[MISSION 2024] RTM(Revision through MCQs)- 31 January 2024

Ans: (c)

Explanation:

• Context: India has proposed the ‘Maratha Military Landscapes’ as its nomination for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List for the 2024-25 cycle.
• Shivaji was a man of military genius and his army was well
• The regular army consisted of about 30000 to 40000 cavalry supervised by havaildars. They were given fixed salaries. There were two divisions in the Maratha cavalry – 1. bargirs, equipped and paid by the state; and 2. silahdars, maintained by the Hence statement 1 is correct.
• In the infantry, the Mavli foot soldiers played an important
• Shivaji also maintained a navy. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/01/31/maratha-military-landscapes/

Ans: (a)

Explanation:

• Only statement 1 is correct.
• The revenue system of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was based on that of Malik Amber of Ahmednagar. The measuring rod (lathi) was used for measuring land. Lands were also classified into three categories – paddy fields, garden lands and hilly tracts. He appointed his own revenue officials called Karkuns and reduced the powers of the existing Kulkarnis and Deshmukhs.
• Chauth and sardeshmukhi were the two major sources of revenue that were collected in the neighbouring territories of the Mughal empire or Deccan Sultanates (and not in the Maratha kingdom).

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/01/31/maratha-military-landscapes/

Ans: (c )

Explanation:

• Marathas lost suzerainty over Panipat and areas south of Panipat including Delhi to the Durranis. Ahmad Shah Durrani vacates Delhi soon after the battle. The force was accompanied by 500,000 non-combatants (pilgrims and camp-followers). 5,000 Afghans killed. The result of the battle was the halting of further Maratha advances in the north, and a destabilization of their territories, for roughly 10 years.
• The Third Battle of Panipat altered the power equations in India but not necessarily in a predictable manner. The victorious Afghans could hardly make any further inroads into India and were even pushed out of Punjab by the Sikhs.
• Bipin Chandra writes: The Maratha defeat at Panipat was a disaster for them. They lost the cream of their army and their political prestige suffered a big blow. Most of all, their defeat gave an opportunity to the English East India Company to consolidate its power in Bengal and south India.
• Nor did the Afghans benefit from their victory … In fact, the (battle] did not decide who was to rule India but rather who was not. The way was, therefore, cleared for the rise of the British power in India.”

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/01/31/maratha-military-landscapes/

Ans: (b)

Explanation:

• Context: The Supreme Court of India ruled that an accused cannot seek default bail based on the grounds that the investigation is pending against other accused or that the charge sheet filed by the probe agency is incomplete.
• Black’s Law Dictionary describes ‘bail’ as procuring “the release of a person from legal custody, by undertaking that he shall appear at the time and place designated and submit himself to the jurisdiction and judgment of the court.”
• Although “bail” has not been expressly defined in Indian statutes, the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) differentiates between “bailable” and “non-bailable” offenses. It also defines three kinds of bail that can be granted — regular bail under Sections 437 and 439; interim bail or short-term bail which is given when regular or anticipatory bail application is pending before the court; and anticipatory or pre-arrest bail.
• The provision for “anticipatory bail” was introduced under Section 438 of the CrPC after the 41st Law Commission Report in 1969 recommended the need for a measure that protects against arbitrary violation of one’s personal liberty, such as when politicians detain their opponents in false cases.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/01/31/default-bail/

Ans: (c)

Explanation:

• Context: The Supreme Court of India ruled that an accused cannot seek default bail based on the grounds that the investigation is pending against other accused or that the charge sheet filed by the probe agency is incomplete.
• Anticipatory bail can be granted under Section 438, when “any person has reason to believe that he may be arrested on an accusation of having committed a non-bailable offence”. It can be granted by the High Court or the Court of Session, under this section, for non-bailable offenses for which one anticipates arrest, even if the actual arrest has not happened or the FIR has not been registered.
• While granting anticipatory bail, the Sessions Court or High Court can impose the conditions laid down in sub-section (2) like,

(i) the person shall make himself available for interrogation by a police officer as and when required.

(ii) the person cannot make any inducement, threat, or promise, directly or indirectly, to any person acquainted with the facts of the case to dissuade him from disclosing them to the court or the police.

(iii) the person shall not leave India without the previous permission of the court.

(iv) such other conditions may be imposed under sub-section (3) of section 437 “as if the bail were granted under that section”.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/01/31/default-bail/

Ans: (c )

Explanation:

• Context: A new crowdfunded phone, called the Minimal Phone, has featured a white E Ink display. E Ink displays, used in devices like the Kindle, are based on technology developed in the 1990s at MIT and owned by E Ink Corporation.
• Functioning of E Ink Displays:
  • These displays utilize microcapsules filled with positively charged white particles and negatively charged black ones suspended in fluid.
  • By applying electrical charges, the particles rise to the surface, creating text and images on the display.
  • E Ink reflects light like paper, making it easier on the eyes, consuming little power as it doesn’t require backlighting, and offering better readability under bright lighting conditions.
  • E Ink has advantages like low power consumption and reduced eye strain but has downsides such as a slower refresh rate, colour limitations, and higher costs.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/01/31/e-ink-displays/

Ans: (c )

Explanation:

• Context: A new crowdfunded phone, called the Minimal Phone, has featured a white E Ink display. E Ink displays, used in devices like the Kindle, are based on technology developed in the 1990s at MIT and owned by E Ink Corporation.
• E Ink technology uses microcapsules filled with positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles. When an electric field is applied, these particles move to the top of the microcapsules, creating a visible pattern. This electrophoretic process allows E Ink displays to show text and images.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/01/31/e-ink-displays/

Ans: (b)

Explanation:

• Solid-state batteries generally have a higher energy density compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. The use of solid electrolytes allows for the use of more energy-dense materials, potentially leading to batteries with higher capacity.
• Solid-state batteries use solid electrodes and a solid electrolyte, instead of the liquid or polymer gel electrolytes found in lithium-ion or lithium polymer batteries.
  • Solid-state batteries use a variety of materials, including ceramics, solid polymers, and glass.
  • The working principle of a solid-state battery is similar to a conventional lithium-ion battery. During discharge, the cathode is reduced and the anode is oxidized. Lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode through the solid electrolyte. The reverse process occurs during charge.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/01/31/solid-state-battery/

Ans: (b)

Explanation:

• Context: A Laughing Gull, a migratory bird native to North America, has been sighted for the first time in India.
  • The bird is known for its unique laughter-like calls, resembling human laughter.
• Protection Status:
  • IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
  • CITES and CMS Status: Not Evaluated
  • Range: They are most common on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America, the Caribbean, Central America and northern South America.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/01/31/laughing-gull/

Ans: (b)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 and 3: They are correct.
• https://unhabitat.org/about-us/history-mandate-role-in-the-un-system/
• Statement 2: Through drawing together cooperation with committed partners, relevant stakeholders, and urban actors, including at all levels of government as well as the private sector, UN-Habitat is applying its technical expertise to the New Urban Agenda and Sustainable Development Goa

Refer: UPSC CSE 2017