[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 8 September 2023

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

1. By actively embracing linguistic diversity, countries can strengthen their social fabric and promote unity among their citizens while celebrating the uniqueness of each linguistic community. Analyse.  (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu

Why the question:

The article discusses the role of English as a common language in India, connecting multilingual communities since the British Raj.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the importance of linguistic diversity and its role in building national solidarity and social inclusion.

Directive word: 

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Briefly explain what linguistic diversity is.

Body:

First, in detail comment upon the Need and importance of preserving linguistic diversity – Cultural Identity, Cultural Diversity, glimpse of our past etc. Write about the links between promoting linguistic diversity and social inclusion and national solidarity.

Next, Discuss the Government efforts in this direction in terms of statutes, provisions in the constitution, technological measures etc.

Next, write about the limitations of the above.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward to overcome the limitations.

Introduction

India is one of unique countries in the world that has the legacy of diversity of languages. The Constitution of India has recognised 22 official languages. Multilingualism is the way of life in India as people in different parts of the country speak more than one language from their birth and learns additional languages during their life time.

Though officially there are 122 languages, Peoples Linguistic Survey of India has identified 780 languages, of which 50 are extinct in past five decades.

Body

Need and Significance to preserve India’s linguistic diversity:

• Ecological diversity.
• Cultural diversity through oral traditions, stories, songs, poetry, and rituals passed down from generation to generation.
• Languages express identity
• Languages are repositories of history
• Language contribute to the sum of human knowledge
• Languages are interesting in themselves
• improved cognitive abilities in children when they are taught in their mother tongue in primary school

Provisions that safeguard the wealth of Indian languages:

• In addition to these scheduled and classical languages, The Constitution of India has included the clause to protect minority languages as a fundamental right. It states” Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part of thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.”
• The language policy of India provides guarantee to protect the linguistic minorities. Under the Constitution, provision is made for appointment of Special Officer for linguistic minority with the sole responsibilities of safeguarding the interest of language spoken by the minority groups.
• In the post-independence era, Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), based in Mysore was assigned to carry out an in-depth survey of languages.
• In 1991 the Census of India listed 1576 mother tongues’ with separate grammatical structures and 1796 speech varieties that is classified as other mother tongues’.
• Another unique feature of India is the concept of protecting the interest of children to get basic education in their mother tongue. The Constitution provides” it shall be the endeavour of every State and of every local authority within the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups”. Thus, even before the United Nationsdeclared the International Mother Language Day (February 21) the founders of the Indian Constitution gave top priority to teaching in mother tongues’, enabling the child to develop its full potential.
• In 1956 reorganisation of states in India was carried out with linguistic boundaries that had its own script. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the then home minister played key role in formation and amalgamation of states based on linguistic attributes.
• The language policy of India has been pluralistic, giving priority to the use of mother tongue in administration, education and other fields of mass communication. The Language Bureau of Ministry of Human Resource Development is set up to implement and monitor the language policy.
• According to UNESCO, Internationalised Domain Names (IDNs) can help to foster the growth of local languages online by allowing Internet users to use non-Latin scripts to access domain names.
• The internet can be used to raise awareness about the issues of language extinction and language preservation.

Conclusion

Linguistic diversity has been a critical aspect of the multiculturalism that has been the defining characteristic of India through the ages. Diversity is undoubtedly strength of our democracy. The cultural bonds need to be strengthened through enhanced and continuous mutual interaction between people of varied regions. This encourages reciprocity and secures an enriched value system of unity amongst people of different States.

Topic: Effects of globalization on Indian society.

2. Hyper-globalization has led to increased cultural exchange and influence. A decline in hyper-globalization may impact the adoption of global cultural elements in Indian society. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India

Why the question:

The narrative that underpins the global economic system is in the midst of a transformative plot twist. Since the end of World War II, the so-called liberal international order has been premised on the free flow of goods, capital and finance, but this global arrangement now seems increasingly anachronistic.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the ending of hyper-globalisation across the world, its impact on the Indian society.

Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin the answer by defining hyper-globalisation.

Body:

First, write about the various features of hyper-globalisation citing a few examples.

