UPSC Static Quiz – History : 15 June 2024

Solution: c)

Indian (National) Social Conference was founded by M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao. It was virtually the social reform cell of the Indian National Congress. The Conference met annually as a subsidiary convention of the Indian National Congress, at the same venue, and focused attention on social reform. The Conference advocated inter-caste marriages and opposed kulinism and polygamy. It launched the famous “Pledge Movement” to inspire people to take an oath to prohibit child marriage.

Solution: b)

Statement 3 is incorrect.

The Home Rule Movement was the Indian response to the First World War.

The Indian Home Rule Leagues were organized on the lines of the Irish Home Rule Leagues and they represented the emergence of a new trend of aggressive politics. Annie Besant and Tilak were the pioneers of this new trend.

The Home Rule agitation was later joined by Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Chittaranjan Das, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mohammad Ali jinnah, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Lala Lajpat Rai. Some of these leaders became heads of local branches.

The League campaign aimed to convey to the common man the message of Home Rule as self-government. The Russian Revolution of 1917 proved to be an added advantage for the Home Rule campaign.

Solution: a)

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first satyagraha movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in British India.

Gandhiji’s second struggle was at Ahmedabad in 1918 when he had to intervene in a dispute between the workers and the mill-owners.

Satyagraha Sabha founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1919. Satyagraha Sabha was founded in the protest against the Rowlatt Act.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919.

Solution: c)

The Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was established in 1915 by Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath Dutta, Lala Hardayal, and others.

Revolutionaries aimed to mobilise the Indian settlers abroad to send volunteers and arms to India to incite rebellion among Indian troops there and to even organise an armed invasion of British India to liberate the country.

Solution: b)

Statement 3 is incorrect.

Rajagopalachari’s formula (or C. R. formula or Rajaji formula) was a proposal formulated by C.Rajagopalachari to solve the political deadlock between the All India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress on the independence of British India.

The League’s position was that the Muslims and Hindus of British India were two separate nations and henceforth the Muslims had the right to their own nation.

The Congress, which included both Hindu and Muslim members, opposed the idea of partitioning India.

The Rajagopalachari Formula

• The main points in the CR Plan were:
• Muslim League to endorse Congress demand for independence.
• League to cooperate with Congress in forming a provisional government at centre.
• After the end of the war, the entire population of Muslim majority areas in the North-West and North-East India to decide by a plebiscite, whether or not to form a separate sovereign state.
• In case of acceptance of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defence, commerce, communications, etc.
• The above terms are to be operative only if England transferred full powers to India.

Reactions to the formula

• The formula was a tacit acceptanceof the League’s demand for Pakistan. And Gandhiji supported the formula.
• Jinnahwanted the Congress to accept the two-nation theory.
• He wanted only the Muslims of North-West and North-East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire population. He also opposed the idea of a common centre.