DAY – 5 Insta 75 Days Revision Plan 2.0 -2024: Subject – Science and Technology

Answer: b

Explanation:

• Recently, the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) has issued a drug safety alert for doctors and patients about the use of painkiller mefenamic acid can lead to Drug Reactions with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome.
• About the DRESS Syndrome:
• It is a type of drug allergy that can occur as a reaction to a large variety of medications.
• It is sometimes referred to as DIHS (Drug Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome).
• This syndrome causes a diverse array of clinical symptoms, anywhere from 2 to 8 weeks after initiating the offending drugs
• Symptoms:
• Patients typically present with a rash, fever, and eosinophilia but can have a variety of symptoms including liver, lung, or kidney involvement.
• Also have a visceral involvement (hepatitis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, nephritis, and colitis) which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in this syndrome.
• Treatment:
• The most important step to treat DRESS Syndrome is to stop the medication involved in the reaction, and sometimes, no further treatment is needed.
• It is largely supportive and symptomatic; corticosteroids are often used and sometimes immunosuppressants like cyclosporine.
• The RegiSCAR score is specifically developed to diagnose DRESS Syndrome by assessing a combination of clinical features and laboratory findings unique to this condition. Other scoring systems like SCORTEN, SOFA, and APACHE II are designed for other purposes and are not used in the diagnosis of DRESS Syndrome.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: b

Explanation:

• Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission is an autonomous Institution of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, of India.
• It is created to set standards of drugs in the country.
• Functions:
• Its basic function is to update regularly the standards of drugs commonly required for treatment of diseases prevailing in this region.
• It publishes official documents for improving Quality of Medicines by way of adding new and updating existing monographs in the form of Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP).
• It further promotes rational use of generic medicines by publishing National Formulary of India
• It prescribes standards for identity, purity and strength of drugs essentially required from the health-care perspective of human beings and animals.
• It also provides IP Reference Substances (IPRS) which act as a fingerprint for identification of an article under test and its purity as prescribed in IP.
• The IPC promotes the rational use of generic medicines, not branded medicines, by publishing the National Formulary of India. The focus on generic medicines aims to ensure affordable and accessible medication. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• The IPC indeed prescribes standards for the identity, purity, and strength of drugs required for both human and veterinary health care. These standards are crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: d

Explanation:

• Geospatial Intelligence uses tools like GIS (Geographic Information System), GPS (Global Positioning System) and Remote Sensing for geographic mapping and analysis.
• These tools capture spatial information about objects, events and phenomena (indexed to their geographical location on earth, geotag). The location data may be Static or Dynamic. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Digital twins are virtual replicas of real-world systems, processes, or objects. They are used extensively in Geospatial Intelligence for:
• Modeling: Simulating real-world conditions and scenarios.
• Predicting Outcomes: Forecasting the impact of various factors on the real system.
• Applications: Effective in urban planning, disaster management, and environmental monitoring by allowing stakeholders to test and analyze different strategies in a virtual environment.
• Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Geospatial Intelligence is integral to the development of autonomous vehicles:
• Ground-Level Details: Provides precise and detailed mapping of the terrain, road networks, traffic patterns, and obstacles.
• Navigation and Safety: Enhances the vehicle’s ability to navigate safely and efficiently by integrating real-time spatial data.
• Examples: High-resolution maps and real-time data feeds are essential for the functioning of autonomous driving systems in companies like Tesla, Google (Waymo), and others.
• Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Geospatial Intelligence is integral to the development of autonomous vehicles:
• Ground-Level Details: Provides precise and detailed mapping of the terrain, road networks, traffic patterns, and obstacles.
• Navigation and Safety: Enhances the vehicle’s ability to navigate safely and efficiently by integrating real-time spatial data.
• Examples: High-resolution maps and real-time data feeds are essential for the functioning of autonomous driving systems in companies like Tesla, Google (Waymo), and others.
• Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• Hence, option (d) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• The term “metaverse” first appeared in author Neal Stephenson’s 1992 science-fiction novel Snowcrash, which describes a future where millions of people use virtual avatars to participate in a cyberspace realm. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Metaverse refers to a virtual or digital universewhere people can interact with each other and digital objects in a shared online space.The metaverse is essentially an interconnected network of virtual worlds, augmented reality, and virtual reality environments accessible through the internet The metaverse is an extension of our real world into the digital realm providing an immersive multi-user experience for anyone accessing it around the globe. The metaverse aims to offer a seamless and immersive experience, blurring the lines between the physical and digital worlds. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• In this digital realm, users can create avatars, socialize with others, engage in various activities,explore virtual landscapes, and even conduct business or trade virtual goods and services. Elements of the metaverse include virtual reality (VR) platforms, augmented reality (AR) experiences, online games, social media, virtual commerce, and virtual art galleries, among others. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Hence, option (a) is correct.