Next, write about the factors that have led to deglobalisation across the world and why these factors mark a possible end of hyper-globalisation era.

Next, write about the positive impact of the above – sustainable and equitable economic policies, support small-scale farmers, increase access to healthcare and education etc.

Next, write about the negative impacts – reduced economic growth and job creation, diminishing foreign investment etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward to address the negative impacts.

Introduction

Hyper Globalisation is the concept that believes that globalization is happening is an enormous way and there is an emergence of a homogenous global culture. The period of hyper globalization has been associated with the most dramatic turnaround in the economic fortunes of developing countries.

The main difference between globalization and hyper globalization is very narrow and can be best described as the rate of speed at which the process of globalization takes place. The period between 1870 and 1914 the Golden Age of globalization in which world trade in terms of gross domestic product went from a 9 percent to 16 percent share. However, in the current age of hyper-globalization, which includes both goods and services, the gross domestic product share has reached 33 percent.

Body

Impact of hyper globalization on Indian society

• Economic inequality: Hyper Globalization is increasing the inequality around world.
  • GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon) are the wealthiest companies in the world. The wealth created is enjoyed by only few individuals.
  • The increased income of persons with required new skills (such as knowledge of Artificial Intelligence) is far less than decreased income of unskilled person, leading to decrease in net prosperity.
• FDI and investment: Some countries are unable to attract FDI, other developing countries who have the ability to attract FDI, are unable to maximize the benefits for indigenous firms.
• Against the poor: WTO Agreement on Agriculture, are result of hyper globalism, which have capability to reduce the prosperity of farmers by limiting government’s support to them.
• Intellectual property: Similarly, agreements such as TRIPS do not let all to enjoy the benefits of innovation there by reducing their chance to increase their prosperity. All these are threatening human prosperity directly or indirectly.
• Ecology and indigenous people: Hyper globalism is also leading to increased extraction of raw materials, de-forestation without any value addition to indigenous people. Moreover, these people need to bear cost of resulting damage to ecology, increased pollution, hence reducing their prosperity.
  • This can be better understood when we look at the plight of millions of climate refugees from island nations etc.
• Technological warfare: Technology is going to make warfare more dreadful. Buying and selling dangerous weapons is never as easy as it is in era of hyper globalism.
  • If at all war occurs, the damage to property is un-predictable. Eg: Russia-Ukraine war.
  • Moreover, if the money used for defence is used for welfarist policies, it would have helped the poor and destitute by making them prosperous.
• Overdependence and disruption: The increasing price risk due to disruption of supplies (eg crude oil and edible oil crisis due to Ukraine war) will have direct impact on poor due to inflation.
  • Eg: Dependence on API’s from China during Covid-19 pandemic and people running from pillar to post for common cold medicines.
• Reduced to exporter of raw material: As industrialized countries have a better comparative advantage, poor nations are yet again becoming exporters of raw materials. This can also be called as neo-imperialism. Decision making powers are still with the Western nations continuing the trend from World War 2.

Is deglobalization underway?

• Right wing politics in West: A surge in populist politics in Europe and the US has ridden a wave of opposition to globalized economies and international institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and NATO.
• Brexit: Leaving the European Union (EU) is written into the constitutions of populist parties in countries such as Poland and Hungary.
• Delegitimization of International Organizations: The United Nations (UN) is widely viewed as weak and deadlocked, and populist movements tend to ridicule the notion of belonging to an international community of nations.
  • International organizations have seen their reputations suffer, either condemned as too powerful or too weak.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) struggled to drive an efficient response to the COVID–19 pandemic, in large part due to uncooperative governments.
• Lockdown of national borders: The COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the danger of relying on global supply chains for essential medical supplies, while climate change demands reductions in the enormous carbon footprint of international trade.
  • India came up with self-sufficient ‘Atmanirbharta’ concept and so did many other nations.

