[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 16 October 2023

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

1. There exist many issues in the right to safe and legal abortion in India. Addressing these anomalies in India’s abortion law is needed to ensure right to bodily autonomy, women’s well-being and reproductive freedom. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu

Why the question:

The article discusses the renewed spotlight on abortion laws and their significance.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the various issues in India’s abortion law and the impact of recent SC judgement on it.

Directive word: 

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by giving context.

Body:

First, write about the various issues Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act and as to why the practise of illegal and unsafe abortions continues in the county – distinction between married and unmarried, lack of awareness, discrimination, stigma, lack of counselling etc. Write about its impact on the women

Next, write about measures needed to overcome the above – comprehensive reforms to the MTP Act to provide women with more autonomy and access to safe abortion services.

 Conclusion:

Comment with a balanced way forward.

Introduction

Globally, there has been a trend towards liberalisation of abortion laws and increased access to abortion services. Since the early 1990s, nearly 60 countries across the world have eased abortion laws to expand the grounds under which abortion is legal. Only four countries, namely the U.S., El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Poland have removed legal grounds for abortion during this time period. Most notably, the U.S. Supreme Court eliminated the constitutional right to abortion in 2022.

India also amended the MTP Act in 2021 increasing the upper gestation period from 20 to 24 weeks for special categories of women.

Body

MTP Act

According to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Amendment Act 2021, opinion of only one registered medical practitioner will be required for the abortion of a foetus up to 20 weeks of gestation and of two for the termination of pregnancy from 20 to 24 weeks of gestation. The opinion of a state-level medical board is required for abortions over 24 weeks, in case of suspected foetal abnormalities.

Issues wrt to right to safe and legal abortion in India

• Unsafe abortions are the third leading cause of maternal mortality in India, and close to 8 women die from causes related to unsafe abortions each day, according to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)’s State of the World Population Report 2022.
  • The women outside marriages and in poor families are left with no choice but to use unsafe or illegal ways to abort unwanted pregnancies.
• Lack of Access to Safe Providers: Even where abortion is legally available, there is often a lack of trained healthcare providers, particularly in rural and remote areas. This forces many women to resort to unqualified practitioners.
• Stigma and Social Norms: Abortion is often stigmatized in Indian society, leading to a culture of secrecy and shame. This can prevent women from seeking proper medical care and advice.
• Inadequate Counseling and Information: Women seeking abortion often lack access to comprehensive information about the procedure, its risks, and available alternatives. Proper counseling is crucial for informed decision-making.
• Judicial Delays: In cases where an abortion is sought after the 20-week limit, women have to approach the judiciary for special permission. This process can be time-consuming and emotionally distressing.
• Limited Access for Minors and Unmarried Women: The law does not adequately address the rights of minors and unmarried women to seek abortion without parental or spousal consent.
• Disparities in Access: Access to safe abortion services is not uniform across the country. Urban areas typically have better access than rural areas. This creates a significant disparity in healthcare provision.
• Lack of Post-Abortion Care: Post-abortion care and support services are often insufficient, leading to potential complications and long-term health issues.
• Need for Comprehensive Reproductive Rights: Beyond abortion, comprehensive reproductive rights, including access to contraceptives and family planning, are essential for women’s autonomy and well-being.

Reforms made in the MTP Act in 2021

• The 2021 Act increased the upper gestation limit from 20 to 24 weeks for special categories of women, including survivors of rape, victims of incest and other vulnerable women like differently abled and minors.
• A confidentiality clause was added which said that the name and other particulars of a woman whose pregnancy has been terminated cannot be revealed except to a person authorised by law.
• It also extended MTP services, under the clause of failure of contraceptive, to unmarried women to provide access to safe abortion based on a woman’s choice, irrespective of marital status.

Way forward

• Training of Healthcare Providers: There should be an emphasis on training healthcare providers, especially in rural areas, to ensure they can offer safe abortion services.
• Public Awareness and Education: Efforts should be made to raise awareness about safe abortion practices and to combat the stigma associated with it.
• Access to Contraceptives: Increasing access to contraceptives and family planning services can help reduce the number of unintended pregnancies.
• Comprehensive Healthcare Services: Post-abortion care and emotional support should be integrated into the healthcare system.
• Advocacy and Policy Reform: Advocacy groups, NGOs, and policymakers should work together to drive legal and policy changes to protect women’s reproductive rights.

