[MISSION 2024] RTM(Revision through MCQs)- 26 September 2023

Ans: (b)

Explanation:

• Indian Patents Act, 1970:
  • It replaced the Indian Patents and Designs Act 1911.
  • The Act was amended by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005, wherein product patent was extended to all fields of technology including food, drugs, chemicals and microorganisms.
  • After the amendment, the provisions relating to Exclusive Marketing Rights (EMRs) have been repealed, and a provision for enabling grant of compulsory license has been introduced.
  • The provisions relating to pre-grant and post-grant opposition have also been introduced.
• Article 3(d) of the Indian Patent Act prevents the mere discovery of any new property or new use for a known substance from being patented as an invention unless it enhances the efficacy of the substance repetitively. This prevents what is known as “evergreening” of patents.
• In respect of each of the main areas of intellectual property covered by the TRIPS Agreement, the Agreement sets out the minimum standards of protection to be provided by each Member.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/26/the-draft-patents-amendment-rules-2023/

Ans: (c )

Explanation:

• India is also a signatory to several IPR related conventions, all of which govern various patent related matters. They include:
• Berne Convention-which governs copyright.
• The Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure
• The Paris Convention-for the Protection of Industrial Property,
• The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/26/the-draft-patents-amendment-rules-2023/

Ans: (a)

Explanation:

• Intellectual Property Rights Policy which is in compliance with WTO’s (World Trade Organisation) agreement on TRIPS (Trade Related aspects of IPRs), aims to sustain entrepreneurship.
• As per the WTO norms, a CL can be invoked by a government allowing a company to produce a patented product without the consent of the patent owner in public interest. Under the Indian Patents Act, a CL can be issued for a drug if the medicine is deemed unaffordable, among other conditions, and the government grants permission to qualified generic drug makers to manufacture it.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/26/the-draft-patents-amendment-rules-2023/

Ans: (a)

Explanation:

• The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) assists applicants in seeking patent protection internationally for their inventions, helps patent offices with their patent granting decisions, and facilitates public access to a wealth of technical information relating to those inventions.
• By filing one international patent application under the PCT, applicants can simultaneously seek protection for an invention in a large number of countries.
• PCT is administered by WIPO.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/26/the-draft-patents-amendment-rules-2023/

Ans: (d)

Explanation:

• The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) regime was promoted by the World Trade Organization in 1995 for uniform global IPR rules. TRIPS is founded on the principle of “product patents”.
• Product patents allow inventors of new drugs to have exclusive rights to produce and sell them for some years.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/26/the-draft-patents-amendment-rules-2023/

Ans: (c )

Explanation:

• GPS consists of a constellation of satellites that continuously orbit the Earth. These satellites transmit signals that are received by GPS receivers on the ground. By calculating the time it takes for signals from multiple satellites to reach the receiver, the GPS receiver can determine its precise location, velocity, and time.’

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/26/geospatial-intelligence/

Ans: (d)

Explanation:

• Three names stand out among the large number of Indians who initiated and carried out the economic analysis of British rule during the years 1870-1905. The tallest of the three was Dadabhai Naoroji, known in the pre-Gandhian era as the Grand Old Man of India. Born in 1825, he became a successful businessman but devoted his entire life and wealth to the creation of a national movement in India. His near contemporary Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, taught an entire generation of Indians the value of modem industrial development. Romesh Chandra Dutt, a retired ICS officer, published The Economic History of India at the beginning of the 20th century in which he examined in minute detail the entire economic record of colonial rule since 1757.
• These three leaders along with G.V. Joshi, G. Subramaniya lyer, G.K. Gokhale, Prithwis Chandra Ray and hundreds of other political workers and journalists analysed every aspect of the economy and subjected the entire range of economic issues and colonial economic policies to minute scrutiny.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/26/bal-gangadhar-tilak-and-ganesh-chaturthi/

Ans: (c )

Explanation:

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti marks the birth anniversary of the great Maratha emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The main aim of the day is to honour the great warrior’s role in restoring the Maratha Empire and to celebrate his vast legacy
• The celebration of Shiv Jayanti was set by Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, also known as Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, in 1870.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/26/bal-gangadhar-tilak-and-ganesh-chaturthi/

Ans: (b)

Explanation:

• Context: Galactic tides, similar to the tides in Earth’s oceans but on a much larger scale, are caused by gravitational forces within galaxies, resulting from interactions between celestial objects like stars and gas clouds.
• These tidal forces play a significant role in shaping the evolution of galaxies. They can alter a galaxy’s structure by creating features like tidal tails and bridges, stimulating star formation, and disrupting smaller star systems.
• Over vast stretches of time, galactic tides also perturb the orbits of stars, leading to long-term changes in the structure of galaxies. Galactic tides even influence how neighbouring galaxies interact with each other.
• Galactic tides also impact supermassive black holes located at the centres of galaxies, resulting in events that alter how these cosmic giants interact with nearby stars.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/26/galactic-tides/

Ans: (b)

Explanation:

• Context: A NASA space capsule carrying the largest sample ever collected from an asteroid landed on Utah’s Test and Training Range.
• The capsule was released from the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, which had been in space for seven years and collected the sample from the asteroid Bennu. Scientists will use this sample to learn more about the origins of the solar system.
• The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, renamed OSIRIS-APEX (OSIRIS-Apophis Explorer), did not return to Earth’s surface. Instead, it separated from the sample return capsule and will continue its mission to study another near-Earth asteroid named Apophis when it comes close to Earth in 2029.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/09/26/nasas-osiris-rex-6/