NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 2
Topic: Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about e-governance, challenges associated with it and ways to overcome it.
Directive:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by defining e-governance.
Body:
First, write about the various types of e-governance in India.
Next, write about the various challenges associated with e-governance in India – digital divide, lack of digital literacy, and infrastructure constraints, particularly in rural areas. Data security and privacy concerns, interoperability issues etc.
Next, suggest measures to overcome the same.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
E-Governance is basically associated with carrying out the functions and achieving the results of governance through the utilization of what has today come to be known as Information and Communications Technology. It is basically the application of ICT to the processes of Government functioning in order to bring about ‘Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent’ (SMART) governance.
Body:
Types of Interactions in e-Governance in India:
E-Governance facilitates interaction between different stake holders in governance. These interactions may be described as follows:
- G2G (Government to Government): In this case, ICT is used not only to restructure the governmental processes involved in the functioning of government entities but also to increase the flow of information and services within and between different entities. E.g.: Khajane Project in Karnataka:It is a comprehensive online treasury computerization project of the Government of Karnataka. The project has resulted in the computerization of the entire treasury related activities of the State Government; SmartGov (Andhra Pradesh)
- G2C (Government to Citizens):In this case, an interface is created between the government and citizens which enables the citizens to benefit from efficient delivery of a large range of public services. E.g.: Computerisation of Land Records (Department of Land Resources, Government of India); Bhoomi Project in Karnataka; Revenue Administration through Computerized Energy (RACE) Billing Project, Bihar; Admission to Professional Colleges – Common Entrance Test (CET)
- G2B (Government to Business):Here, e-Governance tools are used to aid the business community – providers of goods and services – to seamlessly interact with the government. The objective is to cut red tape, save time, reduce operational costs and to create a more transparent business environment when dealing with the government. E.g.: e-Procurement Project in Andhra Pradesh; MCA 21 – The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has implemented the MCA 21 Mission Mode Project under the NeGP
- G2E (Government to Employees):Government is by far the biggest employer and like any organisation, it has to interact with its employees on a regular basis. Use of ICT tools helps in increasing the satisfaction levels of employees. E.g.: Biometric attendance project.
Challenges to e-Governance
- Different Language:India is a country where people with different cultures and different religions live. The diversity of people in context of language is a huge challenge for implementing e-Governance projects as e-Governance applications are written in English language
- Low Literacy:Literacy level of India is very low which is a huge obstacle in implementation of e-Governance projects. Illiterate people are not able to access the e-Governance applications; hence the projects do not get much success
- User friendliness of government websites:Users of e-Governance applications are often non-expert users who may not be able to use the applications in a right manner.
- Services are not accessible easily:Even if the users of Internet are growing but still there is a major part of Indian population which is not able to access e-Governance activities for variety of reasons
- Population:Population of India is probably the biggest challenge in implementing eGovernance projects.
- Lack of integrated services:Most of the egovernance services which are offered by the state or central government are not integrated
- Cost:In developing countries like India, cost is one of the most important obstacles in the path of implementation of e-Governance where major part of the population is living below poverty line
- Privacy and Security:A critical obstacle in implementing e-Governance is the privacy and security of an individual’s personal data that he/she provides to obtain government services.
Way forward
- Building a congenial environment is a sine qua non for successful implementation of e-Governance initiatives. This should be achieved by
- Creating and displaying a will to change within the government
- Providing political support at the highest level
- Incentivizing e-Governance and overcoming the resistance to change within government
- Creating awareness in the public with a view to generating a demand for change.
- The benefits of e-governance depends upon adoption by government employees and citizens themselves.
- This will bring various departments to collaborate with each other — and also with nongovernmental partners — to create a virtuous cycle of co-creation, learning, and efficiency.
- A beginning has been made through government-to-citizen services using Common Service Centres, advice to agriculturists, digital payments of welfare benefits through bank accounts etc.
Conclusion
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, former President of India, has visualized e-Governance in the Indian context to mean: “A transparent, smart e-Governance with seamless access, secure and authentic flow of information crossing the interdepartmental barrier and providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen.”
Thus, e-Governance has led to better access to information and quality services for citizens; Simplicity, efficiency and accountability in the government and expanded reach of governance. In the light of wide range of e-Governance initiatives that have been carried out in India with varying degrees of success as well as the diversity of conditions in the country, the report recognizes that e-Governance projects have to be designed for specific contexts and environments
Topic: Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about smart governance, its advantages and measures initiated to promote smart governance in the country.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining smart governance.
