DAY – 7 Insta 75 Days Revision Plan 2.0 -2024: Subject – Ancient and Medieval India

Answer: b

Explanation:

• Historically, the Kshatriya varna (caste) was associated with kingship and warrior duties. This caste was traditionally regarded as the ruling and military elite in the ancient Indian social hierarchy. However, being born a Kshatriya was not the only path to ruler ship, as history shows various examples of individuals from other backgrounds ascending to power. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Rituals could elevate the status of individuals to Kshatriya even if they were not born into that caste. This is supported by historical records, such as the example of Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, who performed the hiranya-garbha ritual, which symbolically “rebirthed” him as a Kshatriya. Such rituals allowed individuals not born into the Kshatriya varna to claim Kshatriya status and thus legitimacy as rulers. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Historical examples such as the Kadamba Mayurasharman and the Gurjara-Pratihara Harichandra, who were Brahmanas by birth but established themselves as rulers, demonstrate that individuals from different backgrounds could indeed rise to power. This indicates that military prowess, strategic marriages, and political acumen could enable individuals from various castes to establish kingdoms. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: b

Explanation:

• Prashastis, which are eulogies or inscriptions praising the achievements of kings, were typically composed by learned Brahmanas. Prashasti is a sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of “.
• These Brahmanas were often well-versed in Sanskrit and were commissioned by rulers to compose these inscriptions. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Prashastis were not always literal and accurate accounts. They often exaggerated the achievements of rulers, portraying them in a glorified manner to enhance their prestige and legitimacy. The purpose of prashastis was to extol the virtues and successes of the rulers, rather than provide an objective historical record. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Prashastis frequently depicted rulers as valiant, victorious warriors, emphasizing their military successes and heroism. This was part of the effort to enhance the ruler’s image and reputation. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: b

Explanation:

• Maharaja-adhiraja
• Meaning: “Great King, Overlord of Kings”
• Intention: This title clearly conveys the great authority and power of the ruler, emphasizing their supreme status over other kings.
• Tribhuvana-chakravartin
• Meaning: “Lord of the Three Worlds”
• Intention: This title signifies immense authority and dominion, suggesting the ruler’s control over all realms, thus conveying great power.
• Maha-samanta
• Meaning: “Great Subordinate Chief”
• Intention: While the title “Maha-samanta” signifies a high-ranking subordinate, it does not convey the same level of supreme authority as the previous titles. Instead, it suggests a significant but subordinate position.
• Maha-mandaleshvara
• Meaning: “Great Lord of a Circle (Region)”
• Intention: This title indicates significant authority within a particular region, but like “Maha-samanta,” it is more about regional power rather than supreme authority.
• Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: b

Explanation:

• • Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• In the Mauryan administration, the role of the Rajukka was indeed crucial in the management and measurement of land. The Rajukka was an officer responsible for surveying and measuring land, which was essential for the accurate assessment of land revenue. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Mauryan administration had provisions for tax exemptions for certain groups of people. According to the Arthashastra and other historical sources, Brahmanas (priests), students, women, and those who were blind or deaf were exempt from paying taxes. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The concept of the Pranay tax is described in Kautilya’s Arthashastra. This tax was an emergency measure that could be levied during times of crisis, such as war or natural disasters, to provide the state with necessary funds. However, Kautilya explicitly states that this tax could only be imposed once during the reign of a king. This limitation was likely put in place to prevent abuse of power and to ensure that the emergency tax was truly used only in genuine emergencies. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Hence, option (a) is correct.

Answer: c

Explanation:

• Sandivigraha was a high official mentioned in the Gupta inscriptions, who was in charge of foreign affairs.
• The king maintained a close contact with the provincial administration through a class of officials called Kumaramatyas and Ayuktas.
• The king was assisted in his administration by a council consisting of a chief minister, a Senapati or commanderin-chief of the army and other important officials.
• Provinces in the Gupta Empire were known as Bhuktis and provincial governors as Uparikas. They were mostly chosen from among the princes.
• Hence, option (c) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• Ancient history can be divided into different periods according to the tools used by people back then.

1. Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age): 500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
2. Mesolithic Period (Late Stone Age): 10,000 BCE 6000 BCE

• Neolithic Period (New Stone Age): 6000BCE 1000 BCE

1. Chalcolithic Period (Stone Copper Age): 3000 BCE 500 BCE
2. Iron Age: 1500 BCE – 200 BCE

• The Paleolithic Age and Mesolithic Age were characterized by hunting and gathering activities. The characteristic feature of the Neolithic Age is agriculture, which is the food-producing stage.

Hence, option (a) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• Magadha’s rulers, such as Bimbisara, used marriage alliances and military conquests to extend their influence and control over neighboring regions. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Magadha’s rulers maintained a strong and well-equipped military, which played a crucial role in both defending the kingdom from invasions and facilitating their expansionist policies. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Magadha’s rulers maintained a strong and well-equipped military, which played a crucial role in both defending the kingdom from invasions and facilitating their expansionist policies. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Magadha’s rulers maintained a strong and well-equipped military, which played a crucial role in both defending the kingdom from invasions and facilitating their expansionist policies. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• Hence, option (a) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• The Allahabad Prasasti, also known as the Allahabad Pillar Inscription, is a significant historical record composed by Harishena was a renowned poet and panegyrist in the court of the Gupta Emperor Samudragupta.
• The inscription glorifies the achievements and conquests of Samudragupta, detailing his military campaigns, administration, and patronage of the arts and culture. It provides valuable insights into the political and cultural landscape of the Gupta Empire, making it a crucial source for understanding this period of Indian history.
• Hence, option (a) is correct.

Answer: d

Explanation:

• In ancient Indian medical history, the great medical trio is typically referred to as Charaka, Susruta, and Vagbhata. These three scholars made significant contributions to the field of Ayurveda:
• Charaka is known for the Charaka Samhita, a foundational text on internal medicine.
• Susruta is credited with the Susruta Samhita, which is a seminal work on surgery.
• Vagbhata authored the Ashtanga Hridaya, another crucial text in Ayurveda that integrates the knowledge of both Charaka and Susruta.
• Hence, option (d) is correct.

Answer: b

Explanation:

• The Battle of Hydaspes took place in 326 BCE between the forces of Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom.
• It was fought on the banks of the Jhelum River (anciently known as the Hydaspes River) in present-day Pakistan.
• The Seleucid dynasty was founded by Seleucus I Nicator, one of the generals of Alexander the Great.After Alexander’s death in 323 BCE, Seleucus established control over the eastern portions of Alexander’s empire, which included territories in present-day Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia.
• Seleucus became the ruler of this vast empire and founded the Seleucid dynasty, which lasted for several centuries. This event occurred shortly after Alexander’s death as the Diadochi (Alexander’s successors) divided his empire among themselves.
• King Brhadrata was the last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty, which had ruled over a vast empire in the Indian subcontinent. He was assassinated by his commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Shunga, around 185 BCE. This event marked the end of the Mauryan dynasty and the beginning of the Shunga dynasty in India.
• The Kanva dynasty emerged as successors to the Shunga dynasty in North India, particularly in the kingdom of Magadha, around 73 BCE. Vasudeva Kanva, who was initially a minister of the last Shunga emperor Devabhuti, seized power after assassinating Devabhuti. The Kanvas ruled for a relatively short period, from about 73 BCE to 28 BCE.
• Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• The Hellenistic style refers to the artistic traditions and characteristics that emerged during the Hellenistic period, which followed the conquests of Alexander the Great and lasted from the late 4th century BCE to the end of the 1st century BCE.
• This period saw the blending of Greek artistic traditions with those of the cultures that Alexander and his successors encountered during their conquests across Asia and the Mediterranean.
• The portrayal of Kushan rulers and Buddhist themes in Gandhara art is primarily associated with a particular artistic style that emerged due to the cultural exchanges and influences in the region.
• Gandhara art, especially during the Kushan period, was significantly influenced by Hellenistic artistic styles due to the historical connections with the Greek world. The portrayal of Kushan rulers and Buddhist themes in Gandhara art often reflects a fusion of Indian and Hellenistic artistic traditions.
• Hence, option (a) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• Prithvirajraso is an important historical text about the Rajputs, specifically concerning Prithviraj Chauhan. It was written in the 12th century.
• While other sources, including inscriptions and earlier texts, predate Prithvirajraso, Prithvirajraso is the first major source for Rajput history. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Colonel James Todd proposed that the Rajputs were descendants of the Huns (Hephthalites) in his work “Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan.” Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Option (a) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• The Pratiharas were a powerful dynasty that ruled parts of northern and western India from the 8th to the 11th centuries. During the early medieval period, the Indian subcontinent faced several waves of Islamic invasions, particularly by Arab forces.
• Historical accounts indicate that the Pratiharas successfully defended their territories against Arab incursions into western India. They were known for their military prowess and strategic alliances, which helped them withstand external threats. The Pratihara rulers, particularly Nagabhata I, are credited with repelling Arab attacks and maintaining the sovereignty of their kingdom. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Pampa, a renowned poet in the court of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, is celebrated for his Mahakavyas (epic poems) and other literary works. While Pampa’s writings often depict historical events and figures, there is limited evidence to suggest that he portrayed the Gurjara-Pratiharas in a highly negative light due to political rivalry.
• While it is plausible that Pampa might have included references to the Gurjara-Pratiharas in his compositions, attributing a highly negative portrayal solely to political rivalry is inaccurate. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Hence, option (a) is correct.

