[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 21 February 2024

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.

1. The early revolts and rebellions served as crucial chapters in the larger story of anti-colonial struggles. The sacrifices made by the unsung heroes of early revolts became a source of inspiration for subsequent generations of activists. In the above context, elaborate upon the struggle of Rani Chennamma of Kittur against the British. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India

Why the question:

The Kittur revolt of 1824, one of the earliest woman-led anti-colonial struggles. Rani Chennamma’s valour forms a significant part of Karnataka’s political imagination.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about how various forms of oppression resulted in various revolts and its significance.

Directive word: 

Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start by mentioning that eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries witnessed many revolts and rebellions against the oppression of ruling class.

Body:

First, write about early revolts and rebellions during the colonial period were led by unsung heroes who experienced colonial oppression firsthand.

Next, write about its significance of these revolts – played a crucial role in shaping national movements by fostering shared experiences of suffering and discontent. Symbolic acts of defiance, moral authority, and the catalyzation of national consciousness were key outcomes of these revolts etc.

Next, write about the struggle of Rani Chennamma of Kittur against the British and her legacy.

Conclusion:

Conclude by mentioning that the legacy of the revolts in the present day.

Introduction

The Kittur revolt of 1824, one of the earliest woman-led anti-colonial struggles. Rani Chennamma’s valour forms a significant part of Karnataka’s political imagination. The reason that Rani Chenamma came into our national consciousness after other women warriors like Rani Laxmi Bai was because Karnataka became a state much later.

These movements were often sparked by a combination of grievances, including social injustice, economic exploitation, cultural suppression, and political oppression imposed by colonial powers.

Body

Early revolts and rebellions: Source of inspiration for freedom struggle

• Paika Rebellion (1817-1825):
  • Context: The Paika Rebellion took place in the state of Odisha against the British East India Company’s rule.
  • Significance: Led by the Paikas, who were traditional land-owning militia, the rebellion was a response to economic exploitation and the imposition of new land revenue policies. While the rebellion was suppressed, it stands as an early instance of organized resistance against British colonialism in India.
• Vellore Mutiny (1806):
  • Context: The Vellore Mutiny occurred in the Vellore Fort in Tamil Nadu among Indian sepoys in the British East India Company’s army.
  • Significance: Fueled by various grievances, including cultural insensitivity and changes in military dress regulations, the mutiny resulted in violence against British officers. Though it was swiftly suppressed, it led to a reevaluation of British military and administrative policies in India

About Kittur Rani Chennamma

• In 1778, Rani Chennamma ascended to the throne of Kittur as the queen regent after the death of her husband, Raja Mallasarja.
• During her rule, the British East India Company sought to expand its influence and control over princely states, including Kittur.
• In 1824, the Doctrine of Lapse, a policy introduced by the British, was used to annex the Maratha-ruled territories. The British aimed to apply this doctrine to Kittur as well, as there was no direct male heir to the throne.
• Rani Chennamma vehemently opposed the annexation, arguing that her adopted son, Shivalingappa, was the rightful heir to the throne.
• The British, however, were determined to assert their dominance and sent a force led by Captain F. Christie to Kittur.

Rani Chennamma against the British

• Battle of Kittur: The confrontation culminated in the Battle of Kittur in October 1824. Rani Chennamma led the Kittur forces in a courageous defense against the British.
• Despite facing overwhelming odds, the Kittur forces initially succeeded in repelling the British in the first assault.
• Unfortunately, a second assault by the British proved to be decisive. Rani Chennamma was captured and imprisoned. The British annexed Kittur and declared it a part of the Bombay Presidency in 1829.
• Legacy: Rani Chennamma’s valiant resistance against the British became a symbol of courage and tenacity.
  • Her sacrifice and determination inspired subsequent generations of freedom fighters and activists in the broader anti-colonial struggle.
• Rani Chennamma’s legacy is commemorated in various ways, including statues, memorials, and cultural events, showcasing her role as an unsung hero in the early chapters of anti-colonial resistance.

Conclusion

Rani Chennamma’s struggle, though localized, exemplifies the spirit of resistance that characterized many princely states in India during the early encounters with British colonial forces. Her legacy continues to serve as an inspiration in the broader narrative of anti-colonial struggles in India.

Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

2. Buddhism and Buddhist culture serve as integral components of India’s soft power projection, offering historical, cultural, and spiritual ties that connect with nations worldwide. Discuss. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question:

India will hold an exposition of some of the relics of Lord Buddha, which are in its possession, in Thailand from February 22 to March 18.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the Buddhism and Buddhist culture as part of India’s soft power.

Directive word: 

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by giving context.

Body:

In the first part, mention the Buddhist heritage by India to promote values such as peace, non-violence, and tolerance, projecting an image of a harmonious nation.

Next, write about it’s significance – Cultural diplomacy, tourism, academic contributions, and the global appeal of mindfulness contribute to India’s soft power influence. By emphasizing its Buddhist legacy, India fosters people-to-people connections, engages in diplomatic relations, and aligns with global trends in health and wellness, enhancing its positive impact on the international stage etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Soft power is a concept in international relations coined by political scientist Joseph Nye. It refers to a country’s ability to influence others and shape opinions through non-coercive and non-military means. Unlike hard power, which relies on military force or economic coercion, soft power is about attraction and persuasion. Buddhism plays a crucial role in projecting soft power globally through historical, cultural, and spiritual ties.

The Indian government has been actively investing in its Buddhist diplomacy efforts, with a focus on promoting tourism through the development of the “Buddhist tourist circuit”. Additionally, the PM  has made it a point to visit Buddhist sites during his Southeast and East Asian visits. By hosting such a high-profile event, the Indian government hopes to demonstrate its commitment to preserving and promoting Buddhist culture and heritage, as well as strengthening ties with the global Buddhist community. With its strong historical and cultural ties to Buddhism, India is well-positioned to play a leading role in shaping the discourse around Buddhist issues on the global stage.

Body

Buddhism as soft power

• Historical Connections:
  • Origin in India: Buddhism originated in the 6th century BCE in what is now Bihar, India, with Siddhartha Gautama, later known as Buddha.
  • Spread Across Asia: Buddhism spread from India to various parts of Asia, including Sri Lanka, Tibet, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia. This historical connection provides India with a shared heritage and historical ties with these nations.
• Cultural Influence:
  • Cultural Exchanges: The spread of Buddhism facilitated extensive cultural exchanges between India and other nations. This exchange of ideas, art, and literature has created a cultural bridge between India and countries with Buddhist traditions.
  • Architectural Heritage: Many Buddhist monuments, such as the stupas at Sanchi and the Ajanta and Ellora caves, are not only significant for India but also attract global admiration. These sites contribute to India’s cultural influence.
• Spiritual Ties:
  • Shared Philosophical Values: Buddhism shares philosophical and ethical values that resonate with people worldwide. Concepts such as compassion, non-violence, and mindfulness have universal appeal, fostering a sense of connection among diverse cultures.
  • Diplomacy and Soft Power: India often leverages its Buddhist heritage in diplomatic relations. For instance, cultural exchanges, events, and tourism initiatives centered around Buddhism enhance India’s soft power by fostering goodwill and understanding.
• Global Diplomacy: India actively engages in diplomatic initiatives that highlight its Buddhist heritage. For example, the International Buddhist Conclave is a platform that brings together Buddhist scholars, practitioners, and enthusiasts from around the world.
  • Bilateral Relations: India’s Buddhist connections have been used to strengthen diplomatic ties, particularly with countries in Southeast Asia and East Asia where Buddhism has a significant presence.
  • Eg: ‘Samvad’ – Global Hindu-Buddhist Initiative: A Samvad framework was then pushed jointly by India and Japan in subsequent years, a geocultural use of Buddhism to offset the geoeconomic allure of China’s Silk Road project.
• Soft Power in Contemporary Context:
  • Global Interest in Mindfulness: The growing global interest in mindfulness, meditation, and well-being aligns with Buddhist principles. This has led to an increased interest in Indian practices such as yoga and meditation, contributing to India’s soft power projection.

Conclusion

Buddhism and Buddhist culture form integral components of India’s soft power projection, fostering historical, cultural, and spiritual ties with nations worldwide. By emphasizing its shared heritage with Buddhist-majority and culturally influenced nations, India establishes connections that transcend geographical and political boundaries, contributing to its influence on the global stage.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.