Body
First, write about the various advantages associated with smart governance – transform the way government services are delivered, improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of governance etc.
Next, write about the various initiatives in recent years to implement smart governance practices in various sectors – Digital India, Aadhaar, MyGov, Smart Cities Mission, Cowin and E-Courts etc. Write about the achievements and limitations.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction
Smart governance mechanisms are becoming more receptive to the potentials of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) to achieve good governance in its implementation. This application of ICTs for governance is covered under the umbrella term of E-governance.
India, being the one of the largest countries democratically, demographically and geographically faces a huge challenge in the application of e-governance to empower its citizens and for overall economic development, more specifically in the rural areas.
Body
Smart Governance: Advantages
- Data Driven Governance: Technology facilitates communication. The Internet and smartphones have enabled instant transmission of high volumes of data that acts as a fodder for effective governance.
- Costs Saving: A lot of Government expenditure goes towards the cost of buying stationery for official purposes.
- Letters and written records consume a lot of stationery. However, replacing them with smartphones and the internet can save crores of money in expenses every year.
- Transparency: The use of e-governance helps make all functions of the business transparent. All official information can be uploaded onto the internet.
- The citizens specifically access whichever information they want, whenever they want it, at their convenience.
- Accountability: Transparency directly links to accountability. Once the functions and information of the governance is available to the citizens, the government is more accountable to its actions.
- Land Record Monitoring: A vast developing country like India, with its diverse land tenure system requires effective land monitoring.
- In order to ensure that transactions related to properties are not fraudulent, along with physical transactions, online record maintenance is a key feature of e-governance in India.
Initiatives to promote smart governance
- MyGov: It aims to establish a link between Government and Citizens towards meeting the goal of good governance. It encourages citizens as well as people abroad to participate in various activities i.e. ‘Do’, ‘Discuss’, ‘Poll’, ‘Talk’, ‘Blog’, etc.
- DigiLocker: It serves as a platform to enable citizens to securely store and share their documents with service providers who can directly access them electronically.
- e-Hospital-Online Registration Framework (ORF): It is an initiative to facilitate the patients to take online OPD appointments with government hospitals. This framework also covers patient care, laboratory services and medical record management.
- National Scholarships Portal (NSP): It provides a centralized platform for application and disbursement of scholarship to students under any scholarship scheme.
- DARPAN: It is an online tool that can be used to monitor and analyze the implementation of critical and high priority projects of the State. It facilitates presentation of real time data on Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of selected schemes/projects to the senior functionaries of the State Government as well as district administration.
- PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation): It has been aimed at starting a culture of Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation. It is also a robust system for bringing e-transparency and e-accountability with realtime presence and exchange among the key stakeholders. It was launched in 2015.
- Common Services Centres 2.0 (CSC 2.0): It is being implemented to develop and provide support to the use of information technology in rural areas of the country. The CSCs are Information and Communication Technology (ICT) enabled kiosks with broadband connectivity to provide various Governments, private and social services at the doorstep of the citizen.
- Mobile Seva: It provides government services to the people through mobile phones and tablets.
- Jeevan Pramaan: It is an Aadhaar based Biometric Authentication System for Pensioners. The system provides authenticity to Digital Life Certificate without the necessity of the pensioner being present in person before his/ her Pension Dispensing Authority (PDA).
- National Centre of Geo-informatics (NCoG): Under this project, Geographic Information System (GIS) platform for sharing, collaboration, location based analytics and decision support system for Departments has been developed.
- National e-Governance Plan (NeGP): It takes a holistic view of e-Governance initiatives across the country, integrating them into a collective vision and a shared cause. It comprises of 31 Mission Mode Projects, approved in 2006, but later it was integrated into Digital India Program.
Conclusion
Different States in India are at different levels of e-readiness; while implementing e-Governance reforms in different parts of the country, this aspect has to be kept in mind.
Today, there are a number of successful projects running in the country. but there are very few which are on a nation-wide basis. There is a need to replicate and upscale successful models evenly throughout the country.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2 and mentioned as part of Mission-2023 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about emissions scenarios and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and their role.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining emissions scenarios and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs).
Body
First, explain the concept of emissions scenarios and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) in brief.
Next, write about their importance in fighting climate change – play a crucial role in understanding the potential impacts of human activities on the climate system and in informing policy decisions related to climate change mitigation and adaptation etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction
Emission scenarios are pathways that tell us about emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosol due to human activities over time. Scientists use these scenarios to feed into climate models, which then calculate things like future global temperatures or sea levels.