Conclusion

India’s legal framework on abortion is largely considered progressive, especially in comparison to many countries including the United States where abortion restrictions are severely restricted — both historically, and at present.

Further, there is a need for a serious rethink in public policy making, also accommodating all the stakeholders to focus on women and their reproductive rights, rather than drawing red lines those medical practitioners cannot cross while performing abortions.

Topic: India and its neighborhood- relations.

2. The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) is a key regional bloc with significant implications for India’s foreign policy and strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question:

The article explains the significance of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) as a crucial bloc for India.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about importance of the IORA in terms of global trade and geopolitics.

Directive word: 

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Provide an overview of the IORA.

Body:

In the first part, write about IORA, a regional organization consisting of Indian Ocean littoral states and dialogue partners.

Next, write about India’s role within the IORA, focusing on the country’s economic, strategic, and diplomatic interests in the region.

Next, write about India’s engagement with the IORA as part of its “Neighborhood First” and “Act East” policies and the potential for enhancing regional cooperation, connectivity, and security. It

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Sri Lanka is set to take over the chairmanship of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) during the 23rd Council of Ministers’ Meeting scheduled for 11th October, 2023, in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It will hold the chairmanship of the association from 2023 to 2025. Bangladesh held the chairmanship from November 2021 – November 2023.

Body

About Indian Ocean Rim Association

• It is an inter-governmental organisation aimed at strengthening regional cooperation and sustainable development within the Indian Ocean region through its 23 Member States bordering the Indian Ocean and 11 Dialogue Partners.
• It was formed in 1997 and its secretariat is in Mauritius.
• The IORA is a regional forum, tripartite in nature, bringing together representatives of Government, Business and Academia, for promoting co-operation and closer interaction among them.
• It is based on the principles of Open Regionalism for strengthening Economic Cooperation particularly on Trade Facilitation and Investment, Promotion as well as Social Development of the region.
• Members: Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
• Dialogue Partners: China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.

Objective

• The vision for IORA originated during a visit by the then President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela of South Africa to India in 1995, where he said: “the natural urge of the facts of history and geography should broaden itself to include the concept of an Indian Ocean rim for socio-economic co-operation.”
• It underpinned the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative in March 1995, and the creation of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (then known as the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation) in March 1997.

Significance for India’s foreign policy and security

• Geopolitical Significance: The Indian Ocean is a critical geopolitical arena due to its strategic location connecting Asia, Africa, and Australia. It hosts vital sea routes for global trade and energy transit. For India, which is centrally located in the Indian Ocean, securing its interests in this region is of paramount importance.
• Economic Cooperation and Trade: IORA promotes economic cooperation among its member states, which is vital for India’s economic interests. It fosters trade, investment, and technology transfer, benefiting India’s economy. As one of the fastest-growing major economies, India seeks to expand its economic footprint in the Indian Ocean region.
• Maritime Security and Safety: The Indian Ocean is prone to various security challenges, including piracy, maritime terrorism, and illegal fishing. IORA provides a platform for member states to collaborate on maritime security and safety issues. For India, which has a vast coastline and significant maritime interests, this is of critical importance.
• Blue Economy Opportunities: The Indian Ocean holds enormous potential for the blue economy, encompassing sustainable fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, and marine renewable energy. India, with its extensive coastline and maritime resources, stands to benefit from collaborative efforts in this domain facilitated by IORA.
• Cultural and Academic Exchanges: IORA fosters cultural and academic exchanges, promoting people-to-people ties among member states. This can lead to a better understanding of the diverse cultures in the Indian Ocean region and promote regional harmony.
• Disaster Risk Management: The Indian Ocean is prone to natural disasters like cyclones and tsunamis. IORA facilitates regional cooperation in disaster preparedness and response, which is crucial for India given its vulnerability to such events.
• Energy Security: The Indian Ocean region is a major source of global energy resources, particularly oil and natural gas. Ensuring stability in energy supplies is a key strategic interest for India, and cooperation within IORA can contribute to this objective.
• Multilateral Diplomacy and Influence: IORA provides a platform for India to engage with a diverse group of countries, including littoral and island states, in a multilateral setting. This helps India to exert its influence and shape regional policies in its favor.
• Counterterrorism and Transnational Crime: The Indian Ocean region has been a conduit for various forms of transnational crime, including drug trafficking and illegal migration. IORA facilitates cooperation in counterterrorism and law enforcement, which is essential for India’s national security.
• Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability: The Indian Ocean region is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Collaborative efforts within IORA can help address climate-related challenges and promote sustainable environmental practices.