3. The basic structure doctrine prevents the abuse of power by the executive and legislature, preventing it from becoming a majoritarian regime. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the importance of doctrine of basic structure and its criticism.

Directive word: 

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by defining basic structure of the constitution.

Body:

First, write about the various features of doctrine of basic structure – rule of law, parliamentary form of government, secularism etc.

Next, write about how the above is important in upholding the supremacy of the Constitution and preventing authoritarian rule by a single party.

Next, write a critique of the basic structure doctrine.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a balanced opinion.

Introduction

The Doctrine of Basic structure, one of the most important examples of judicial activism is the result of the creative interpretation of the constitution by the judiciary. It was given by the 13-judges bench of the Supreme Court in the Keshavananda Bharti case (1973), and was aimed at defining the scope of the amending power of the Parliament. It is a doctrine to examine the constitutional validity of constitutional amendment.

Body

Interpretation and relevance of Basic Structure Doctrine

• The emergence of doctrine of ‘Basic structure’ marked asignificant shift in the role of judiciary from practice of constitutional interpretation to a creative role where judiciary go beyond the written provisions of the constitution.
• As per the Indian constitution, Parliament has been given the constituent power to amend the constitution according to the changing needs & aspirations.
  • Being a dynamic or organic constitution, aimed at achieving a certain goal of social revolution the Indian constitution mentions special procedure for its amendment.
  • It means that there is no explicit limitation on the amending power of the Parliament; expect procedural limitations as given in Art 360.
• However, in the Keshvananda Bharti Case (1973), on the question whether the amending power of the Parliament isunlimited and absolute,the Supreme Court held that the amending power is limited to the extent that it doesn’t alter the ‘Basic Structure’ of the constitution.
• The court held that the word ‘amend’ under Art 368 means only changes other than altering the basic features of the constitution,which would amount to making or writing a new constitution.
• In this way, the Supreme Court, whilegiving primacy to the unwritten feature of the constitution introduced a ‘substantive limitation’ on the amending power of the Parliament.
• However, the judgment of the Supreme Court inventing a new doctrine of the ‘basic structure’ has been subjected to intense academic debate.
  • The opponents of the judgement claimsthat the judiciary has gone for the metaphysical approach rather than the legal approach of what is written.
  • They argue that if the government was destroying the constitution, the judiciary has gone to the extent of creating the constitution.
• On the other hand, the proponents of the decision argue that judiciary has protected the sanctity of the constitution.

Significance of Basic Structure Doctrine

• The basic structure doctrine is a testimony to the theory of Constitutionalismto prevent the damage to essence of COI by brute majority of the ruling majority.
• The basic doctrine saved the Indian democracyas it acts as a limitation of constituent power or else unlimited power of parliament might have turned India into a totalitarian
• It helps us to retain the basic tenets of our constitutionso meticulously framed by the founding fathers of our Constitution.
• It strengthens our democracy by delineating a true separation of power where Judiciary is independent of other two organs. It has also given immense untold unbridled power to Supreme Court and made it the most powerful court in the world
• By restraining the amending powers of legislative organ of State,it provided basic Rights to Citizens which no organ of State can overrule.
• Being dynamic in nature,it is more progressive and open to changes in time unlike the rigid nature of earlier judgements.

Conclusion

Zia Modi, in her book ‘The Ten Judgments that changed India’, has given following arguments- Although the judiciary was wrong from the academic point of view, but from the practical point of view, it was the need of the time in the Indian context. (ii) It has proved to be a blessing in disguise as it has checked authoritarianism of the government. This has stopped India from going on the path of the other Third World countries.