The latest approach to determining emission scenarios is known as Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). “RCPs specify concentrations of greenhouse gases that will result in total radiative forcing increasing by a target amount by 2100, relative to pre-industrial levels,” according to a report by the UK’s Meteorological Office.
Body
There are four pathways: RCP8.5, RCP6, RCP4.5, and RCP2.6 — the latter is also called RCP3PD, where ‘PD’ stands for Peak and Decline.
These pathways describe various climate change scenarios based on the amount of greenhouse gases emitted.
- RCP 2.6:Limits global warming to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels while also attempting to keep ocean acidification under control. Greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced significantly compared to current levels.
- RCP 4.5:Reflects an intermediate scenario where emissions peak around 2040 and then gradually decrease. Global mean temperature rise is projected to reach approximately 2°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100.
- RCP 6:Stabilizes radiative forcing at 6 watts per square meter (W/m²) after 2100 following peaking around mid-century. It aims to achieve a lower level of global warming but does not exclude temporary overshoots beyond 2°C.
- RCP 8.5:Presents a high-emission scenario characterized by increasing radiative forcing throughout the century. By 2100, it results in a global mean temperature increase of over 4°C above pre-industrial levels.
Way forward
- Deploying lower-carbon Energy:
- There are four main types of low-carbon energy: wind, solar, hydro or nuclear power. The first three are renewable, which means these are good for the environment – as natural resources are used (such as wind or sun) to produce electricity.
- Deploying lower carbon energy would help address both domestic and international climate challenges while simultaneously improving the economic well-being of India’s citizens.
- Mainstreaming Renewable energy:
- India’s energy mix is dominated by coal powered electric generation stations as of now.
- The need of the hour is increase the share of renewable energy in this energy mix.
- Focus on Energy Efficiency:
- Will need energy efficient buildings, lighting, appliances and industrial practicesto meet the net-zero goal.
- Increased usage of Biofuels:
- Can help reduce emissions from light commercial vehicles, tractors in agriculture.
- In aviation, the only practical solution for reducing emissions is greater use of biofuels, until hydrogen technology gains scale.
- Transition towards Electric vehicles:
- This will further help curb the carbon emissions.
- Carbon Sequestration:
- India willhave to rely on natural and man-made carbon sinks to soak up those emissions. Trees can capture 0.9 billion tons; the country will need carbon capture technologies to sequester the rest.
- Carbon Pricing:
- India, which already taxes coal and petroleum fuels, should consider putting a tax on emissions to drive change.
Conclusion
The socio-economic impact of decarbonising the economy and the way humans live would be crucial in setting our priorities. We have limited time and our resources are scarce. Paris agreement must be implemented on war footing in India as well as across the globe to limit the devastating impact of climate change.
Topic: money laundering and its prevention.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Print , Insights on India
Why the question:
The article discusses the issue of black money in India.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the menace of black money, its impact and measures needed to end it.
Directive word:
Critically examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgment.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of black money in India.
Body:
First, write about the challenges faced in tackling the issue of black money.
Next, write about the various measures undertaken to tackle black money in India – Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015, Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs), etc. Also, write about the limitations in ending black money menace.
Next, write about the impact of black money on various facets.
Next, write about the measures that are needed to end black money menace in the country.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction
Black money includes all funds earned through illegal activity and otherwise legal income that is not recorded for tax purposes. Black money proceeds are usually received in cash from underground economic activity and, as such, are not taxed. Recipients of black money must hide it, spend it only in the underground economy, or attempt to give it the appearance of legitimacy through money laundering.
Body
Impacts of Black Money
- Loss of Revenue:
- Black money eats up a part of the taxand, thus, the government’s deficit increases.
- The government has to balance this deficit by increasing taxes,decreasing subsidies and increasing borrowings.
- Borrowing leads to a further increase in the government’s debtdue to interest burden. If the government is unable to balance the deficit, it has to decrease spending, which affects development.
- Money Circulation:
- People generallytend to keep black money in the form of gold, immovable property and other secret manners.
- Such money does not become part of the main economyand, therefore, remains generally out of circulation.
- The black money keeps circulating among the wealthyand creates more opportunities for them.
- Higher Inflation:
- The infusion of unaccounted black money in the economy leads to higher inflation, which obviously hits the poor the most.
- It also increases the disparity between the rich and the poor.