Conclusion

Indian Ocean Rim Association plays a vital role in shaping India’s foreign policy and strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region. It provides a platform for economic cooperation, maritime security, disaster management, and multilateral diplomacy, all of which are crucial for India’s regional leadership and security. Active engagement with IORA aligns with India’s vision of a stable, prosperous, and interconnected Indian Ocean region.

Value Addition

Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) has identified six priority areas, namely:

• Maritime security
• Trade and investment facilitation
• Fisheries management
• Disaster risk reduction
• Academic and scientific cooperation and
• Tourism promotion and cultural exchanges.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Government Budgeting.

3. India’s liberalization efforts have brought benefits by strengthening the Balance of payments (BoP). However, the increased exposure of the economy to the global market can also lead to vulnerabilities in BoP. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about BoP and India’s vulnerabilities with regards to its BoP.

Directive word:

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by defining BoP and its various components.

Body:

First, in brief, elaborate on the evolution of India’s BoP and various crises faced with respect to BoP.

Next, write about the various reforms undertaken to strengthen India’s BoP scenario and write about their impact.

Next, write about the present vulnerabilities with respect to India’s BoP and steps needed to prevent it from any adverse impact.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Balance of Payment (BoP) of a country can be defined as a systematic statement of all economic transactions of a country with the rest of the world during a specific period usually one year.

It indicates whether the country has a surplus or a deficit on trade. When exports exceed imports, there is a trade surplus and when imports exceed exports there is a trade deficit.

Body

Evolution of India’s BoP and various crises faced

1991 BoP crisis was one of the worst crises that India had to face. The then government was close to default, as RBI had refused new credit and foreign exchange reserves had been reduced to such a point that India could barely finance three weeks’ worth of imports.

• Widening of trade gap due to rise in imports against a small growth in exports and increased cost of imports.
• The sharp rise in crude prices due to the Gulf crisis.
• Deterioration in the Exchange Rate of Rupee.
• India’s current account deficit (CAD) had already touched 2.7% of the GDP in 1988-89.
• From mid-1990, financing the CAD became arduous.
  • Traditional sources of financing started drying up.
  • The main factor contributing to the rising current account deficit was decline in the growth of net invisible earnings.
• Decline in migrants’ remittance from abroad.
• Non-resident deposits, which contributed significantly to bridge the CAD, had also started flowing out.

Reforms that improved India’s Balance of Payments

• Abolition of Industrial licensing: Licence raj was liberalized. Many industries were delicensed.
  • Public Sector companies were revamped
• Rupee was devalued: The first decisive action of the new government was with respect to the exchange rate. In 1991, rupee was devaluated.
  • The RBI shipped about 47 tonnes of gold to the Bank of England as security to raise foreign currency from England and Japan.
  • The government also sold 20 tonnes of gold to a Swiss Bank for acquiring foreign currency, with the condition that it would be repurchased after six months.
• Liberalization, Privatization & Globalization were introduced for the first time
  • Import tariffs were lowered.
  • Import restrictions were eased.
  • Foreign investment was encouraged.
  • Domestic supply was promoted
  • Export subsidies were withdrawn
• Liberalized Exchange Rate Management System: In the Union Budget 1992-93, a new system named LERMS was started. Under this, a system of double exchange rates was adopted.
  • Under LERMS, the exporters could sell 60% of their foreign exchange earning to the authorized Foreign Exchange dealers in the open market at the open market exchange rate while the remaining 40% was to be sold compulsorily to RBI at the exchange rates decided by RBI.

Present vulnerabilities with respect to India’s BoP

• Trade deficit: India has always had deficits on its merchandise trade account, with the value of its imports of goods far in excess of that of exports. At the same time, the country has traditionally enjoyed a surplus on its ‘invisibles’ account.
• Covid-19 impact: It has restricted economic activities and many remittances were stopped as people came back from overseas.
• Russian invasion of Ukraine: It has sent up the oil prices and many foreign investors are removing money from Indian economy, as Sensex went down more than 1000 points on the onset ofwar.
• Net services receipts decreased marginally over the previous quarter but increased on a year-on-year (y-o-y) basis, on the back of robust performance of the exports of computer and business services.
• Net foreign portfolio investment was US$ 3.9 billion as compared with US$ 7.0 billion in Q2:2020-21.

