each factor’s role in reshaping India’s coastline with relevant examples.
Structure of the Answer
Introduction:
Briefly introduce India’s coastline, highlighting its dynamic nature and the alarming trend of erosion and retreat with a recent study/statistic.Body:
- Tectonics and coastal retreat: Explain how seismic activity, land subsidence, and plate movements alter coastal morphology.
- Sediment transport and coastline reshaping: Discuss how disruptions in river sediment supply, mangrove degradation, and sand mining influence erosion patterns.
- Human interventions and coastal vulnerability: Analyze the impact of ports, urbanization, illegal mining, and CRZ violations on shoreline changes.
- Climate change and rising sea levels: Examine the role of sea-level rise, cyclones, changing monsoons, and coral degradation in accelerating coastal retreat.
Conclusion:
Suggest the need for scientific coastal management, stricter regulation, and climate adaptation strategies, citing a relevant committee recommendation or best practice.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the Question
The practice of sitting legislators contesting for another office and winning is rampant. This creates multiple issues including high costs, voter apathy and restricted governance.
Key Demand of the Question
The question requires an analysis of how sitting legislators contesting multiple elections impact India’s electoral system, covering governance, election costs, and democratic representation. It also demands suggestions for addressing these challenges through reforms.
Structure of the Answer
Introduction:
Briefly mention how Indian electoral laws permit sitting legislators to contest multiple elections and why this practice raises concerns related to governance and electoral efficiency.Body:
- Prevalence of the practice: Explain the legal provisions allowing multiple candidacies, frequency of occurrence, and examples of recent elections where this has been evident.
- Challenges to the electoral ecosystem: Discuss issues related to governance disruptions, financial burden, voter disillusionment, and political opportunism.
- What needs to be done: Suggest reforms like mandatory resignation before re-contesting, financial penalties for seat vacancies, legal restrictions on multiple candidacies, and policy measures to enhance electoral stability.
Conclusion:
Conclude with how limiting multiple candidacies and implementing legal safeguards will enhance governance efficiency, voter trust, and electoral discipline, making India’s democracy more accountable and transparent.
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question?
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a transforming agent in many sectors; education is at the forefront of formerly unheard-of transformation.Key demand of the question:
The answer must examine how AI customizes learning experiences through adaptive techniques and its effect on traditional teaching, including both benefits and challenges.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly state how AI is transforming education by making learning more personalized while also influencing traditional teaching methods.Body:
- Role of AI in personalizing education: Explain how AI-driven tools adapt learning to individual needs, offer real-time feedback, and cater to diverse learning styles.
- Impact on traditional teaching methods: Discuss the shift from rote learning, reduction in administrative tasks, enhanced student engagement, and challenges like over-reliance on AI.
Conclusion:
Emphasize the need for a balanced approach where AI complements human-led teaching to create an inclusive and effective education system.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources,
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the Question
The Income Tax Bill, 2025, was introduced in parliament on February 13 to fulfil the finance minister’s promise during her Budget speech of July 2024 of a comprehensive review of the income tax law.
Key Demand of the Question
The question requires an analysis of whether the new Income Tax Bill achieves simplicity, predictability, and litigation reduction while also suggesting further reforms to enhance tax efficiency and compliance.
Structure of the Answer
Introduction:
Briefly highlight the significance of a modern tax system in promoting economic growth and reducing legal uncertainties. Mention that the Income Tax Bill, 2025, attempts to achieve these objectives but has certain limitations.Body:
- Why simplicity, predictability, and litigation reduction matter: Explain how these principles contribute to ease of doing business, investment climate, and tax compliance.
- Achievements of the Income Tax Bill, 2025: Discuss simplifications in structure, digital compliance, policy stability, and improved dispute resolution mechanisms.
- Challenges and limitations: Highlight gaps such as persistent litigation concerns, over-reliance on delegated legislation, lack of corporate tax competitiveness, and unresolved ambiguities.
- Additional reforms needed: Suggest structured ADR mechanisms, corporate tax competitiveness measures, clear sunset clauses for exemptions, and better digital adaptation.
Conclusion:
Summarize that while the bill is a step toward reform, further policy improvements and institutional mechanisms are needed to ensure a truly modern, efficient, and litigation-free tax system.
Topic: Mobilization of resources, growth, development
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question
Addressing a post Budget webinar 2025 on the theme of ‘Making India Investment Friendly’, CEA said the BIT framework is being revised to reflect modern challenges.
Key demand of the question
The answer must first identify the major concerns of foreign investors regarding India’s current BIT framework and then examine how the ongoing revision seeks to address these concerns by incorporating global best practices and investor-friendly provisions.
Structure of the answer
Introduction:
Briefly mention the role of BITs in attracting foreign investment and why India’s 2016 model BIT has faced criticism, necessitating a revision.Body:
- Concerns of foreign investors regarding India’s BIT framework: Highlight issues like narrow investment definitions, weak dispute resolution, absence of fair and equitable treatment (FET), policy unpredictability, and limited international acceptability.
- How the ongoing BIT revision addresses these concerns: Discuss proposed changes like expanding investment definitions, improving arbitration mechanisms, reintroducing balanced FET, ensuring regulatory stability, and aligning with global best practices.
Conclusion:
Emphasize that a balanced BIT framework will enhance investment inflows, protect sovereign policy space, and align with global standards, making India a more attractive investment destination.
General Studies – 4
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question?
With the rise of digital media and online discourse, distinguishing between ethical criticism and bullying has become crucial.Key demand of the question
The question requires an ethical analysis of when criticism is justified, how to differentiate it from bullying, and how media can balance freedom of expression with ethical responsibility while upholding constitutional and moral values.Structure of the Answer
Introduction
Define criticism in an ethical context, highlighting its role in accountability and democratic discourse. Mention Article 19(1)(a) on free speech and Article 21 on dignity, emphasizing the need for responsible expression.Body
- Ethical justification of criticism – Explain how criticism is justified when aimed at accountability, moral progress, and justice, supported by constitutional provisions and legal judgments.
- Distinction between constructive criticism and bullying – Discuss intent, fact-based analysis, dignity, and fairness as criteria to differentiate between ethical critique and personal attacks.
- Balancing media freedom with ethical responsibility – Suggest legal, institutional, and regulatory mechanisms to ensure responsible journalism, while preventing defamation and media trials.
Conclusion
Stress the importance of ethical journalism and digital accountability in fostering truthful yet respectful public discourse, ensuring that criticism serves justice, not personal harm.
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