Answer: c

Explanation:

• Three identical vessels A, B, and C are filled with water, mercury, and kerosene respectively. The three vessels are provided with identical taps at the bottom.
• Water (Vessel A): Water has a lower density compared to both mercury and kerosene.
• Mercury (Vessel B): Mercury is denser than water but less dense than kerosene.
• Kerosene (Vessel C): Kerosene is the least dense among the three liquids.
• The speed at which a fluid flows out of a vessel through a tap is inversely proportional to the fluid’s density. Therefore, the vessel with the least dense fluid will empty first.
• Given this, kerosene in Vessel C will flow out the fastest, followed by mercury in Vessel B, and finally, water in Vessel A will flow out the slowest.

Hence, option (c) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• Recently, scientists have documented the first-known instance of a “virgin birth” by a crocodile, which had been living in isolation for 16 years at Costa Rican Zoo. Scientists found DNA sequences showing it was a result of facultative parthenogenesis or reproduction without the genetic contribution of males.
• Facultative parthenogenesis is the term for when a female can produce offspring either sexually or via asexual reproduction. The phenomenon of FP has also been documented in other species of fish, birds, lizards and snakes. The scientists said this is the first-known example of a crocodile.

Hence, option (a) is correct.

Answer: b

Explanation:

• Astronomers have detected a supermassive black hole devouring a star – and they’ve nicknamed it “Scary Barbie,” because of its terrifying power. Scientists called it one of the “most luminous, energetic, long-lasting transient objects” found lurking in a forgotten corner of the night sky.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: b

Explanation:

• In a significant move towards enhancing its air defence capabilities, India is embarking on an ambitious project called ‘Project Kusha.’
• ‘Project Kusha’ is set to provide the Indian Air Force (IAF) with a long-range air defence system, with deployment targeted for 2028-29.
• The long-range surface-to-air defence system (LR-SAM) incorporates advanced long-range surveillance and fire control radars, which empower the IAF to effectively monitor airspace and fend off enemy threats.
• Interceptor missiles, with ranges of 150 km, 200 km, and 350 km, provide the ability to detect and strike hostile targets at different distances. It will also be effective in providing strategic and tactical cover. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Drawing parallels with Israel’s renowned Iron Dome system, ‘Project Kusha’ is expected to not only match but potentially surpass the capabilities of its Israeli counterpart. It aims to detect and destroy various hostile targets, including cruise missiles, stealth fighter jets, and drones at extended ranges. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Kusha is developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India, while the Iron Dome is developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Project Kusha is targeted for deployment by 2028-29. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.
• Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: c

Explanation:

• Indian telecom operators have asked the government to auction the spectrum that will be used for direct-to-mobile (D2M) technology services.
• The science behind D2M is similar to that of an FM radio, where a receiver within the device can tap into different radio frequencies. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• This new-age technology is a combination of broadband and broadcast that uses mobile phones to capture territorial digital TV signals. D2M does not rely on the internet to stream multimedia content; instead, it captures territorial digital TV signals directly on mobile devices. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• D2M technology involves using mobile phones to directly receive digital TV signals broadcast over the air. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Hence, option (c) is correct.

Answer: d

Explanation:

• Multimodal AI refers to artificial intelligence systems that integrate and analyze multiple types or modes of data simultaneously to make determinations, draw conclusions, or make predictions.
• By leveraging different types of data such as video, audio, speech, images, text, and numerical data sets, multimodal AI systems can capture a richer understanding of the context and content of the information being processed.
• Combining diverse data modalities allows the AI system to extract complementary information from each data type, leading to more accurate and robust determinations compared to single-modal AI systems.
• Both statement 1 and statement 2 are correct.
• Hence, option (d) is correct.

Answer: c

Explanation:

• A Foucault pendulum has been installed inside the new Parliament which is designed by the National Council of Science Museums, Kolkata
• The Foucault pendulum was invented by Léon Foucault in the mid-19th century and provided the first laboratory demonstration in history to show that the Earth spins on its axis. As the pendulum swings back and forth, its apparent change in direction over time is due to the rotation of the Earth beneath it, a phenomenon known as the Coriolis Effect.
• Hence, option (c) is correct.

