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General Studies – 1
Topic: urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question:
The Pune District Planning Committee last week introduced the Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) for Pune city, Pimpri-Chinchwad, and the rest of the district for the next 30 years.Key Demand of the question:
The question demands identification of major challenges in managing urban mobility and an analysis of how smart mobility solutions can address these issues, with relevant examples for both parts.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly mention the rapid pace of urbanization and its impact on urban mobility, highlighting the need for sustainable transport solutions.Body:
- Key Challenges in Managing Urban Mobility: Discuss major issues like inadequate public transport, rising private vehicle usage, lack of last-mile connectivity, congestion, and environmental degradation.
- Role of Smart Mobility Solutions: Explain how smart technologies like intelligent traffic management, integrated transport systems, electric mobility, and app-based services can promote sustainable urban transport, with suitable examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by emphasizing the importance of adopting smart, inclusive, and sustainable mobility solutions to create resilient urban transport ecosystems for the future.
Topic: Salient features of world’s physical geography.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: DTE
Why the question:
With the ongoing La Nina phenomenon, climate scientists were expecting a cooler 2025. But the temperatures in January indicate that to not be the caseKey demand of the question:
The question demands an explanation of why La Niña typically causes global cooling, the reasons behind the recent anomaly, and how this reflects a shift in climatic baselines due to anthropogenic influences.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly introduce La Niña as a phenomenon associated with global cooling, and highlight the unusual temperature anomaly observed in January 2025.Body:
- Why La Niña leads to global cooling: Explain its role in influencing ocean-atmosphere interactions that usually lower global temperatures.
- Reasons for the recent anomaly: Discuss factors like greenhouse gas emissions, residual heat from El Niño, and ocean heat content overriding natural cooling effects.
- Shift in climatic baselines: Explain how long-term climate change is redefining what is considered “normal,” making even La Niña years warmer than historical averages.
Conclusion:
Conclude by emphasizing the dominance of anthropogenic climate change over natural climatic cycles, stressing the need for global climate action to address the emerging challenges.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: NIE
Why the Question:
Prime Minister’s recent call to invite one lakh young individuals without political backgrounds to actively participate in politics marks a watershed in Indian democracy.
Key Demand of the Question:
The question demands an analysis of the institutional and systemic barriers restricting youth participation in politics, along with a critical evaluation of how youth engagement can address emerging governance challenges in India.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly mention India’s demographic dividend and the potential of youth in shaping governance, while highlighting the paradox of their underrepresentation in politics.Body:
- Structural Barriers: Discuss barriers like age restrictions, dynastic politics, financial constraints, lack of political education, and limited internal democracy within political parties.
- Youth Involvement in Addressing Governance Challenges: Analyze how youth can contribute to areas like innovative policymaking, digital governance, climate action, enhancing democratic accountability, and inclusive governance.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a futuristic outlook emphasizing the need for institutional reforms to create an ecosystem that nurtures youth leadership, fostering dynamic, transparent, and inclusive governance in India.
Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question:
President Prabowo Subianto of Indonesia, was the chief guest at India’s spectacular 76th Republic Day celebrations.Key Demand of the question:
The question demands an explanation of how India-Indonesia relations have evolved beyond traditional bilateral ties to become strategic factors in Indo-Pacific stability, along with a critical analysis of the positives and challenges in their current partnership.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly mention the historical depth of India-Indonesia relations and how recent developments in the Indo-Pacific have elevated their partnership to strategic prominence.Body:
- Strategic anchors for Indo-Pacific stability: Highlight key areas like maritime cooperation, defense partnerships, multilateral engagements, and economic connectivity that extend beyond bilateral interests.
- Evolving nature of the partnership: Critically analyze both the positives (defense cooperation, economic growth, counterterrorism) and challenges (China’s influence, trade imbalances, maritime boundary issues) shaping their current geopolitical dynamics.
Conclusion:
Conclude by emphasizing the need for deeper strategic convergence through enhanced cooperation in maritime security, economic resilience, and multilateral diplomacy to ensure a stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific region.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: PIB
Why the question:
With the approval of the Union Cabinet, the Ministry of Cooperation has set up three new national-level cooperative societies under MSCS Act 2002Key demand of the question:
The question demands an analysis of the traditional credit-based role of PACS, how their transformation into multi-purpose entities can drive rural economic growth, along with the challenges faced in this transition and the way forward for their effective functioning.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly introduce PACS as the foundation of India’s rural cooperative credit system and highlight the recent shift towards their diversification beyond credit functions.Body:
- Traditional role of PACS in credit delivery: Explain their primary function in providing short-term agricultural credit and acting as an intermediary in rural finance.
- Transformation into multi-purpose societies and its impact: Discuss how diversification into non-credit activities like marketing, processing, and storage can boost rural income, employment, and financial inclusion.
- Challenges in transformation: Highlight issues like lack of professional management, technological gaps, financial constraints, and regulatory hurdles.
- Way forward: Suggest measures such as capacity building, policy reforms, technological integration, and convergence with government schemes for effective transformation.
Conclusion:
Conclude by emphasizing that the transformation of PACS into multi-purpose societies is key to revitalizing the rural economy, ensuring inclusive growth, and enhancing the resilience of India’s agricultural sector.
Topic: Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the Question:
The growing threat of cross-border drug trafficking, particularly with the use of advanced technologies like drones and the increasing nexus between organized crime and terrorism, posing serious internal security risks for India.
Key Demand of the Question:
The question demands an analysis of the operational, structural, and technological challenges faced by border management forces in combating drug trafficking, along with practical technological and strategic measures to strengthen India’s border security framework.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly highlight India’s strategic geographic location between major drug-producing regions (Golden Crescent & Golden Triangle) and the rising security threat posed by cross-border drug trafficking.Body:
- Challenges Faced: Discuss challenges such as difficult terrain, porous borders, technological advancements by smugglers, institutional corruption, and inter-agency coordination issues.
- Technological and Strategic Solutions: Suggest solutions like deployment of advanced surveillance technologies, improved inter-agency coordination, AI integration, international cooperation, and legal reforms.
Conclusion:
Conclude by emphasizing the need for a comprehensive and multi-dimensional approach that combines technology, policy reforms, and international collaboration to effectively combat drug trafficking and secure India’s borders.
General Studies – 4
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the question:
The understanding of conscience as an ethical principle in public administration and evaluates whether it is sufficient for ensuring ethical governance amidst legal and institutional frameworks.Key Demand of the question:
The question demands an explanation of the role of conscience in ethical decision-making within public institutions and a critical analysis of its adequacy as the sole guide for ethical governance.Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly define conscience as an internal moral compass that guides individuals in distinguishing right from wrong, especially relevant for civil servants in ethical decision-making.Body:
- Role of conscience in ethical decision-making: Explain how conscience promotes integrity, helps in resolving ethical dilemmas, and ensures decisions align with public interest.
- Can it be relied upon as the sole guide for ethical governance: Critically analyze both sides—how it contributes positively but also discuss its limitations due to subjectivity, potential biases, and the need for legal frameworks.
Conclusion:
Conclude by emphasizing that while conscience is vital, ethical governance requires a balance between personal moral judgment and institutional safeguards like laws, codes of conduct, and constitutional principles.
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