Answer: b

Explanation:

• The Battle of Chausa, fought in 1539, was a significant military confrontation between Sher Shah and Humayun, the Mughal Emperor. Sher Shah, who was then known as Farid Khan, emerged victorious in this battle, defeating Humayun’s forces. This victory marked a turning point in Sher Shah’s career, as it enabled him to assert his authority and assume sovereign rulership over parts of northern India.
• After this battle, Sher Shah established himself as a formidable ruler and eventually ascended to the throne, adopting the title of Sher Shah. Therefore, the Battle of Chausa played a crucial role in Sher Shah’s rise to power and his subsequent establishment of the Sur Empire.
• Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: d

The development of Tamil literature reached its peak during the Chola period. Sivakasintamani written by Thiruthakkadevar and Kundalakesi belonged to 10th century. The Ramayana composed by Kamban and the Periyapuranam or Tiruttondarpuranam by Sekkilar are the two master-pieces of this age. Jayankondar’s Kalingattupparani describes the Kalinga war fought by Kulotunga I. The Moovarula written by Ottakuthar depicts the life of three Chola kings. The Nalavenba was written by Pugalendi. The works on Tamil grammar like Kalladam by Kalladanar, Yapperungalam by Amirthasagarar, a Jain, Nannul by Pavanandhi and Virasoliyam by Buddhamitra were the products of the Chola age.

Hence, option (d) is correct.

Answer: b

The Battle of Sammel, also known as the Battle of Giri-Sumel, took place in 1544. It was fought near the villages of Giri and Sumel in the Jaitaran sub-division, in the Pali district of Rajputana.

The Battle of Dharmat was fought on April 15, 1658 between Aurangzeb and Jaswant Singh Rathore. The battle took place on the banks of the Narmada River, about 20 kilometers from Ujjain.

The Battle of Khanwa was fought at Khanwa on March 16, 1527. It was fought between the invading Timurid forces of Babur and the Rajput Confederation led by Rana Sanga for supremacy of Northern India.

The Battle of Chausa was a notable military engagement between the Mughal Emperor, Humayun, and the Afghan warlord, Sher Shah Suri. It was fought on 26 June 1539 at Chausa, 10 miles southwest of Buxar in modern-day Bihar, India.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: d

Balban’s experience as the regent made him to understand the problems of Delhi Sultanate. He knew that the real threat to the monarchy was from the nobles called the Forty. He was convinced that only by enhancing the power and authority of the monarchy he could face the problems. According to Balban, the Sultan was God’s shadow on earth and the recipient of divine grace. Balban introduced rigorous court discipline and new customs such as prostration and kissing the Sultan’s feet to prove his superiority over the nobles. He also introduced the Persian festival of Nauroz to impress the nobles and people with his wealth and power. He stood forth as the champion of Turkish nobility. At the same time he did not share power with other nobles. Indian Muslims were not given important post in the government. He appointed spies to monitor the activities of the nobles.