Value addition

Evolution

• Origin of debate: The question whetherFundamental Rights can be amended by the Parliament under Article 368 came for consideration of the Supreme Court within a year of the Constitution coming into force.
• Shankari Prasad case (1951): The constitutional validity of theFirst Amendment Act (1951), which curtailed the right to property, was challenged. The Supreme Court ruled that the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution under Article 368 also includes the power to amend Fundamental Rights. The word ‘law’ in Article 13 includes only ordinary laws and not the constitutional amendment acts (constituent laws).
  • Therefore, the Parliament can abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights by enacting a constitutional amendment act and such a law will not be void under Article 13.
• Golak Nath case (1967): The Supreme Court reversed its earlier stand. In that case, the constitutional validity of theSeventeenth Amendment Act (1964), which inserted certain state acts in the Ninth Schedule, was challenged.
  • The Supreme Court ruled that the Fundamental Rights are given a ‘transcendental and immutable’ position and hence, the Parliament cannot abridge or take away any of these rights.
  • A constitutional amendment act is also a law within the meaning of Article 13 and hence, would be void for violating any of the Fundamental Rights.
• 24^thAmendment Act 1971: The Parliament reacted to the Supreme Court’s judgement in the Golak Nath case (1967) by enacting the 24 th Amendment Act (1971). This Act amended Articles 13 and 368.
  • It declared that the Parliament has the power to abridge or take away any of theFundamental Rights under Article 368 and such an act will not be a law under the meaning of Article 13.
• Kesavananda Bharati case: However, in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the SupremeCourt overruled its judgement in the Golak Nath case (1967). It upheld the validity of the 24th Amendment Act (1971) and stated that Parliament is empowered to abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights.
  • At the same time, it laid down a new doctrine of the ‘basic structure’ (or ‘basic features’) of the Constitution.
  • It ruled that the constituent power ofParliament under Article 368 does not enable it to alter the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution.
  • This means that the Parliament cannot abridge or take away a Fundamental Right that forms a part of the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution.

Topic: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government;

4. Explain the roles and responsibilities of the Vice-President of India. How can the Vice-President play a role forging better ties between the opposition and the executive?  (250 words).

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the function of Vice-President of India and how he can play a role in forging better ties with opposition and the executive.

Directive word: 

Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by mentioning about Article 63.

Body:

In the first part, write about the functions of the VP of India in detail – ex-officio chairman of RS, stepping in for president, second highest constitutional office.

Next, write about the ways how the VP can act as a bridge between ensuring smooth relations between the opposition and the executive.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising the importance of VP for the parliamentary democracy.

Introduction

Article 63 of the Indian Constitution states that “there shall be a Vice-President of India”. The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the country. He/She serves for a five-year term, but can continue to be in office, irrespective of the expiry of the term, until the successor assumes office.

Article 68 of the Constitution of India states that an election to fill the vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of the outgoing Vice-President is required to be completed before the expiration of the term.

Body

Roles & Responsibilities of Vice president of India

• Under Article 64, the Vice-President “shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of the States” (Rajya Sabha).
• Article 65 says that “in the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the President by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise, the Vice-President shall act as President until the date on which a new President…enters upon his office”.
• The Vice-President shall also discharge the functions of the President when the latter is unable to do so “owing to absence, illness or any other cause”.
• During this period, the Vice-President shall “have all the powers and immunities of the President and be entitled to emoluments, allowances and privileges” that are due to the President.
• The office of the Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office after that of the President, and ranks second in the order of precedence.
• The election of a person as Vice-President cannot be challenged on the ground that the electoral college was incomplete (i.e., existence of any vacancy among the members of the electoral college).
• If the election of a person as Vice-President is declared void by the Supreme Court, acts done by him before the date of such declaration of the Supreme Court are not invalidated (i.e., they continue to remain in force).
• The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States. He may cast his vote when there is a tie.
• He represents the Council of States on ceremonial occasions.
• He protects the rights and privileges of the members of the Council of States.
• He visits foreign countries on goodwill missions.

Role of Vice President in forging better ties between the opposition and the executive

• Vice- President should ensure that Parliamentary proceedings are not continuously stalled, Members of Parliament are not suspended randomly and there is no complete breakdown of communication between the ruling dispensation and the Opposition parties.
• Vice- President should ensure that Government doesn’t repeatedly bypass the Rajya Sabha in the making of critical laws by arbitrarily classifying pieces of legislation as money Bills.
• His role as Chairman should be more to protect the Opposition’s space, debates and ensure accountability of the executive.
• The inauguration of the new Vice-President should renew hopes for parliamentary democracy.