- Others
- Due to parallel economy, neither government nor industries get actual picture of investment sentiments. This creates market distortions.
- Black money means loss of tax revenue to the government. This reduces government’s capacity to spend more on social infrastructure.
- Corruption in government projects and procurements creates low quality infrastructure.
- As the RBI and government have no control over black money. This makes difficult for RBI to effectively target inflation and government also face problem while deciding fiscal policy.
- Black money is further driving up the prices of real estate.
- Black money generated from drugs and smuggling is being used to operate terror networks. This threatens national security.
- Black money further increases the inequality and poverty.
- There is a distortion in investment in economy. With black money the investment is made in high end and luxury goods.
- Forward trading of goods by cash rich speculators cause fluctuation in prices due to hoarding.
- Black money leads to further corruption by creating a vicious cycle.
- Generating black money means that quality is compromised in public sector projects where black money is used to manipulate tenders and offer kickbacks.
Measures undertaken by Government to curb Black money
- Legislative Framework:
- Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
- Benami Transactions Prohibition Act, 1988
- Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
- The Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets (Imposition of Tax) Bill, 2015
- Public Procurement Bill
- Lokpal and Lokayukta Act
- Tax Reforms:
- Rationalization of income tax with greater tax base and lower taxes.
- Tax deduction at source in which the tax is deducted from the payment itself by the payee.
- Institutional measures:
- CBDT
- Enforcement Directorate
- Financial Intelligence Unit
- Central Board of Excise and Customs
- Central Economic Intelligence Bureau
- Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
- NIA
- CBI
- Police authorities
- Voluntary Disclosure Schemes: The government allows reporting black money generated through tax evasion in a given time frame, as government has given in the Black Money Bill passed this year. During 2006-2012 government has reported nearly 26000 crore black money.
- Demonetisation: In 1978 and 2016 government demonetised high value notes to tackle black money.
- Encouraging Cashless transactions: Recently government has taken many initiatives like UPI, RuPay cards, Jan Dhan Accounts to promote digital payments. Government is also incentivising digital payments.
- International Cooperation:
- Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement
- Automatic exchange of Tax information
- Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of USA
- Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters
- Financial Action Task Force
- United Nations Convention against Corruption
- United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime.
- Egmont Group
- Transfer Pricing Agreement of G20.
Way forward
- Appropriate legislative framework relatedto Public Procurement, Prevention of Bribery of foreign officials, citizens grievance redressal, whistleblower protection, UID Aadhar is needed.
- Setting up and strengthening institutions dealing with illicit money:Directorate of Criminal Investigation Cell for Exchange of Information, Income Tax Overseas Units- ITOUs at Mauritius and Singapore have been very useful, Strengthening the Foreign TAX, Tax Research and Investigation Division of the CBDT.
- Electoral Reforms:Appropriate reforms are needed to reduce money power in elections, since elections are one of the biggest channels to utilize the black money.
- Training Personnel:Both domestic and international training to personnel for effective action pertaining to the concerned area can also help.
- For instance, theFinancial Intelligence Unit-India makes proactive efforts to regularly upgrade the skills of its employees by providing them opportunities for training on anti-money laundering, terrorist financing, and related economic issues.
- Incentivising Bank Transactions:To curb the menace of black money, industry body Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry has suggested incentivisation of transactions through banking channels and a suitable framework for taxation of agricultural income.
- Besides, it suggested reforms in the real estate sector and creation of IT infrastructure to track tax evasion.
General Studies – 4
Topic: Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-human actions
6. What are the factors on which morality of the human action depends upon? (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write in detail about the determinants of Morality of human action.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by saying that Human action is not at free will but determined by various factors.
Body:
Describe how morality of a person’s action varies situationally. Mention various determinants such as object, circumstances such as person/place/time involved and intention (malafide/bonafide) with an example each.
Use a flow chart for better presentation of the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude by saying that there are many obstacles that a person with a fixed moral construct must go through, which may change his action altogether.
Introduction
A human act is one that proceeds from knowledge and free will. If either adequate knowledge or freedom is lacking in the act of a person, then that act is not fully human and therefore, not fully moral.
There are a variety of possible moralities or moral frames of reference, and whether something is morally right or wrong, good or bad, just or unjust, etc. is a relative matter—relative to one or another morality or moral frame of reference. Something can be morally right relative to one moral frame of reference and morally wrong relative to another.