Conclusion and way forward

The balance of payments data should catalyse finance ministry and RBI to jointly initiate a thorough study of the causes for the deterioration in the past. Very likely, there are measures which can be initiated quickly to arrest the slide in case the vulnerability deepens due to global factors.

Topic: Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.

4. Enumerate the key features of Foreign Trade Policy 2023 (FTP 2023). Critically analyse the potential of FTP 2023 in boosting India’s export competitiveness and making the country a key player in the global trade landscape.

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: pib.gov.in , Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about features of FTP 2023, its potential and limitations.

Directive word: 

Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the topic.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by stating the aims and objectives of FTP 2023.

Body:

First, write about the key features of FTP 2023 – promoting exports of goods and services, enhancing the competitiveness of Indian businesses, and creating a favourable business environment for foreign investors., use of digital technology to promote e-commerce and increase the ease of doing business etc.

Next, write about the potential advantages of the above.

Next, write about the shortcomings of the above.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Foreign Trade Policy is a government policy that affects the number of goods and services a country exports and imports. Ministry of Commerce and Industry launched the Foreign Trade Policy 2023, which will come into effect from April 1, 2023. FTP 2023 sets a $2 trillion target for exports of goods and services by 2030 with a shift from incentives to remission and entitlement-based regime.

Body

Objectives of FTP 2023

• To enhance the competitiveness of Indian exportsin the global market (India’s overall exports are about to reach US $760 billion this year)
• Promote sustainable development of the country’s trade sector
• Make India a leader in specific sectorssuch as pharmaceuticals, engineering goods, and textiles
• To promote a digital economy and leverage technologyto enhance the competitiveness of Indian exports.

Major Features of FTP 2023:

Critical analysis of FTP 2023

Conclusion

The previous foreign trade policy for 2015-2020 had targeted exports of USD 900 billion by 2020. FTP 2023 is a policy document which is based on continuity of time-tested schemes facilitating exports as well as a document which is nimble and responsive to the requirements of trade.

Topic: Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security

5. Discuss the various forms of cyber fraud. Highlight the cybersecurity measures to combat cyber fraud effectively. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Indian Express

Why the question:

The article discusses the growing problem of cyber fraud and highlights the role of human greed and negligence in fueling this issue.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about cyber fraud and measures needed to combat it.

Directive word: 

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Briefly explain what you understand by Cyber security.

Body:

In the first part, write about various cyber frauds – online scams, phishing, and data breaches, and their detrimental impact on individuals and organizations.

Next, write about the various components of Cybersecurity – Application Security, information security, Network Security, Disaster recovery planning etc.

Next, write about measures needed to combat cyber frauds.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

Cyber fraud is a blanket term to describe crimes committed by cyberattackers via the internet. These crimes are committed with the intent to illegally acquire and leverage an individual’s or business’s sensitive information for monetary gain.

Cybercrime is a criminal action that encompasses mobile phones, laptop, network, and computer.  It is a threat to country’s external and internal security and monetary status. Crimes committed against publics with an illicit intention to cause physical or psychological harm, or loss to the victim directly or indirectly, by means of contemporary telecommunication networks such as social media network, the Internet and mobile phones.

Body:

Types of cyber security threats: Cyber Security is protecting cyber space including critical information infrastructure from attack, damage, misuse and economic espionage.