Conclusion

However, the post of Vice-President is not superfluous. His position is one of honor, dignity, as well as of influence. He presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha. While acting as the President, the Vice-President has the same powers, privileges, and immunities as the President. As suchhe is the ‘No.2 Citizen’ of the country. But he has potential to be promoted to the position of No.1 Citizen of India.

Topic: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

5. Free and fair elections are crucial for the functioning of a democratic society, as they provide citizens with the opportunity to express their political will and hold their leaders accountable. Elucidate. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Indian Express

Why the question:

The Supreme Court’s direction on the city’s mayoral election has delivered a huge message: You can’t game democracy.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the importance of free and fair elections and how to ensure them.

Directive word: 

Elucidate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by giving context.

Body:

In the first part, mention the importance of free and fair elections – crucial for democratic societies, providing citizens with a platform to express their political will, choose representatives, and ensure government accountability. They confer legitimacy, protect human rights, and prevent authoritarianism.

Next, write about the ways to ensure free and fair elections – independent election commission, model code of conduct, transparent electoral funding, voter education, media freedom, international observation and secure voting systems etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

In electoral democracies, free and fair elections convert voters’ preferences into a political mandate that forms the basis for policymaking. More precise and efficient voting procedures boost the strength of democratic institutions.  Our legislation that governs elections Representation of People’s Act, 1951 falls short in preventing the electoral offences.

Body

Importance of free and fair elections

• Democratic Governance: India is the world’s largest democracy, and free and fair elections are essential for the functioning of its democratic governance system. Elections provide a mechanism through which citizens can participate in the decision-making process, choose their representatives, and shape the direction of the country.
• Representation of Diversity: India is characterized by its vast diversity in terms of culture, language, religion, and socio-economic factors. Free and fair elections ensure that the diverse population is adequately represented in the political landscape, preventing the dominance of a particular group or community.
• Accountability of Leaders: Elections serve as a tool for holding leaders accountable for their actions. Through the electoral process, voters have the opportunity to express approval or disapproval of the performance of political parties and leaders, ensuring that elected representatives remain responsive to the needs and expectations of the people.
• Protection of Minority Rights: India is home to numerous religious and ethnic minorities. Free and fair elections help protect the rights of minorities by ensuring that their voices are heard and considered in the political process. This inclusivity is vital for maintaining harmony and preventing the marginalization of any particular group.
• Peaceful Transition of Power: India has a long-standing tradition of the peaceful transition of power. Free and fair elections contribute to this by allowing for a change in government through democratic means. This helps maintain political stability and prevents the emergence of authoritarian tendencies.
• Constitutional Principles: The Constitution of India enshrines the principles of democracy, equality, and justice. Free and fair elections are a manifestation of these constitutional ideals, providing citizens with the means to participate in governance and ensuring that political power is derived from the people.
• Civic Engagement: Elections stimulate civic engagement by encouraging political awareness, public discourse, and participation in the democratic process. Citizens become more informed about political issues and policies, leading to an active and informed electorate.
• Conflict Resolution: In a diverse and multi-cultural society like India, free and fair elections serve as a peaceful means to resolve political and social conflicts. The electoral process provides a platform for competing interests to be negotiated and reconciled through democratic channels.
• International Reputation: India’s commitment to free and fair elections enhances its international reputation as a vibrant and thriving democracy. A strong democratic image contributes to diplomatic relations and fosters goodwill on the global stage.

Issues with Indian elections

• Expenditure: There are three drivers of expenditure in elections viz. legitimate electioneering cost, party running cost, and TV air time cost.
  • However, the accounted legitimate expenditure is a mere percentage of actual spending by the candidate and their corresponding political parties. According to the report of the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC), high cost of elections creates a high degree of compulsion for corruption in the public arena.
• Freebies: Increasing attempts to entice the voters with short-term benefits (in the form of populist schemes for electoral advantage) at the cost of governance, besides adversely impacting the long-term interests of the poor and the middle class.
• Vote-buying: The rise of illegitimate expenditure on vote-buying has become a matter of great concern as it is making only the rich to be more qualified to become an MP (Member of Parliament) or an MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) over a well-qualified public-spirited person.
  • As can be seen, out of 533 candidates elected to the 17^th Lok Sabha (2019-present), 475 Parliamentarians (accounting for 88%) are ‘crorepatis’. This reflects the paradoxical situation of poor India with rich Parliamentarians raising concerns about the growing role of money power in politics.
• Paid news is any news or analysis appearing in any media (Print and Electronic) for a price in cash or kind. An issue like Paid News disrupts the level playing field and circumvents the election expenditure limits. This creates a hurdle for the Election Commission of India (ECI) to conduct the smooth run-off elections in a free, fair and transparent manner.
• Criminalization of politics: It refers to a situation in which the anti-social elements enter the electoral process by contesting elections, getting elected to the legislature, and consequently occupying public offices. This happens due to existing strong nexus between the criminals and some politicians abusing the loopholes in the present system.