Hence, statement 1 and statement 2 both are incorrect.

Answer: a

Shivaji was also a great administrator. He laid the foundations of a sound system of administration. The king was the pivot of the government. He was assisted by a council of ministers called Ashtapradhan. However, each minister was directly responsible to Shivaji.

1. Peshwa – Finance and general administration. Later he became the prime minister.
2. Sar-i-Naubat or Senapati – Military commander, a honorary post.

Hence, pair 3 is incorrectly matched.

3. Amatya – Accountant General.

Hence, pair 1 is incorrectly matched.

20. Waqenavis – Intelligence, posts and household affairs:
21. Sachiv – Correspondence.
22. Sumanta – Master of ceremonies.
23. Nyayadish – Justice.
24. Panditarao – Charities and religious administration.

Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched.

Answer: c

The Guru Granth Sahib contains the teachings of saints from the Hindu Bhakti movement, including Ramananda, Kabir, and Namdev, and one Muslim Sufi saint, Sheikh Farid. The Guru Granth Sahib also includes the hymns of the Gurus, and the writings of these saints, who are known as Bhagats. These saints improved the social, ethical, and religious lives of the masses, and included saints from different social divides, such as caste.

Hence, option (c) is correct.

Answer: b

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: a

The Battle of the Hydaspes also known as Battle of Jhelum, or First Battle of Jhelum, was fought between Alexander the Great and Porus in May of 326 BC. It took place on the banks of the Hydaspes (Jhelum) River in Punjab, as part of Alexander’s Indian campaign. In what was possibly their most costly engagement, the Macedonian army secured a decisive victory over the Pauravas and captured Porus.

Hence, statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.

Answer: b

Around 535 BCE, the Persian king Cyrus the Great initiated a protracted campaign to absorb parts of India into his nascent Achaemenid Empire. In this initial incursion, the Persian army annexed a large region to the west of the Indus River, consolidating the early eastern borders of their new realm.

The Indian campaign of Alexander the Great began in 327 BC and lasted until 325 BC. After conquering the Achaemenid Persian Empire, the Macedonian army undertook an expedition into the northwestern Indian subcontinent.

The Seleucid–Mauryan War was fought between 305 and 303 BC. It started when Seleucus I Nicator of the Seleucid Empire sought to retake the Indian satrapies of the Macedonian Empire, which had been occupied by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, of the Maurya Empire.

Huna was the name given by the ancient Indians to a group of Central Asian tribes who, via the Khyber Pass, entered the Indian subcontinent at the end of the 5th or early 6th century. The Hunas occupied areas as far south as Eran and Kausambi, greatly weakening the Gupta Empire.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: a

First Buddhist Council:  It was held in Sattaparnaguha Cave situated outside Rajgriha (the modern city of Rajgir) in 486 BC.

• King: Ajatasatru, son of King Bimbisara (Haryanka Dynasty).
• Presiding Priest: Venerable Maha Kasyapa with 500 monks.

Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched.

Second Buddhist Council:  It was held in Vaishali in 386 BC

• King: Kalasoka (Shisunaga Dynasty)
• Presiding Priest: Sabakami

Hence, pair 3 is incorrectly matched.

Third Buddhist Council: It was held in Pataliputra in 250 BC.

• King: Ashoka (Maurya Dynasty).
• Presiding priest: Mogaliputta Tissa (Upagupta).

Hence, pair 2 is incorrectly matched.

Fourth Buddhist Council: It was held in Kundalavana, Kashmir in 72 AD.

• King: Kanishka (Kushan Dynasty)
• Presiding Priest: Vasumitra; deputed by Asvaghosha.

Hence, pair 4 is incorrectly matched.

Answer: c

• The Kushan tribe of the Yuezhi confederation, believed to be Indo-European people from the eastern Tarim Basin, China, possibly related to the Tocharians, created the empire.
• They were the furthest eastern Indo-European speaking people.