• WEB ATTACKS
  • A web attack affects the computer via the internet. These viruses can be downloaded from the internet and end up causing large-scale and irreversible damages to your system.
• SQL INJECTIONS
  • SQL injection is a type of cyber crime that effectively employs malicious codes and manipulates backend databases to access information that is not intended to be displayed.
  • These mostly involve private and sensitive data items including the likes of user lists and customer details, among others. SQLI can have long-term devastating effects such as deletion of tables, unauthorized viewing of any user list, and even administrative access to databases.
• CROSS-SITE SCRIPTING
  • Cross-Site is another type of injection breach where attackers send malicious scripts from websites that are deemed responsible or reputed.
  • Attackers inject malicious codes into trusted websites and applications and when a user visits such infected web page, the malicious JavaScipt code is executed on the user’s browser.
  • This code can be used to steal important information like username and password.
• DDOS ATTACKS
  • These are the attacks that aim at shutting down services or networks and making them inaccessible to the intended users.
  • These attacks overwhelm the target with a lot of traffic and flood the same with information that can cause the website to crash.
  • DDoS Attacks are targeted primarily at web servers of high-profile organizations such as the government or trade firms.
  • A famous example of this type of attack is the 2017 DDoS attack on the UK National Lottery website. This brought the lottery’s website and mobile app offline, preventing UK citizens from playing.
• PASSWORD ATTACKS
  • These are simply meant to decrypt or even attempt to obtain a user’s password with the help of criminal intentions.
  • Attackers can use Dictionary Attacks, Password Sniffers, or even Cracking programs in such cases.
  • These attacks are conducted by accessing passwords that are exported or stored in a file.
• EAVESDROPPING ATTACKS
  • Eavesdropping attack begins with the interception of network traffic. This type of cyber crime is also known as Sniffing or Snooping.
  • In this type of cyber crime, individuals attempt to steal information that computers, smartphones, or other devices receive or send.
• BRUTE-FORCE AND DICTIONARY NETWORK ATTACKS
  • These are networking attacks where attackers attempt to directly log into the user’s accounts by checking and trying out different possible passwords until they find the correct ones.
• INSIDER THREATS
  • Not all of the network attacks are executed by outsiders. The inside attack is a very common type of cyber crime.
  • It is performed on a network or a system by individuals who have authorized access to the same system.
• MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE ATTACKS
  • A man-in-the-middle attack occurs when attackers eavesdrop on the communication between two entities.
  • This type of cyber crime affects both the communicating parties as the attacker can do anything with the interpreted information.
• AI-POWERED ATTACKS
  • Computer systems are now programmed to learn and teach themselves, and these AI-powered attacks mark a new type of cyber crime that is bound to get more sophisticated with time.
  • AI is employed in many everyday applications with the help of algorithmic processes referred to as Machine Learning. This software is aimed at training computers to perform specific tasks all on their own. They can also accomplish these tasks by teaching themselves about obstacles that can potentially hinder their progress.
  • AI can also hack many systems, including autonomous drones and vehicles, and convert them into potentially dangerous weapons.
  • The AI-powered applications can be used for performing cyber crimes such as Password Cracking, Identity Theft, and automated, efficient and robust attacks.
• DRIVE-BY ATTACKS
  • Drive-by attacks are used to spread malware through insecure websites.
  • Hackers first look for websites with lesser security parameters and then plant malicious scripts into PHP or HTTP code onto one of the pages.
  • The script can then directly install the malware onto the computer of anyone who visits the site.
• PHISHING ATTACKS
  • The Phishing Attack is a Social Engineering attack that is used to steal precious data such as login credentials or credit card details as attackers pretend to be trusted individuals and trick victims into opening malicious links.
  • A famous example of a phishing scam from 2018 was one which took place over the World Cup. According to reports by Inc, the World Cup phishing scam involved emails that were sent to football fans.
• SPEAR PHISHING ATTACKS
  • These attacks are aimed at specific organizations’ data by individuals who desire unauthorized access.
  • These hacks aren’t executed by any random attackers but by individuals who are trying to access specific information like trade secrets, military intelligence, etc.
• WHALE PHISHING ATTACKS
  • A Whale Phishing Attack is a type of Phishing that generally attacks people with high statures, such as CFOs or CEOs.
  • It primarily aims at stealing information as these individuals typically have unlimited access and are involved with sensitive data.
• MALWARE
  • Malware is an umbrella term for a code/program that is intentionally built to affect or attack computer systems without the user’s consent. E.g.: Pegasus
• RANSOMWARE
  • Ransomware generally blocks victim’s access to their own data and deletes the same if a ransom is not paid. E.g.: WannaCry ransomware attack
• TROJAN HORSES
  • Trojan Horse is a type of malicious software program which attempts to disguise itself to appear useful. It appears like a standard application but causes damage to data files once executed.
• TEARDROP ATTACK
  • Teardrop attack is a form of attack that causes fragmentation in the general sequence of Internet Protocol (IP) packets and sends these fragmented packets to the victim’s machine that is attacked.
• PING OF DEATH ATTACK
  • The Ping of Death Attack is a type of cyber crime where IP packets ping target systems with IP sizes that are much over the maximum byte limit.
• PUPS
  • PUPs is an abbreviation Potentially Unwanted Programs. These are a form of malware that is less threatening than other types of cyber crimes.
  • This type of attack uninstalls the required search engine and pre-downloaded apps in your systems.
  • Therefore, it is a good idea to install antivirus software to prevent malicious download.
• EXIT SCAM:
  • The dark web, not surprisingly, has given rise to the digital version of an old crime known as the exit scam.
  • In today’s form, dark web administrators divert virtual currency held in marketplace escrow accounts to their own accounts — essentially, criminals stealing from other criminals.
• CYBERESPIONAGE:
  • A crime involving a cybercriminal who hacks into systems or networks to gain access to confidential information held by a government or other organization. Attacks may be motivated by profit or by ideology.
  • Cyberespionage activities can include every type of cyberattack to gather, modify or destroy data, as well as using network-connected devices, like webcams or closed-circuit TV (CCTV) cameras, to spy on a targeted individual or groups and monitoring communications, including emails, text messages and instant messages.