Body
Determinants of judging an action
- Nature of the action: Ethicality depends upon the fundamental nature of action itself. For instance, murder is an unethical act in itself and it cannot be justified by any intention or under any circumstances. On the other hand, acts like polluting the environment are unethical but it can be justified if its within ecological limits and used for good purpose like rural electrification.
- Intention: Intention behind an action must be ethical and only then, the action can be possible ethical. If intention is wrong, no action can be ethical even if the action is good in itself. For instance, charitydone for vested interests by unscrupulous NGOs is unethical even if its charity. On the other hand, breaking a traffic rulecan be ethical if a policeman does it to catch a criminal.
- Circumstances: Ethics is dynamic and hence, sometimes circumstances decide whether an action is ethical or not. For instance, democracyand citizen-centric governance is ethical governance but during times of war, martial lawcan be ethically justified and hence, provided under the Indian Constitution. We consider breaking of traffic rulesas highly unethical but if you are taking a sick person to hospital, then the golden hour must not be missed and one cannot comply with traffic rules when a life is at stake.
Conclusion
To be ethically good, a human act must agree with the norm of morality on all three counts; in its nature, its motive, and its circumstances. Departure from any of these makes the action morally wrong.
Topic: social influence and persuasion.
Difficulty level: Easy
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about how social influence can have both positive and negative outcomes.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining social influence.
Body:
Write about the positive outcome that social influence can have – fostering positive social change, promoting ethical behavior, Prosocial Behavior, and Cultural Transmission etc. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
Social influence refers to changes in attitudes, beliefs, and behavior due to the actions or comments of other people. Social influence is ubiquitous in human societies. It takes a wide variety of forms, including obedience, conformity, persuasion, social loafing, social facilitation, deindividuation, observer effect, bystander effect, and peer pressure.
Body
Social influence takes two basic forms: implicit expectations and explicit expectations.
Implicit expectations are unspoken rules. Like the unwritten laws of middle school, implicit expectations are enforced by group norms. Unlike implicit expectations, explicit expectations are clearly and formally stated— not at all subtle. There are also two forms of explicit expectations: compliance and obedience. Compliance occurs when you behave in response to a direct or indirect request. When healthy graduate students asked people on a New York City subway to give up their seat, about two thirds of the subway riders complied— just because someone asked. With compliance, there isn’t necessarily any threat of punishment for not doing the behavior—it is a request, not a demand.
Role of Social influence in shaping behavior of a person:
Social influence is the change in behavior that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally. Social influence takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. As per Herbert Kelman, there are three broad types of social influence.
- Compliance
- Compliance is when an individual changes his or her behavior in response to an explicit or implicit request made by another person.
- Compliance is often referred to as an active form of social influence in that it is usually intentionally initiated by a person.
- It is also conceptualized as an external form of social influence in that its focus is a change in overt behavior.
- : Tax payment, following traffic rules
- Conformity:
- Conformity refers to when people adjust their behaviours, attitudes, feelings, and/or beliefs to fit to a group norm.
- Conformity is generally regarded as a passive form of influence in that members of the group do not actively attempt to influence others.
- People merely observe the actions of group members and adjust their behaviours and/or views accordingly. The focus of conformity can be either external (overt behaviours) or internal (beliefs and feelings) in nature.
- Main factor that influences conformity is social norms. Social norms are the expected behaviour within a specific culture or society.
- Example: Treating all genders equally; Coming from a poor background, helps sensitive about the concerns of poor more than just studying their problems; If other officers are corrupt, then I it may tempt a honest officer also to be corrupt; leaving footwear outside in religious places, banning of sati.
- Obedience:
- Obedience is a change in behavior as a result of a direct command from an authority figure.
- Obedience is an active form of influence in that it is usually directly initiated by an authority figure and is typically external in that overt behaviours are generally the focus of commands.
- Example: Respecting elders; an employee will follow the orders of his supervisors in order to please them; Orders from Military officer to jawans.
- Growing concerns about the use of coercive and other manipulative psychological techniques underline the need to improve understanding of the ethics of social influence.
Conclusion
Thus, there are many things that influence behaviour in people, whether that be their own beliefs and opinions or other people being around them at the time. Understanding these shortcuts and employing them in an ethical manner can significantly increase the chances that someone will be social influenced and persuaded by the public policy.
Join our Official Telegram Channel HERE
Please subscribe to Our podcast channel HERE
Subscribe to our YouTube ChannelHERE
Follow our Twitter Account HERE
Follow our Instagram ID HERE
Follow us on LinkedIn : HERE