Answer: b

Explanation:

• Xenobots are a groundbreaking advancement in the field of robotics and biotechnology. They are tiny, living robots created from stem cells obtained from frog embryos. These stem cells are carefully assembled and manipulated to produce living organisms that exhibit specific behaviors and functionalities.
• Xenobots can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks. This programming involves using computer algorithms to guide the behavior and function of the Xenobots.
• One of the remarkable features of Xenobots is their ability to exhibit complex behaviors and interactions despite their simple biological composition. By harnessing the power of living cells, Xenobots can adapt and respond to their environment, making them ideal candidates for applications in biomedicine, environmental remediation, and even exploration.
• In biomedicine, Xenobots hold promise for applications such as targeted drug delivery, where they can navigate through the body to deliver medication to specific sites or tissues. They could also be used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues or organs by stimulating cell growth and regeneration.
• In environmental remediation, Xenobots could be deployed to clean up pollutants or remove harmful substances from water sources or contaminated areas. Their ability to sense and respond to environmental cues makes them valuable tools for tasks such as cleaning up oil spills or removing microplastics from oceans.
• While Xenobots are indeed microscopic robots, their current applications and research focus are primarily in biotechnology, regenerative medicine, and environmental cleanup. There is ongoing research into potential applications in various fields, including space exploration, but it is not their primary focus.
• Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: c

Explanation:

• Recently, the World Economic Forum (WEF) has chosen Hyderabad, Telangana for establishing its Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR).
• The C4IR Telangana will be an autonomous, non-profit organization with a thematic focus on healthcare and life sciences.
• Hence option (c) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• A biologic drug (biologics) is a product that is produced from living organisms or contain components of living organisms. Biologic drugs include a wide variety of products derived from human, animal, or microorganisms by using biotechnology.
• Types of biologic drugs include vaccines, blood, blood components, cells, allergens, genes, tissues, and recombinant proteins.
• Hence, option (a) is correct.

Answer: a

Explanation:

• Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The yellow fever virus is transmitted by infected mosquitoes, most commonly from the Aedes species – the same mosquito that spreads the Zika, Chikungunya and Dengue virus. Haemogogus mosquitoes also spread it and are mostly found in the jungle. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• As per WHO, Yellow fever occurs in 47 endemic countries in Africa in Central and South America. Around 90% of cases reported every year occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Symptoms of yellow fever include fever, headache, jaundice, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, jaundice, which gives the skin and whites of the eyes a yellow tinge, kidney failure, liver failure, hemorrhage, bleeding from the nose, mouth, and eyes. Between 20 percent and 50 percent of people who develop toxic stage symptoms die within two weeks. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Hence, option (a) is correct.

Solution: d

Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is a translucent, waxy liquid that reacts with isocyanates to form polyurethane polymers. It’s a hard, rubbery material that binds together fuel and oxidizer in solid rocket fuel. It is used in solid propellent chambers of PSLV.

Hence, option (d) is correct.

Solution: b

An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range greater than 5,500 Kilo-metres (3,400 mi), primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads). Most modern designs support multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRVs), allowing a single missile to carry several warheads, each of which can strike a different target. The United States, Russia, China, France, India, the United Kingdom, Israel, and North Korea are the only countries known to have operational ICBMs.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Solution: d

Hardness of Water is caused due to the presence of soluble bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Hard water is water that does not lather when soap is added. There might be some small health benefits in drinking hard water.

Washing soda is used to remove the water’s permanent hardness. Chlorides and sulphates are converted to insoluble carbonates when washing soda is added.

Lime absorbs the carbon dioxide and precipitates the insoluble calcium carbonate.

Chelating agents like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) bind to the non-tolerable ions in hard water.

Distillation can be used to eliminate both temporary and permanent hardness.

Hence, option (d) is correct.

Solution: b

Litmus paper is used to test acidic and basic nature of the solution. On solution being basic, red litmus turns blue in colour.

Human Blood and Baking Soda both are basic in nature hence, they turn a red litmus paper into blue.

Orange Juice and Vinegar are acidic in nature. Hence, they turn a blue litmus paper into red.

Solution: a

Bowman’s capsule is a two-walled pouch that covers the glomerulus. The space in between the walls of the capsule is called Bowman’s space. Bowman’s capsule is known by other names, including the glomerular capsule, the Malpighian capsule and the renal corpuscular capsule. The Bowman’s capsule is located in the cortex, the outer part of the kidney.

Hence, option (a) is correct.

Solution: b

Fissile materials are atomic nuclei that can undergo nuclear fission, or splitting, when hit by low-energy neutrons. This process releases large amounts of energy and is the key component of nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices. The three primary fissile materials are uranium-233, uranium-235, americium and plutonium-239.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Thorium-232 and Uranium-238 are fertile materials.