India’s attempts to tackle these issues:

Information Technology Act, 2000

• The act regulates use of computers, computer systems, computer networks and also data and information in electronic format.
• The act lists down among other things, following as offences:
• Tampering with computer source documents.
• Hacking with computer system
• Act of cyber terrorism i.e. accessing a protected system with the intention of threatening the unity, integrity, sovereignty or security of country.
• Cheating using computer resource etc.

Strategies under National Cyber Policy, 2013

• Creating a secure cyber ecosystem.
• Creating mechanisms for security threats and responses to the same through national systems and processes.
• National Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) functions as the nodal agency for coordination of all cyber security efforts, emergency responses, and crisis management.
• Securing e-governance by implementing global best practices, and wider use of Public Key Infrastructure.
• Protection and resilience of critical information infrastructure with the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) operating as the nodal agency.
• NCIIPC has been created under Information Technology Act, 2000 to secure India’s critical information infrastructure. It is based in New Delhi.
• Promoting cutting edge research and development of cyber security technology.
• Human Resource Development through education and training programs to build capacity.

Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative: It was launched in 2018 with an aim to spread awareness about cybercrime and building capacity for safety measures for Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) and frontline IT staff across all government departments.

National Cyber security Coordination Centre (NCCC): In 2017, the NCCC was developed. Its mandate is to scan internet traffic and communication metadata (which are little snippets of information hidden inside each communication) coming into the country to detect real-time cyber threats.

Cyber Swachhta Kendra: In 2017, this platform was introduced for internet users to clean their computers and devices by wiping out viruses and malware.

Training of 1.14 Lakh persons through 52 institutions under the Information Security Education and Awareness Project (ISEA) – a project to raise awareness and to provide research, education and training in the field of Information Security.

International cooperation: Looking forward to becoming a secure cyber ecosystem, India has joined hands with several developed countries like the United States, Singapore, Japan, etc. These agreements will help India to challenge even more sophisticated cyber threats.

Way forward:

• Real-time intelligence is required for preventing and containing cyber attacks.
• Periodical ‘Backup of Data’ is a solution to ransomware.
• Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) for predicting and accurately identifying attacks.
• Using the knowledge gained from actual attacks that have already taken place in building effective and pragmatic defence.
• Increased awareness about cyber threats for which digital literacy is required first.
• India needs to secure its computing environment and IoT with current tools, patches, updates and best-known methods in a timely manner.
• The need of the hour for Indian government is to develop core skills in cyber security, data integrity and data security fields while also setting stringent cyber security standards to protect banks and financial institutions.

Topic: Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.

6. Highlight the challenges posed by the proliferation of terrorist groups. Examine the need for international cooperation and a coordinated response to counter terrorism effectively. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Indian Express

Why the question:

The article discusses the rise of terrorism in the backdrop of increasing global disorder.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about challenges posed by terrorist groups, measures taken against terrorism and terror financing, their successes and limitation, and further measures that are needed

Directive word: 

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin the giving context.

Body:

First, write about the factors that have enabled proliferation of terrorist groups across the world. Cite examples.

Net, write about the international counter-terrorism measures taken in the recent past and evaluate their successes and limitations.

Next, write about the need to have a better understanding of terror funding and measures that are needed to overcome the above-mentioned limitations.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

The Hamas attach on innocent civilians attending a music festival in Israel is a gruesome reminder that terrorism still looms large over the world.  Amorphous terror groups, newer cyber linked terrorism, increasing lone wolf attacks are all adding to the ominous threats of violence. India has borne the brunt of terrorism and has witnessed serious loss of life and property in senseless violent explosions in large cities in the past few decades.

