UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practice – Insights SECURE: 23 January 2025

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General Studies – 1

Topic: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present significant events, personalities, issues

Q1. Examine the role of Subhas Chandra Bose in India’s freedom struggle, focusing on his vision for a militarized struggle against colonial rule. (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: InsightsIAS

Why the question
India celebrates Parakram Diwas annually on January 23rd to honour the birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, a visionary leader and a key figure in the Indian freedom movement.

Key demand of the question
The question demands an evaluation of Bose’s contributions to the freedom movement in general and a focused analysis of his military strategies, including the formation of the Indian National Army (INA) and alliances with Axis powers.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction
Introduce Subhas Chandra Bose as a revolutionary leader who pursued an aggressive and internationalized approach to India’s independence, highlighting his divergence from the mainstream nationalist leadership.

Body

• Role in India’s freedom struggle: Discuss his contributions in the Congress, his ideological stance, leadership, and efforts to mobilize masses.
• Vision for militarized struggle: Examine his initiatives like the formation of the INA, strategic alliances, use of propaganda, and his vision of armed resistance against British rule.

Conclusion
Conclude by emphasizing the significance of his militarized approach in weakening colonial rule and inspiring future defence strategies of independent India.

Topic: Role of women and women’s organization

Q2. “Feminism is not just about gender equality but about redefining social frameworks in a life-giving manner”. Discuss with suitable examples. (15 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: NIE

Why the question
Feminism, beyond advocating for gender equality, contributes to reshaping societal structures to create inclusive, sustainable, and empowering environments, which is crucial in the context of evolving social norms and governance models.

Key demand of the question
The answer should explain how feminism extends beyond gender parity by influencing various socio-economic frameworks, bringing inclusivity and sustainability, and provide relevant examples to support the argument while also discussing the challenges and solutions.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction
Introduce feminism as a transformative force that not only advocates gender equality but also fosters broader societal changes by redefining traditional structures to promote inclusivity and sustainability.

Body

• Discuss how feminism contributes to rethinking economic structures, governance, and social norms by integrating aspects like informal workforce empowerment, participatory governance, and sustainable practices.
• Highlight challenges such as patriarchal resistance, financial exclusion, and policy gaps that hinder the full realization of feminist ideals in redefining social structures.
• What measure can be taken in this regard.

Conclusion
Emphasize the role of feminism in creating a sustainable and equitable society by encouraging gender-inclusive policies, community participation, and holistic development.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,

Q3. To what extent has the National Health Mission contributed to India’s achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health? Illustrate with examples. (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: TH

Why the question
The Union Cabinet approved continuation of the National Health Mission for another five years.

Key demand of the question
The answer must analyze NHM’s contributions to SDGs, highlight specific successes with examples, and discuss the persisting challenges in achieving health-related targets.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction
Briefly introduce NHM and its role in India’s health sector in the context of SDG-3, emphasizing its objective of providing accessible and affordable healthcare.

Body

• Discuss major achievements of NHM in improving maternal and child health, tackling communicable and non-communicable diseases, and strengthening healthcare infrastructure.
• Analyze key challenges such as infrastructure deficits, human resource shortages, financial constraints, and regional disparities.

Conclusion
Provide a forward-looking conclusion, emphasizing the need for sustained efforts, increased investment, and policy reforms to achieve universal healthcare and SDG targets.

Topic: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate

Q4. Analyze the financial and structural challenges that the WHO is likely to face following the US withdrawal. How can emerging economies, including India, play a more proactive role in bridging these gaps? (15 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: IE

Why the question
The US withdrawal from the WHO has significant implications for global health governance, necessitating an analysis of financial and structural challenges and the role emerging economies can play in mitigating them.

Key demand of the question
The answer should assess the financial and structural challenges faced by WHO post-US withdrawal and suggest how emerging economies, particularly India, can take a proactive role in addressing these issues.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction
Introduce the context of the US withdrawal, highlighting its potential impact on WHO’s operations and the need for a collective global response.

Body

• Discuss the financial challenges, including funding gaps, dependency on voluntary contributions, and impact on ongoing health programs.
• Analyze structural challenges such as loss of expertise, weakened global coordination, and geopolitical shifts in health governance.
• Suggest ways emerging economies, including India, can contribute through increased funding, policy leadership, and regional cooperation.

Conclusion
Emphasize the need for collaborative global health efforts and how India, along with other emerging economies, can drive reforms and strengthen WHO’s resilience.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country

Q5. Despite its potential for sustainable growth and employment generation, the Indian jute industry grapples with several challenges. Examine the factors affecting the industry and suggest a roadmap for its revival. (15 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: TH

Why the question
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has fixed the Minimum Support Price (MSP) of raw jute for 2025-26 marketing season at ₹5,650 per quintal. The new price is an increase of ₹315 per quintal over the price in 2024-25

Key demand of the question
The answer should analyze the potential of the jute industry in terms of sustainability and employment generation, identify the major challenges hindering its growth, and suggest policy measures and strategies for its revitalization.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction
Briefly highlight the significance of the jute industry in India’s economy and environmental sustainability while mentioning the current challenges it faces.

Body

• Explain the potential of the jute industry in contributing to sustainable economic development and rural employment.
• Identify the critical challenges, such as declining production, infrastructure issues, competition, and policy gaps.
• Suggest a roadmap for revival, including modernization, policy support, diversification, and market expansion strategies.

Conclusion
Emphasize the need for a holistic and forward-looking approach involving innovation, policy interventions, and market reforms to unlock the full potential of the jute sector.

Topic: Achievement of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology

Q6. What are scramjet engines, and how do they contribute to the development of hypersonic technology? Discuss their significance for India’s defence capabilities. (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: IE

Why the question
DRDO successfully conducts scramjet engine ground test for hypersonic missiles

Key demand of the question
The answer should explain the concept and working of scramjet engines, their role in enabling hypersonic speeds, and analyze their strategic importance for India’s defense capabilities in terms of deterrence, self-reliance, and regional security.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction
Briefly introduce scramjet engines, highlighting their significance as an advanced propulsion technology crucial for hypersonic flight and military applications.

Body

• Explain what scramjet engines are and how they function, emphasizing their reliance on atmospheric oxygen and ability to sustain supersonic combustion.
• Discuss their contribution to hypersonic technology in terms of speed, fuel efficiency, and maneuverability for military and aerospace applications.
• Analyze their strategic importance for India’s defence, including deterrence capability, self-reliance under Atmanirbhar Bharat, and regional security enhancement.

Conclusion
Conclude with the transformative potential of scramjet technology in strengthening India’s defence and aerospace sectors while emphasizing the need for continued R&D and international collaboration.

General Studies – 4

Q7. What are the key factors that shape an individual’s ethical decision-making process? Analyze their relevance in public administration. (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Why the question
Understanding ethical decision-making is crucial for effective governance, as public administrators often face ethical dilemmas that impact policy implementation and service delivery.

Key demand of the question
The question demands an explanation of the factors influencing ethical decision-making and their applicability in the public administration context, highlighting how these factors contribute to ethical governance.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction
Define ethical decision-making and briefly highlight its significance in governance, emphasizing the role of ethics in public service.

Body

• Factors influencing ethical decision-making: Discuss key philosophical, psychological, social, and institutional factors that guide ethical choices in individuals.
• Relevance in public administration: Explain how these factors help in promoting accountability, transparency, and impartiality in governance, ensuring ethical delivery of public services.

Conclusion
Summarize by emphasizing the need for ethical awareness and continuous training to uphold public trust and governance integrity.

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