Reforms needed

• State Funding of Elections: System in which the State bears the election expenditure of political parties that are contesting elections. This can bring transparency in the funding process as public finance can limit the influence of interested donors’ money and thereby help curb corruption.
• Simultaneous Polls: The time has come to implement simultaneous polls because of its underlying advantages including reducing the costs of holding elections by the ECI and spending by political parties.
• Central Legislation: In the Public Interest Foundation & Ors. vs. Union of India 2018 case, SC put the onus on the Parliament to frame a law to prevent criminalization of politics and take concerted efforts to cleanse the political system of the country.
  • The time has come to frame suitable legislation on the lines of FRBMA, 2003 (Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act- that puts a cap on fiscal deficit).
  • If a cap is introduced on populist announcements (based on the proportion of budgetary resources they have) by the parties within the ambit of law, then perhaps all political parties will have a level playing field and the unsustainable populist measures could be kept under check.
• Law Commission in its 255^th Report on Electoral Reforms inter-alia recommended strengthening of the office of the ECI in order to provide more independence and tooth to the institution.
• The ‘First Past the Post System’, in which a person with the highest votes (even with one extra vote) is declared winner, needs to be changed. Rather, a minimum percentage of total votes polled can be fixed for declaring a candidate as the winner. This could restrict the criminals from getting elected as not everybody in a constituency vote on party lines.
• Political parties need to be brought under the ambit of Right to Information Act (RTI) Act, 2005.
• All parties should be given equal media space or air time so as to provide a level playing field.

Conclusion

Free and fair elections are the bedrock of any healthy democracy. But conducting free and fair elections is easier said than done. In a huge and diverse country like India, it is much more complex and challenging. Humongous logistics issues in terms of material and manpower are involved in the entire process. Free and fair elections need to provide level playing field to all the players in the game. The entire electoral process should be capturing true mood of the electorate. This is possible today with technology and technology must be accessible to all before this can truly be called as fair.

Value addition

Technology aiding free and fair election

• Use of EVMs: Use of EVMs was not simply the replacement of sturdy ballot boxes and ballot papers. It was a paradigm shift for everyone including the political parties, candidates and the voters.
  • With introduction of EVMs, booth capturing in its traditional sense of the term lost its sheen.
  • The muscle power at the local level could not guarantee conversion of physical booth capturing into votes polled in favour of a particular candidate.
  • Conducting elections used to be round the clock strenuous nightmarish exercise beginning from cleaning of the ballot boxes to counting of votes running over a few days.
• VVPAT: An additional technical device called VVPAT (Voter-verified Paper Audit Trail) machine has been introduced to instil the confidence among the stakeholders.
  • The voter can view the symbol of the candidate of his choice on the screen of VVPAT machine after casting his vote by pressing the button of the EVM.
• e-EPIC: Now users can download their e-EPIC card online, especially the newly registered voters.
  • It is another matter that other proofs of identity are also allowed on the day of poll to absolutely ensure that no one is derived from exercising his franchise
• De-duplication software: The electoral roll has also been cleaned by using de-duplication software across the constituencies.
  • Earlier having the same name at multiple places resulted in the electoral malpractices.
  • Use of suitable software has also ensured cropping of the electors image on the electoral roll.
  • This ensures prohibition of forged voting on the day of poll.
• Linking Aadhar to EPIC: Linking of electoral roll with Aadhar database would further buttress the integrity of the roll and thus purity of the election process.
• Election personnel: Database of the polling personnel is thoroughly randomized using a software developed by the National Informatics Centre to ensure concealment of the identity of the polling station where any polling staff would be posted.
  • This obfuscates any kind of intimidation or inducement of the polling personnel.
  • Intermix of the personnel in a polling party is carried out in such a way that no official is from the same department, region or class.
  • Such finesse has been made possible only by use of appropriate technology.
• Cvigil app: This can be used by the citizens for posting their complaints directly. They can click photographs and videos which can be uploaded. The app is in public domain.