Solution: a

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a laboratory test that detects antibodies in the blood. It’s a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay that uses antibodies to detect the presence of a ligand in a liquid sample. It is used to diagnose:-

• Bacterial infections: Lyme disease, brucellosis and syphilis.
• Viral infections: HIV, hepatitis A, B, and C.
• Fungal infections: Yeast infections (candida)

Hence, option (a) is correct.

Solution: a

Aqua Regia (Latin for “royal water”) is an acidic, corrosive, and oxidative mixture of three parts concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) and one part concentrated nitric acid (HNO3).

Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

Freshly prepared aqua regia is colorless, but it turns yellow, orange or red within seconds from the formation.

Hence, statement 2 is correct.

This acid was named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum. Tantalum, iridium and a few other metals are not dissolved by it.

Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Solution: d

DNA is contained in blood, semen, skin cells, tissue, organs, muscle, brain cells, bone, teeth, hair, saliva, mucus, perspiration, fingernails, urine, feces etc.

Hence, option (d) is correct.

Solution: b

Nuclear fusion does not release carbon dioxide (CO2) or other harmful atmospheric emissions. This process is similar to the sun’s process, where two hydrogen atoms are combined at a high temperature.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

The sun’s energy comes from the process of nuclear fusion, which is the conversion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. This process occurs in the sun’s core, where the temperature and pressure are very high, causing hydrogen atoms to fuse into helium atoms and release energy in the form of gamma rays.

Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Nuclear fusion reactors don’t produce long-lived radioactive nuclear waste because the activation of components is low enough to recycle or reuse the materials within 100 years.

Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Solution: c)

Justification: Excerpt from Investopedia:

A smart contract is a self-executing program that automates the actions required in an agreement or contract. Once completed, the transactions are trackable and irreversible. The best way to envision a smart contract is to think of a vending machine—when you insert the correct amount of money and push an item’s button, the program (the smart contract) activates the machine to dispense your chosen item.

Smart contracts permit trusted transactions and agreements to be carried out among disparate, anonymous parties without the need for a central authority, legal system, or external enforcement mechanism.

While blockchain technology has come to be thought of primarily as the foundation for Bitcoin​, it has evolved far beyond underpinning a virtual currency.

Q Source: Emerging technologies

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/smart-contracts.asp

Justification:

Q Source: Insights modules

Solution: a)

Justification: A maser is the microwave (radio frequency) equivalent of laser. The word stands for “microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”. Masers are observed using radio telescopes and most of them are observed at centimetre wavelength: they are very compact. A maser flare can be a sign of an extraordinary event such as the formation of a star.

Maser Monitoring Organisation (M2O): After the first detection of an accretion burst, in 2016, astronomers from around the world agreed in 2017 to coordinate their efforts to observe more. This led to the formation of the Maser Monitoring Organisation (M2O). The primary goal of M2O is to make the astronomy community aware of the importance of Maser monitoring. It is also to increase the number of sources monitored, the number of transitions monitored at, and increase cadence of observation.

Q Source: Insights modules

Solution: d)

Justification:  Unlike CNG, using methanol as a transportation fuel would require minimal alteration in the vehicles. Methanol is a clean-burning fuel that produces fewer smog causing emissions — such as sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter — and can improve air quality and related human health issues. Methanol is most commonly produced on a commercial scale from natural gas. It can also be produced from renewable sources such as biomass and recycled carbon dioxide.

As a high-octane vehicle fuel, methanol offers excellent acceleration and power. It also improves vehicle efficiency.

Advantages of methanol: Methanol is a clean burning drop in fuel which can replace both petrol & diesel in transportation &LPG, Wood, Kerosene in cooking fuel. It can also replace diesel in Railways, Marine Sector, Gensets, Power Generation and Methanol based reformers could be an ideal complement to Hybrid and Electric Mobility. Methanol is a scalable and sustainable fuel, that can be produced from a variety of feedstocks like Natural Gas, Coal (Indian High Ash Coal), Bio-mass, Municipal Solid waste and most importantly from CO2

Q Source: Insights modules

Solution: c)

Justification: Euclid telescope mission to investigate dark energy and dark matter:

• The Euclid telescope, developed by the European Space Agency, aims to investigate dark energy and dark matter.
• Dark energy and dark matter are believed to constitute 95% of the known universe.
• It will survey galaxies up to 10 billion light years away and precisely measure their distances.

Neutrino Observatory’s view of the Milky Way and its cosmic insights:

• The IceCube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica detected neutrinos emitted by astrophysical sources.
• Neutrinos are “ghost particles” ideal for studying high-energy processes in the universe.
• Researchers analyzed data from ten years and identified nearly 60,000 neutrino events.
• The findings offer insights into cosmic rays and pro- vide a basis for future advancements.