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

• Kushan kings introduced gold and copper coins, a large number of them have survived till today.
• It was the Kushan emperor, Vima Kadaphises who introduced the first gold coins of India.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

• The coin designs usually broadly follow the styles of the preceding Greco-Bactrian rulers in using Hellenistic styles of image, with a deity on one side and the king on the other.

Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution: c)

Justification: Poetry, music and dancing were popular among the people of the Sangam age. Liberal donations were given to poets by the kings, chieftains and nobles.

The royal courts were crowded with singing bards called Panar and Viraliyar.

They were experts in folk songs and folk dances. The arts of music and dancing were highly developed.

A variety of Yazhs and drums are referred to in the Sangam literature. Dancing was performed by Kanigaiyar. Koothu was the most popular entertainment of the people.

Q Source: TN 11^th History Textbook

Solution: d)

Justification:  The Jainas believe that the natural and supernatural things of the universe can be traced back to seven fundamental elements. They are jiva, ajivaa, astikaya, bandha, samvara, nirjana, and moksa. Substances like body which exist and envelope (like a cover) are astïkaya. Anastikayas like ‘time’ have no body at all. The substance is the basis of attributes (qualities).

The attributes that we find in a substance are known as dharmas. The Jainas believe that things or substance have attributes. These attributes also change with the change of kala (time). From their point of view, the attributes of a substance are essential, and eternal or unchangeable. Without essential attributes, a thing cannot exist. So they are always present in everything. For example, consciousness (chetana) is the essence of the soul; desire, happiness and sorrow are its changeable attributes.

Q Source: AR: TN 11^th History Textbook

Solution: b)

Justification: The Prarthana Samaj was established in Bombay by Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang in 1867. They tried to introduce social reforms like inter-caste dining, inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage and improvement of the lot of women and depressed classes.

According to Ranade, one of its prominent leaders, rigidity in religion would not permit success in social, economic and political spheres. He believed in the unity of God and de-emphasised idol worship as well as caste system.

Q Source: NIOS Culture Material: Module IV

Solution: a)

Justification: Tolkappiyam refers to four castes namely arasar, anthanar, vanigar and vellalar. The ruling class was called arasar. Anthanars played a significant role in the Sangam polity and religion.

Vanigars carried on trade and commerce. The vellalas were agriculturists. Other tribal groups like Parathavar, Panar, Eyinar, Kadambar, Maravar and Pulaiyar were also found in the Sangam society.

Ancient primitive tribes like Thodas, Irulas, Nagas and Vedars lived in this period.

Q Source: TN 11^th History Textbook

Solution: a)

Justification: The Shaiva movement in the South flourished at the beginning
through the activities of many of the 63 saints known in Tamil as Nayanars (Siva-bhakts).

Their appealing emotional songs in Tamil were called Tevaram Stotras, also known as Dravida Veda and ceremonially sung in the local Shiva temples. The Nayanars hailed from all castes.

This was supplemented on the doctrinal side by a large number of Shaiva
intellectuals whose names were associated with several forms of Shaiva movements like Agamanta, Shudha and Vira-shaivism.

Q Source: NIOS Culture Material: Module IV

Correct Answer : B

Answer Explanation:

Statement a is out rightly wrong as the passage has no stand on the threat that AI poses. Statement      b is correct because the passage mentions that AI performs processes typically  associated  with human brain and thus has wide ranging applications. Statement c is wrong as the passage mentions about digital assistants to explain how AI’s application is quite diverse.

Correct Answer: D) 280

Explanation:

Value is given in the ratio 8:4:2.

(8x/0.25) + (4x/0.5) + (2x/1) = 840.

X = 20.