Topic: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.

6. The Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India envisaged ass as important self-governing entities, but their performance has been mixed, marked by both successes and limitations. Critically examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question:

Three decades have passed since the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments Acts came into effect, which envisaged that local bodies in India would function as institutions of local self government.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the performance of PRIs, their successes and shortcomings.

Directive word: 

Critically examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a fair judgment.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by writing about the aims and objectives of 73rd Constitution Amendment Act.

Body:

First, write in detail about how political decentralisation has been a success with respect to PRI’s. Write about the various achievements of these bodies.

Next, write about various shortcomings of PRIs decentralisation – lack of funds, issues with CSS, lack of agency to generate own revenues, overlapping functions with state government, absence of a proper workforce, accountability issues etc.

Next, suggest measures to overcome the above.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 is a significant landmark in the evolution of grassroot democratic institutions in the country. It transformed the representative democracy into participatory democracy. It is a revolutionary concept to build democracy at the grassroot level in the country.

Three decades have passed since the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments Acts came into effect, which envisaged that local bodies in India would function as institutions of local self-government. However, after decades of this historic amendment, Panchayati Raj Institutions have remained laggard in the developmental process.

Body

Success of Panchayati Raj

Gandhiji’s dream of Gram Swaraj and Oceanic Circles of Power were realised through the Panchayati Raj System.

• The PRIs are the local self-governing bodies that ensure the opportunity for people’s participation and involvement in the formulation and implementation of rural development programmes.
• The main objective of Panchayat System in India is to strengthen the base of democracy at the grass root level.
• It was introduced as a real democratic political apparatus which would bring the masses into active political control from below, from the vast majority of the weaker, poor sections of rural India.
• They play the role of a catalytic agent in integrating development of tribal masses in rural areas.
• Plan documents of both the central and state governments and various committees have emphasised the importance of these bodies in the polity. Five-year plans have also laid special emphasis on the role of Panchayats in rural developments.
• Rural Development includes measures to strengthen the democratic structure of society through the PRIs.
• PRIs have been used to improve the rural infrastructure, income of rural households and delivery systems pertaining to education, health and safety mechanisms. These institutions are to be galvanised to become effective instruments of social and economic change at the local level.
• Reservation for women (33%) has increased their presence in the public life.

Failures of democratic decentralisation especially in Panchayats

• Overwhelming dependency on government funding: Panchayat’s own resource base to raise finances is low and the financial resources are tied to certain schemes and initiatives. When Panchayats do not raise resources and instead depend on external funding, people are less likely to enforce social audit and efficacy of the schemes.
  • Eg: In case of Urban local bodies, majority of municipalities have not increased property tax since many years and have not leveraged the municipal bonds for betterment of city infrastructure.
• Creation of Parallel Bodies: Parallel Bodies have usurped the legitimate space of local bodies. For instance, Smart City scheme is being implemented in major cities through Special Purpose Vehicles, squeezing the limited space of urban local governance in municipalities.
• Lack of adequate Devolution: Many states have not devolved the 3F’s of function, funds and functionaries, to enable local bodies to discharge their constitutionally stipulated functions.
• Excessive control by bureaucracy
  • In many Gram Panchayats, Sarpanches have to spend an extra ordinary amount of time visiting block Officers for funds and/or technical approval. These interactions with the Block staff office distort the role of Sarpanches as elected representatives.
  • Multiple institutions like parastatals, development authorities, public works departments, and ULBs themselves report to different departments of the state government and have been entrusted with overlapping responsibilities.
• Poor Infrastructure: It is found that nearly 25% of Gram Panchayats do not have basic office buildings. Capacity building of elected representatives is another hindrance in the grass roots democracy. In case of urban local bodies, Mayor position is merely cermonial.