Negative Impact of hyper globalization on Indian society

• Economic inequality: Hyper Globalization is increasing the inequality around world.
  • GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon) are the wealthiest companies in the world. The wealth created is enjoyed by only few individuals.
  • The increased income of persons with required new skills (such as knowledge of Artificial Intelligence) is far less than decreased income of unskilled person, leading to decrease in net prosperity.
• FDI and investment: Some countries are unable to attract FDI, other developing countries who have the ability to attract FDI, are unable to maximize the benefits for indigenous firms.
• Against the poor: WTO Agreement on Agriculture, are result of hyper globalism, which have capability to reduce the prosperity of farmers by limiting government’s support to them.
• Intellectual property: Similarly, agreements such as TRIPS do not let all to enjoy the benefits of innovation there by reducing their chance to increase their prosperity. All these are threatening human prosperity directly or indirectly.
• Ecology and indigenous people: Hyper globalism is also leading to increased extraction of raw materials, de-forestation without any value addition to indigenous people. Moreover, these people need to bear cost of resulting damage to ecology, increased pollution, hence reducing their prosperity.
  • This can be better understood when we look at the plight of millions of climate refugees from island nations etc.
• Technological warfare: Technology is going to make warfare more dreadful. Buying and selling dangerous weapons is never as easy as it is in era of hyper globalism.
  • If at all war occurs, the damage to property is un-predictable. Eg: Russia-Ukraine war.
  • Moreover, if the money used for defence is used for welfarist policies, it would have helped the poor and destitute by making them prosperous.
• Overdependence and disruption: The increasing price risk due to disruption of supplies (eg crude oil and edible oil crisis due to Ukraine war) will have direct impact on poor due to inflation.
  • Eg: Dependence on API’s from China during Covid-19 pandemic and people running from pillar to post for common cold medicines.
• Reduced to exporter of raw material: As industrialized countries have a better comparative advantage, poor nations are yet again becoming exporters of raw materials. This can also be called as neo-imperialism. Decision making powers are still with the Western nations continuing the trend from World War 2.

Measures needed to counter the risks

• Reduce over-dependence: In the real world, countries need to de-risk against overdependence on few suppliers, especially of products entailing heavy foreign exchange outgo.
  • Halving import dependence in edible oils from the current 60-65 per cent is a goal worth pursuing, provided such Atmanirbharta does not degenerate into protectionism.
  • Domestic producers can be given one-time capital subsidy and tariff support based on long-term import parity pricing.
• Domestic investment: When the global economy is sluggish, only domestic investment can move demand.
  • India has an intrinsic advantage of population and its vibrant domestic demand.
  • If enough manufacturing capacity as per the policy can be achieved, India can provide good market and employment its products and population.
  • Eg: PLI scheme for electronics.
• Monetary policy: Appropriate monetary policy decisions should be made to boost investment. Moreover, reigning in inflation
• Infrastructure: Any policy should be accompanied with public infrastructure especially the transport sectors which also increase would demand. This would also reduce cost of logistics and make Indian goods competitive in the global market in turn increasing India’s prosperity.

Conclusion

Hyper globalization is not entirely detrimental to India, rather it has increased technology transfer and increased investment flow. India must reduce the risks to leverage the benefit of hyper globalism. Upskilling youth with new age technology can lead to reaping of rich demographic dividends while decreasing poverty.

In a world where global trade and commerce is inevitable, protectionist policies of a few nations will only cause severe inequality. A middle ground is the need of the hour and a gated globalization could be the preferred option, with India paving the path for other nations to follow, in the decades to come.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

3. What is the rationale behind delimitation of electoral constituencies? Explain the functions of delimitation commission. What are the issues associated with delimitation exercise? (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Insights on India , Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about delimitation, functions of delimitation commission and problems associated with it.

Directive word:

Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by defining delimitation under Article 82.

Body:

In the first part, write about rationale behind the delimitation – follow the principle of “One Vote One Value”, equality, Fair division of geographical areas etc.

Next, write in detail about the functions of delimitation commission.

Next, write about the various issues associated with delimitation and ways that it can be addressed.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Delimitation literally means the act or process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies in a country or a province having a legislative body. A four-member Delimitation Commission, including a member of the EC, carries out this task.

Under Article 82 of the Constitution, Parliament enacts a Delimitation Act after every Census which establishes a delimitation commission. The main task of the commission is redrawing the boundaries of the various assembly and Lok Sabha constituencies to ensure an equitable population distribution

In India, such Delimitation commissions have been set up four times in the past under ‘Delimitation Commission Acts’ of 1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002.