Total amount = 14*20 = 280

Correct Answer: C) 4250

Explanation:

Total Expenditure (Jan – June) = 4200 * 6 = 25200

Total Expenditure (Feb – June) = 25200 – 1200 = 24000

Total Expenditure (Feb – July) = 24000 + 1500 = 25500/6 = 4250

Correct Answer: A)  increase by 2 percent

Explanation:

Let initial price of rice – 100 and new price of rice – 120

Suppose initial consumption is 100kg and new consumption is 85kg

Initial expenditure = 10000

New expenditure = 10200 (200/10000)*100 = 2 percent increase.

p1= x

p2 = 2x

p3= (x + 1000)

p4 = 3x

So, Statement I alone is not sufficient to answer the question

From Statement II,

p3’s share = Rs.4000

So, Statement I alone is not sufficient to answer the question

From statement III,

Profit ratio of p3/p4 = 2/3

So, Statement III alone is not sufficient to answer the question

From I, II and III

Profit ratio of p1, p2, p3 and p4 = x * 12: 2x * 12: (x + 1000) * 6: 3x * 6

=12x: 24x: (6x + 6000): 18x

(6x + 6000)/18x = 2/3

6x + 6000 = 12x

x = 1000

Profit ratio = 12000: 24000: 12000: 18000

= 2: 4: 2: 3

p2’s profit share = 4/2 * 4000 = 8000

All the statements are necessary to answer the question.

Option D) If the data in both the statements I and II together are necessary to answer the question.

Explanation:

We do not know the directions in which they are sitting.

From statement I, there are two possibilities as

A B _ _ _ / _ _ _ B A

From statement II, we have

D C _ _ _ / _ D C _ _ / _ _ DC _ / _ _ _ D C

If we combine both statements, we get

A B D C _ / A B _ D C

OR

D C _ B A / _ D C B A

Now from statement I, E cannot be at corner

so we are left with A B _ D C and D C _ B A

now whatever the arrangement is, E is at middle.

Answer: a

‘Iqta’ is an Arabic word denoting a sort of administrative regional unit. It is usually considered equivalent to a province.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Initially the Delhi Sultans had divided their empire into several ‘Iqtas’ or provinces or spheres of influence and put them under the charge of officers called ‘Iqtadars’ (governors). The number of Iqtas was not fixed. There was no uniformity in their administration.

Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

The Iqtadar did not always enjoy hereditary powers. The Sultan could take back Iqta from him whenever he pleased.

Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Answer: d

▪ Diwan-i-Qaza was the head of the judicial department in the Delhi Sultanate.

Hence, pair 1 is incorrectly matched.

▪ Diwan-i-Bandagan was a department for slaves created by Feroz Shah Tughlaq, a Muslim ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty.

Hence, pair 2 is incorrectly matched.

▪ Diwan-i-Insha was the department of correspondence in the Delhi Sultanate.

Hence, pair 3 is incorrectly matched.

Answer: c

Qutub-ud-din Aibak was famous for charity. He gave large sums of money in charity, thus he earned the name Lakh Baksh or giver of lakhs.

Hence, option (c) is correct.

Answer: c

According to Barani, Alauddin set up three markets at Delhi, first for food-grains, the
second for cloth and expensive items such as sugar, ghee, oil, dry fruits etc., and the third
for horses, slaves and cattle.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Detailed regulations (zawabit) were framed for the control and administration for all
these markets.

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

He issued a set of seven regulations which came to be known as market control measures. These measures were enacted to regulate the activities of the traders who brought grain to Delhi. The Sultan fixed the prices of all commodities from grain to cloths, slaves, cattle, etc. A controller of market (shahna -i-mandi) intelligence officers (barids) and secret spies (munhiyan) were appointed. The grain merchants were placed under the Shahna-i-mandi.

Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Answer: d

Central Government during Chola Rule

The Cholas had an excellent system of administration. The emperor or king was at the top of the administration. The extent and resources of the Chola Empire increased the power and prestige of monarchy. The big capital cities like Tanjore and Gangaikondacholapuram, the large royal courts and extensive grants to the temples reveal the authority of the king. They undertook royal tours to increase the efficiency of the administration. There was elaborate administrative machinery comprising various officials called perundanam and sirudanam.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Revenue

The land revenue department was well organized. It was called as puravuvarithinaikkalam. All lands were carefully surveyed and classified for assessment of revenue.

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

The main items of government expenditure were the king and his court, army and navy, roads, irrigation tanks and canals.

Hence, statement 3 is correct.