Measures Need to strengthen Panchayats

• Central Government has started the Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyaan. The campaign is undertaken under the name of “Sabka Sath, Sabka Gaon, Sabka Vikas”.
  • It aims to draw up Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDPs) in the country and place them on a website where anyone can see the status of the various government’s flagship schemes.
  • Gram Panchayats have been mandated for the preparation of GPDP for economic development and social justice utilizing the resources available to them.
  • Government of India formulated E-Panchayat Mission Mode Project for e-enablement of all the Panchayats, to make their functioning more efficient and transparent.
• Social Audit: The power of social audit was proven by Jan Sunwai in Rajasthan. Transparent, third party Social Audit can enable people to hold the representatives accountable.
• Citizen Participation: In case of Gram Sabhas, their functions and roles must be clearly defined as in the PESA Act, to enable to function effectively.

Conclusion

The need of the hour is to bring about a holistic change in the lives of people among the villagers by uplifting their socioeconomic and health status through effective linkages through community, governmental and other developmental agencies. People’s demands for the sustainable decentralisation and advocacy should focus on a decentralisation agenda. The framework needs to be evolved to accommodate the demand for decentralisation.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Case Study

7. You are working as the Quality Control Officer in a major pharmaceutical company which known for making major drugs. During a routine inspection you come across the information that the company has been using sub-standard materials to manufacture a syrup used for treatment of diseases in children, which is by and large exported to many poor African countries. Upon bringing this to the notice of your CEO, he mentions that it being done as per agreement with the governments of the respective countries to make the syrup affordable and assures that the material used has no known adverse effects.

A few days later, reports emerge that many children who had taken that syrup have died and it has become a major international news with African nations demanding accountability of the manufacturer. Your CEO has denied any wrongdoing and has issued a statement that no substandard materials were used. He calls you in his chamber and asks you to corroborate his statement and if you fail to do so, all the blame will be shifted on you. If you agree to do it, then you will receive a ‘handsome’ bonus and salary hike with a promotion.

1. What are the options available to you in this situation? Discuss their merits and demerits.
2. What option will you chose? Justify.
3. What can be done to prevent such incidents from happening in the future?

Difficulty Level: tough

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start by giving the context. Bring out the key stakeholders in the above case study.

Body:

In the body, Write about the various options available to you and their pros and cons.

Next, write about the option you will take in the above scenario and justify ethically.

Next, write about your suggestions to prevent such incidents from happening again.

Conclusion:

Conclude by stressing on the importance of transparency and accountability in above such cases.

Introduction

Drugs are wonders of science and elixirs that save lives. Human civilisation thrives today due to discovery of medicine. The average lifespan of a human is around 60-68 years because of discovery of medicine and invention of drugs.  Denying quality drugs is a denial of human right.

Body

Stakeholders

• Myself as Quality control officer
• Children in Africa and elsewhere
• Pharma company and its CEO
• Indian government and its reputation

Options available

Option 1: Do as the CEO says and corroborate with his statement

Merits: A bonus and a salary hike will go a long way to make my living easier and comfortable.

Demerits: No accountability for the lives lost and company may do such wrongdoing once again in future.

Option 2: Come clean and state the facts to the police and media

Merits: My conscience will be clean. There will be justice and accountability. The pharma company will be held responsible, and CEO indicted. It will ensure that such incidents don’t happen ever again in the country.

Demerits: I may lose my job and the blame may be shifted on me. Closure of company leading to loss of jobs for many.

Option I will chose

I will go with option 2 as that is the only correct option. The truth always triumphs, and an independent enquiry will show that substandard material was used. I may be sued or fired as I was Quality control officer, but justice will be served. My talent or skills can get me another job but lives lost cannot come back.

Preventing such incidents from happening in future

• There must be proper certification by third party institution before drugs are sent for distribution.
• License to pharma companies must be given only after a thorough inspection is done. Eevry year the license must be removed.
• Revoking license if sanitary measures are not adhered to.
• Drug trials before drugs are used on humans.

Conclusion

Every life is important and children the future generation. They must be protected from all evils especially one due to human error. Instead of protecting these drugs are killing children which is unacceptable. Hence quality drugs and accountability is the key to prevent such incidents from occurring again.

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