As the world shrinks with technological and communication changes, terrorists, weapons and funds are also able to move across national boundaries easily. International co-operation between law enforcement authorities in this area is a sine qua non for combating such cross border challenges

Body

Challenges posed by proliferation of terrorist groups

• Transnational Networks: Many terrorist groups operate across borders, making it difficult for individual nations to address the threat in isolation. This necessitates a coordinated international response.
• Ideological Radicalization: Terrorist groups often exploit grievances, real or perceived, to recruit members. Addressing the underlying causes of radicalization requires a multifaceted approach involving social, economic, and political reforms.
• Sophistication of Tactics: Terrorist groups are increasingly employing sophisticated tactics, including cyberattacks, chemical weapons, and suicide bombings. Combating these requires a high level of technological expertise and intelligence-sharing among nations.
• Financing and Funding: Terrorist organizations often rely on a complex network of financing, including illicit activities, donations, and state sponsorship. International cooperation is vital to track and disrupt these funding sources.
• Weapons Proliferation: Access to advanced weaponry and explosives has become a major concern. International agreements and cooperation are necessary to regulate arms sales and monitor the movement of dangerous materials.
• Safe Havens and Sanctuaries: Terrorist groups often find refuge in countries with weak governance or political instability. This requires coordinated efforts to strengthen the capacity of such states to counter terrorism.
  • Pakistan is a safe haven for LeT, Jaish-e-Moh, Taliban and so many other terror outfits and it uses them against India and other neighbours. It harbored Taliban ultimately leading to Taliban takeover of the country.
• Information Sharing and Intelligence Coordination: Timely and accurate intelligence is crucial in preventing terrorist attacks. Effective information sharing mechanisms among nations are essential to identify and neutralize threats.
• Legal and Jurisdictional Challenges: Prosecuting terrorists can be complicated when they operate across multiple jurisdictions. International legal frameworks and agreements are necessary to facilitate the extradition and prosecution of terrorists.
• Humanitarian Concerns: Counter-terrorism efforts must balance security imperatives with respect for human rights. Ensuring due process, protecting civilians, and providing humanitarian assistance to affected populations are critical considerations.
• Media and Propaganda Influence: Terrorist groups use media and propaganda to recruit and spread fear. International cooperation is required to counter these narratives effectively.

Need for international cooperation

• Global Nature of Threats: Terrorism is a global challenge that transcends national boundaries. To effectively combat it, nations must work together to share intelligence, expertise, and resources.
  • The rise of ISIS in Iraq and Syria exemplified the need for international cooperation. A coalition of over 60 countries came together to combat the group, sharing intelligence, conducting airstrikes, and providing support to local forces.
• Resource Sharing: No single nation may have all the necessary resources to combat terrorism comprehensively. International cooperation allows for a pooling of resources and expertise, making efforts more effective.
  • After the 9/11 attacks, there was a significant increase in intelligence sharing among countries. This led to the apprehension and neutralization of key al-Qaeda operatives in various parts of the world.
• Prevention of Safe Havens: Coordinated action prevents terrorist groups from finding safe havens in countries with weak governance or political instability, which can lead to regional and global security risks.
  • Boko Haram, based in West Africa, posed a serious threat to Nigeria and neighboring countries. The Multi-National Joint Task Force (MNJTF), consisting of troops from Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Benin, was established to combat the group.
• Harmonizing Legal Frameworks: Common legal frameworks and extradition agreements facilitate the apprehension and prosecution of terrorists across borders.
• Counteracting Radicalization: International efforts can address the root causes of terrorism, such as political instability, economic inequality, and social grievances, through collective policies and initiatives.
• Enhancing International Norms: A unified approach to counter-terrorism sets international norms and standards, sending a clear message that terrorism is unacceptable and will be met with a strong response.
  • International Law Enforcement Collaboration: INTERPOL serves as a platform for police forces around the world to share information, coordinate operations, and apprehend criminals, including terrorists.
• Reducing Duplication and Overlap: Cooperation reduces duplication of efforts and ensures that resources are allocated efficiently.