Q Source: Insights modules

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement-I is correct: Nidoviruses form a phylogenetically compact but diverse group of enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses with the largest RNA genome known.

Statement-II is not correct: They infect a broad range of hosts, including humans, other mammals, birds, fish, and shrimps.

Nidovirus infection starts by binding to a receptor on the cell surface, and fusion of the viral and cellular membranes mediated by one of the major surface glycoproteins.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Option (a) is correct: The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software “Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dynamic Analysis” (PraVaHa) is developed in VSSC to simulate external and internal flows on launch vehicles, winged & nonwinged re-entry vehicles.

• Initial aerodynamic design studies for launch vehicles demand evaluation of a large number of configurations.
• Any aerospace vehicle while moving through the earth’s atmosphere during ‘launch’ or ‘re-entry’ is subjected to severe aerodynamic and aerothermal loads in terms of external pressure and heat flux.
• PraVaHa has been used extensively in the Gaganyaan program for aerodynamic analysis of human-rated launch vehicles, viz, HLVM3, Crew Escape System [CES], and Crew Module [CM].
• It is designed to make use of CPU as well as GPU architecture of available and upcoming supercomputing facilities.
• The software framework is quite flexible & secure enough, to have collaborative development with academic institutes and government labs.
• Currently, the PraVaHa code is operational to simulate airflow for Perfect Gas & Real Gas conditions.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Option (c) is correct: Cellulose is composed of glucose sugars. While the structure of cellulose is similar to starch, cellulose it is not affected by cooking the way starch absorbs the cooking liquid and swells.

• Cellulose is so durable that it is considered indigestible fiber. Cooking cellulose does not make it more digestible.
• However, as the cell structure weakens, it allows digestive enzymes to engulf the nutrients that are contained within the cells.
• Cellulose is the main component of wood where it represents about half of the cell wall material.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to automatically identify various tagged objects.

Statement 1 is correct: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless tracking method that uses tags and readers to track objects.

Statement 2 is not correct: Passive tags, semi-passive tags, and active tags are the three types of RFID tags that are commercially available.

The internal circuit of active tags is powered by a power source.

Statement 3 is correct: Passive RFID tags do not have a battery and are powered by the reader.

Batteries are being used to power active RFID tags. It also utilises its own power supply to send the response to the reader.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Hydroxyurea (HU) is mostly referred to as an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) and as the agent that is commonly used to arrest cells in the S-phase of the cycle by inducing replication stress.

Statement 2 is correct: It is a well-known and widely used drug, one which has proved to be effective in treating chronic myeloproliferative disorders.

Statement 3 is correct: It is considered a staple agent in sickle anaemia therapy and recently a promising factor in preventing cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Option (d) is the correct conclusion from the paragraph. The list has been released to increase awareness as a first step. Other repercussions cannot be inferred. Options (a) and (c) are hence incorrect. Option (b) cannot be inferred as we do not know about the past.

Solution: D) -55

Using formula a² – b² = (a-b)(a+b)

1² – 2² + 3² – 4² +..+ 9² -10² = (1-2)(1+2) + (3-4)(3+4) + (5-6)(5+6) + (7-8)(7+8) + (9-10)(9+10)

=(-3) + (-7) + (-11) + (-11) + (-15) + (-19) = -55

Hence, option (d) is correct.

Solution: A) 0.806
Required probability=1 – no one got selected – 1 got selected
No one got selected = (1-0.4) x (1-0.5) x (1-0.6) x (1-0.8) = 0.024
1 got selected= 0.4 x ((1 -0.5) x (1-0.6) x (1- 0.8) ) + 0.5 x ((1-0.4) x (1 -0.6) x (1-0.8)) +0.6 x ((1-0.4) x (1-0.5) x (1 -0.8)) + 0.8 x ((1-0.4) x (1-0.5) x (1-0.6))
= 0.016 + 0.024 + 0.036 + 0.096 = 0.17
So, Required probability = 1 – 0.024 – 0.17 = 0.806

Hence, option (a) is correct.

Solution: D) Cannot be determined

The granddaughter of Mala’s grandfather’s only son is either a niece or daughter of Mala. Hence, cannot be determined

Solution:- A) 210

Total number of assistant= 15% of 7000 = (15/100*7000) =1050.

Number of direct recruits= 40% of 1050= (40/100*1050) =420

Number of promote associates = (1050-420) =630.

Required difference = (630-420) =210

Hence, option (a) is correct.