Body:

Rationale behind Delimitation

• To provide equal representation to equal segments of a population.
• Fair division of geographical areasso that one political party doesn’t have an advantage over others in an election.
• To follow the principle of“One Vote One Value”.

Delimitation and RPA:

• The provisions of Delimitation Act, 2002, says that as of date, all Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies are to be delimited on the basis of the 2001 Census.
• According to the guidelines of the EC and the 84th and 87th amendments to the Constitution, the “state average per assembly constituency” is obtained by dividing the total number of the state population (as per 2001 census) by the total number of constituencies in the state.
• This method is aimed at having an equal population in each constituency.
• However, a deviation of plus-minus 10 per cent is acceptable if the geographical features, means of communication, public convenience, contiguity of the areas, and necessity to avoid breaking of administrative units so demand.
• As per the guidelines, seats have to be reserved for the SCs and STsin the proportion of their population separately both for the Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies in each state.
• The commission, after completing the process from its end, puts out papers and draft proposals for discussions and holds public meetings on the same.
• These proposals are notified in the Gazette of India and the state’s gazette after the President’s approval.
• The commission’s order cannot be challenged in any courtas it has the force of law.
• The copies of orders are also presented before the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly concerned, but both these houses are not allowed to make modifications in that.

Challenges faced

• Disparity in representation between north and southern part ofIndia in the Lok sabha due to population as a deciding factor.
• The delimitation based solely on population disregards the progress made by the southern states in population controland may lead to disparities in the federal structure.
• Despite having only 18% of the country’s population,the southern states contribute 35% to the country’s GDP.
• The northern states, which did not prioritize population control, are expected to benefit in the delimitation process due to their higher population growth.
• In 2002-08,Delimitation was done based on the 2001 census, but the total number of seats in the Assemblies and Parliament decided as per the 1971 Census was not changed.
• The 87^thAmendment Act of 2003 provided for the delimitation of constituencies on the basis of 2001 census and not 1991 census. However, this can be done without altering the number of seats allotted to each state in the Lok Sabha.
• After the 15^thFinance Commission used the 2011 Census as a basis for its recommendation, concerns were raised about southern states losing funding and representation in parliament.
• Previously, the 1971 Census was used as the base for funding and tax devolution recommendations to states.
• The scheduled delimitation and reallocation of seats may result in not only a loss of seats for southern states but also an increase in power for political parties with their base of support in the north.
• This could potentially lead to a shift of power toward the north and away from the south.
• The exercise will also affect the division of seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST) in each state (under Articles 330 and 332).
• The Constitution has also capped the number of Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha seats to a maximum of 550 & 250 respectivelyand increasing populations are being represented by a single representative.

Way forward

• The need of the hour is to set up a Delimitation Commission to redraw constituency boundaries based on the 2031 Census.
• A State Reorganisation Actshould be enacted to split states into smaller ones based on the population recommendations made by the Delimitation Commission.
• There has been significant population growth in India since the last delimitation exercise, emphasizingthe need to address the resulting asymmetry in political representation.
• Instead of relying solely on population as the criterion for delimitation, other factors such as development indicators,human development indices, and efforts in implementing family planning programs could be considered. This would provide a more comprehensive and equitable representation of states’ needs and achievements.
• States that have effectively implemented family planning programs should be acknowledged and rewardedfor their efforts.
• The guidelines for the devolution of funds should be reviewed to incorporate a more balanced approach.
• The growth potential of the localities proposed for the merger and their growth in population were taken as criteria for the delimitation exercise.

Conclusion:

While 2026 is still a few years away, if we do not start a debate now on how to deal with the problems that are likely to arise, we will be forced to postpone the lifting of the freeze to a future date as was done in 2001. This will only postpone the problem for which we must find a solution sooner or later. Even the various proposals for electoral reforms which have been recommended by various Commissions over the past decade do not address these issues. These are challenges which our political leaders have to address in the immediate future.

Topic: Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.

4. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) is considered one of the most important institutions in the Indian government and plays a crucial role in promoting good governance and ensuring the proper utilization of public resources. Discuss. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the powers, functions and responsibilities of Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) in India.

Directive word:

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by stating that the Constitution of India provides for an independent office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) and relevant articles mentioned in the constitution.

Body:

In the first part, write about the major functions of CAG – responsible for auditing and accounting of all receipts and expenditures of the Government of India and the state governments.

Next, write about its audit functions – performance audits, compliance audits, and financial reviews of various government programs and initiatives.

Next, write about its reports to uphold transparency and accountability – reports prepared by the CAG are presented in the Parliament, and the findings are discussed and debated by the Members of Parliament.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

The Constitution of India provides for an independent office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) in chapter V under Part V. The CAG is mentioned in the Constitution of India under Article 148 – 151. He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. He is the guardian of the public purse and controls the entire financial system of the country at both the levels- the centre and state. His duty is to uphold the Constitution of India and the laws of Parliament in the field of financial administration.

Body:

Powers: CAG derives its audit mandate from different sources like:

• Constitution (Articles 148 to 151)
• The Comptroller and Auditor General’s (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971
• Important Judgments
• Instructions of Government of India
• Regulations on Audit & Accounts-2007

Duties:

• He audits the accounts related to all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, Consolidated Fund of each state and UT having a legislative assembly.
• He audits all expenditure from the Contingency Fund of India and the Public Account of India as well as the Contingency Fund and Public Account of each state.
• He audits all trading, manufacturing, profit and loss accounts, balance sheets and other subsidiary accounts kept by any department of the Central Government and the state governments.
• He audits the receipts and expenditure of all bodies and authorities substantially financed from the Central or State revenues; government companies; other corporations and bodies, when so required by related laws.

Functions:

• He audits all transactions of the Central and state governments related to debt, sinking funds, deposits, advances, suspense accounts and remittance business.
• He audits the accounts of any other authority when requested by the President or Governor e.g. Local bodies.
• He advises the President with regard to prescription of the form in which the accounts of the Centre and states shall be kept.
• He submits his audit reports relating to the accounts of the Centre to the President, who shall, in turn, place them before both the houses of Parliament.
• He submits his audit reports relating to the accounts of a State to the Governor, who shall, in turn, place them before the state legislature.
• He ascertains and certifies the net proceeds of any tax or duty and his certificate is final on the matter.
• He acts as a guide, friend and philosopher of the Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament.
• He compiles and maintains the accounts of state governments. In 1976, he was relieved of his responsibilities with regard to the compilation and maintenance of accounts of the Central government due to separation of accounts from audit.
• He submits 3 audit reports to the President: audit report on appropriation accounts, audit report on finance accounts and audit report on public undertakings.

Responsibilities:

• His duty is to uphold the Constitution of India and laws of Parliament in the field of financial administration.
• The accountability of the executive (i.e., the council of ministers) to the Parliament in the sphere of financial administration is secured through audit reports of the CAG.
• The CAG is an agent of the Parliament and conducts an audit of expenditure on behalf of the Parliament.
• Therefore, he is responsible only to the Parliament.
• The CAG has more freedom with regard to the audit of expenditure than with regard to the audit of receipts, stores, and stock. ―Whereas in relation to expenditure he decides the scope of the audit and frames his own audit codes and manuals, he has to proceed with the approval of the executive government in relation to rules for the conduct of the other audits.
• The CAG has to ascertain whether money shown in the accounts as having been disbursed was legally available for and applicable to the service or the purpose to which they have been applied or charged and whether the expenditure conforms to the authority that governs it.
• In addition to this legal and regulatory audit, the CAG can also conduct the propriety audit, that is, he can look into the wisdom, faithfulness and economy ‘of government expenditure and comment on the wastefulness and extravagance of such expenditure.
• However, unlike the legal and regulatory audit, which is obligatory on the part of the CAG, the propriety audit is discretionary.