Conclusion

The challenges posed by the proliferation of terrorist groups are complex and require a unified, global response. International cooperation is crucial for sharing intelligence, coordinating efforts, harmonizing legal frameworks, and addressing the underlying causes of terrorism. A coordinated approach ensures a more effective response and helps maintain international peace and security.

General Studies – 4

Topic: laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance;

7. When morality is not in consonance with a law, what should prevail – the moral principle or the law? (150 words)

Difficulty Level: Easy

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Philosophical Mondays’ in Mission-2024 Secure.

Key Demand of the question:

To debate as to what should prevail if morality is in conflict with the law.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start the answer by mentioning the relationship between morality and law.

Body:

Explain that the popular conception of the connection between law and morality is that in some way the law exists to promote morality, to preserve those conditions which make the moral life possible.

Write about the reason for conflict. They conflict most often because morality gives you a sense of what is right and wrong or acceptable and what is not according to human nature. Law commands obedience not out of a sense of right or wrong but out of necessity. Substantiate the above with examples.

Conclusion:

Conclude by underscoring that Morality forms the foundation, the pre-condition, for laws. Put another way, laws do not have the necessary foundation or reason to be, if there is no such thing as morality.

Introduction

Law is the codification of societal norms and values which helps in delivering justice. Law is enforced and must be obeyed. Morality on the other hand is determined by the will of humans rather than the law itself, it is a set of standards we have set ourselves to decide what is morally right or wrong. Morality is similar to law, but need not always be obeyed. We can see there are cases of both the law reflecting morality and the law not reflecting certain moral judgments.

Body

Relation between law and morality

• Law is essentially a set of rules and principles created and enforced by the state whereas morals are a set of beliefs, values and principles and behaviour standards which are enforced and created by society.
• Legal and moral rules can be isolated with the former being created by the legislative institution of parliament whereas the latter have evolved with and through society and are the standards which society in general accepts and promotes.
• Some laws mirror the majority of society’s moral view, for example, that murder is wrong but the introduction of same sex marriages is seen by some people as morally wrong and society is divided.
• The existence of unjust laws proves that morality and law are not identical and do not coincide.g.: Slavery of Africans by the White supremacists.
• The existence of laws that serve to defend basic values such as laws against murder, rape, malicious defamation of character, fraud, bribery, etc. prove that the two can work together.
  • However, this may not always be true.
  • g.: Hitler’s holocaust, where Jews were killed in concentration camps; had support of majority of Nazis.
• Morality forms the basis of good law and therefore laws are framed to prohibit any immoral act.
  • For example, Laws in India prohibits domestic violence, atrocities on lower castes, child marriages, crimes like murder and rapes because they are immoral.
• Laws govern conduct at least partly through fear of punishment. Morality, when it is internalized governs conduct without compulsion.
  • The virtuous person does the appropriate thing because it is the fine or noble thing to do.
  • Morality can influence the law in the sense that it can provide the reason for making whole groups of immoral actions illegal.
• Law can be a public expression of morality which codifies in a public way the basic principles of conduct which a society accepts.
  • In that way it can guide the educators of the next generation by giving them a clear outline of the values society wants taught to its children.
• Obedience to law depends upon the active support of the moral sentiments of the people. Laws which are not supported by the moral conscience of the people are liable to become dead letters.

Conflict between law and morality

• Though, it cannot be said that morals are the basis of legal rules. It can be said that usually law has some base of morals but law and morality can be described separately in the contemporary world.
• There are various things, which may be immoral but not necessarily illegal like cheating on your friend or spouse, breaking promises (for certain sets of people).
  • Even inter-caste marriage is not a norm in India, but it is perfectly legal.
• There are things, which may be illegal but not necessarily immoral like drinking under age, abortion (for certain sets of people).
  • g.: Take issue of live-in relationships, which already has a moral ban on it.
• The purpose of law is not to make the laws of the land ineffective but to maintain law and order in the country. If someone violates these minimum standards, then punishment is remedy. Accordingly, morality has got recognition but it does not mean that all the legal rules are based on morals. There are certain legal rules which are not based on morality

Conclusion

The only check against the breach of morality is social condemnation or individual conscience. Moral actions are a matter of choice of inner conscience of the individual; laws are a matter of compulsion. Law cannot be made on each and every aspect of life. More than law behavioural change is the key to a moral society, as rightly said by BR Ambedkar, “No law can protect us if it’s not avowed by the moral conscience of the society at large”.

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