[MISSION 2024] RTM(Revision through MCQs)- 03 October 2023

Ans: (c )

Explanation:

• mRNA is a type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the genetic information for a protein from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein. mRNA is transcribed from DNA during the process of transcription.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/10/03/2023-nobel-prize-in-medicine-mrna-vaccines/

Ans: (b)

Explanation:

• mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of the virus’s genetic material into the body.
• mRNA vaccines work by introducing a piece of mRNA into the body that encodes a protein from a virus or other pathogen. The body’s cells then produce the protein, which triggers an immune response. mRNA vaccines do not contain a weakened or inactivated form of the virus, and they do not require a live virus to be effective.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/10/03/2023-nobel-prize-in-medicine-mrna-vaccines/

Ans: (d)

Explanation:

• DNA vaccines introduce a piece of the virus’s genetic material into the body, while RNA vaccines use a synthesized genetic sequence.
• Both DNA and RNA vaccines work by instructing the body’s cells to produce a protein from the virus or other pathogen that the vaccine is targeting. This protein then triggers an immune response, which prepares the body to fight the real virus if it is encountered.
• However, there are some key differences between DNA and RNA vaccines. DNA vaccines introduce a piece of the virus’s genetic material, in the form of DNA, into the body. This DNA is then transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into the protein that triggers the immune response.
• RNA vaccines, on the other hand, introduce directly into the body a synthesized mRNA sequence that encodes the protein that triggers the immune response. This means that RNA vaccines do not need to be transcribed into mRNA, which can make them more efficient and faster-acting than DNA vaccines.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/10/03/2023-nobel-prize-in-medicine-mrna-vaccines/

Ans: (a)

Explanation:

• DNA contains uracil as one of its bases, while RNA contains thymine.
• DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, which are molecules that store and transmit genetic information. They are both made up of four different nucleotides, each of which contains a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogenous base. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The four nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
• The main difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded. This means that DNA consists of two complementary strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. RNA consists of a single strand that can fold back on itself to form complex three-dimensional structures.
• Another difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA contains uracil as one of its bases, while RNA contains thymine. Uracil is similar to thymine, but it lacks a methyl group.
• DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, with the exception of some viruses. RNA is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including protein synthesis, gene regulation, and immune response.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/10/03/2023-nobel-prize-in-medicine-mrna-vaccines/

Ans: (c)

Explanation:

• Context: The 22nd Law Commission of India submitted a report which suggest amending Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) to allow for online registration of FIRs (First Information Reports).
• non-cognizable offences are those offences for which a police officer cannot arrest the accused without a warrant and cannot initiate an investigation without the permission of a court.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/10/03/online-registration-of-fir/

Ans: (d)

Explanation:

• Context: The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA), a prominent green financing Non-Banking Finance Company focused on renewable energy, has achieved an upgrade from ‘Schedule B’ to ‘Schedule A’ status as a Central Public Sector Enterprise.
• As of 2023, India has 13 Maharatna companies, which are among the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) listed by the government.
• Presently, there are 14 Navratna Companies and 74 ‘Miniratna’ CPSEs (62 Category-I –I and 12 Category-II).
• The ICI measures combined and individual performance of production of eight core industries viz. Cement, Coal, Crude Oil, Electricity, Fertilizers, Natural Gas, Refinery Products and Steel. The Eight Core Industries comprise 40.27 percent of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/10/03/ireda-gets-upgraded/

Ans: (c )

Explanation:

• Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the use of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine, which was jointly developed by the University of Oxford and the Serum Institute of India.
• Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by a parasite that is spread through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Symptoms include Fever, Fatigue, Vomiting, Headaches, and Shaking chills.
• Malaria remains a major global health issue, causing over 600,000 deaths annually, with a significant number of victims being children in Africa.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/10/03/r21-matrix-m-malaria-vaccine/

Ans: (d)

Explanation:

• Context: NASA has announced the conclusion of its CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) mission, which analysed climate, weather, and air quality for 17 years.
• CALIPSO, launched jointly by NASA and France’s CNES, used LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology to record over 10 billion measurements and generate thousands of scientific reports.
• The mission involved two satellites, CALIPSO and CloudSat, which were launched in 2003 and orbited the Earth in a Sun-synchronous orbit.
• They measured cloud altitudes and various atmospheric particles’ properties, such as dust, sea salt, ash, and soot. These observations contributed to sophisticated models to understand complex atmospheric processes, including cloud formation, atmospheric convection, precipitation, and particle transport.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/10/03/calipso-mission/

Ans: (c )

Explanation:

• Context: The Indian Air Force (IAF) is set to induct the indigenous Astra Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air to Air Missile by the end of 2023.
• Astra is already integrated into the SU-30MKI and was successfully test-fired from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas. The IAF intends to equip its frontline fighters with the Astra-MK1, while the Astra-2 is expected to become a mainstay of the IAF’s BVR missile arsenal, reducing import dependency.
• The Astra is a family of Indian air-to-air missiles. It’s the first indigenous air-to-air missile developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). The Astra is a beyond-visual-range (BVRAAM) missile that uses radar guidance to navigate and position the target

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/10/03/astra-missiles/

Ans: (c)

Explanation:

• Context: For the first time, chipsets capable of receiving and processing signals from India’s indigenous navigational system, NavIC, will be designed and manufactured in India by an Indian company.
• Currently, not all smartphones and navigational devices are compatible with NavIC, as they require NavIC-compatible chipsets to decode its signals, often sourced from foreign companies like Qualcomm and MediaTek.
• In a joint effort between the Ministry of Science & Technology and the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, an Indian company, based in Hyderabad, will design and commercially produce these chipsets.
• NavIC, known as the Navigation with Indian Constellation, is a constellation of seven satellites owned and operated by India, offering precise navigation and positioning up to 1500 km beyond its territorial boundary.
• It functions similarly to GPS but is owned and operated by India, covering the entire Indian subcontinent with a positional accuracy of 5 meters, surpassing GPS’s 15-20 meters.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/10/03/indias-navic-will-now-be-supported-by-made-in-india-chipsets/