Performance of CAG over last few years

• There was a delay of 17-50 months in identifying areas and people affected by mining in Chhattisgarh, an audit by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) found.
• The CAG has showcased at least half-a-dozen such case studies showing use of these tools in a ‘Compendium on Responsible Artificial Intelligence’.
• The Odisha Train Crash Was the Terrible Cost of Ignoring CAG Audits.
• CAG has strengthened its engagement efforts not only through various innovative products such as ‘departmental appreciation notes’ and ‘management letters’ but also by increasing level of interaction and touch points.
• CAG’s engagements with political exectutives have helped in creating shared understanding of the most pressing concerns, nuances of the challenges faced and possible solutions which would help in furthering the shared goal of good governance.
• Another sphere where the CAG is moving away from the traditional role and adopting a pro-active role is in trying to bring about mid-course corrections and suggesting ways and means to achieve economy and efficiency even during the course of the audit process.
• In the past, the CAG’s role was limited to reading of accounts while maintaining total distance from policy design and execution.
• Another area witnessing CAG’s proactive initiative is in the effort to improve effectiveness and efficiency of local self-government bodies be it the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) or the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
• The Comptroller Auditor General of India (CAG) is now aggressively trying to rebuild its image from being the quintessential watchdog finding loopholes in the country’s public expenditure books to a “friend, philosopher and guide,” especially to the state governments.

Conclusion:

CAG helps the parliament/state legislatures hold their respective governments accountable. He is one of the bulwarks of the democratic system of government in India. It is for these reasons Dr. B R Ambedkar said that the CAG shall be the most important Officer under the Constitution of India and his duties are far more important than the duties of even the judiciary.

Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

5. While India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have developed a multifaceted partnership in various areas, there are several obstacles that can impede the full realization of their potential collaboration. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Indian Express , The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question:

Speaking at the 20th ASEAN-India summit in Jakarta, Indonesia’s capital, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Thursday (September 7) said ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is the “central pillar” of India’s Act East Policy and the country fully supports the group’s centrality and outlook on the Indo-Pacific

Key Demand of the question:

To understand the role of strategic partnership with ASEAN and its mutual benefits and limitations for both sides.

Directive word: 

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by mentioning the historic engagement of India-ASEAN relationship.

Body:

Bring out the importance of geographical proximity of the ASEAN countries and its strategic, security and economic implications to India. Also mention about the sociocultural dynamics, mobilisation of group level funds and promotion of domestic infrastructure projects based on few examples.

Next, write about the inter-link between India’s Indo-Pacific strategy works in tandem with its Act East Policy.

Next, write about various obstacles in their partnership and its implications of the above on India.

Conclusion:

Conclude by stating that a good relation with ASEAN nations is crucial for India, in order for India to look beyond its neighbours, in its global diplomatic journey.

Introduction

India’s relationship with ASEAN has emerged as a key cornerstone of our foreign policy. The relationship has evolved from the ‘Look East Policy’ enunciated in early 1990s, to Strategic Partnership in 2012. Since 2014, India is espousing ‘Act East Policy’ that has enhanced the partnership further.

ASEAN-India Strategic Partnership stands on a strong foundation of shared geographical, historical and civilizational ties. ASEAN is central to our Act East Policy and our wider vision of the Indo-Pacific. India and ASEAN observed 30 years of their Dialogue Partnership in 2022.

Speaking at the 20th ASEAN-India summit in Jakarta, Indonesia’s capital, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Thursday (September 7) said ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is the “central pillar” of India’s Act East Policy and the country fully supports the group’s centrality and outlook on the Indo-Pacific

Body

Significance of India- ASEAN strategic partnership and its implications on India

• Economic Significance
  • 3 Cs–Culture, Connectivity and Commerce–will shape India’s ties with the ASEAN bloc.
  • Connecting India’s North-eastern states with ASEAN.
  • India is part of ASEAN led RCEP which aims to create the world’s largest free trade area with more than a third of the global GDP and commerce.
  • For the first time, bilateral trade between ASEAN and India has crossed US$ 80 billion mark.
  • Singapore has become India’s investment and trading hub in the East.
• Security Significance
  • ASEAN occupies a central place in the security architecture of the Indo-Pacific region
  • Maritime cooperation in terms of connectivity, safety and security has gained high attention.
  • India and ASEAN can collaborate to combat terror financing, cyber security threats, tax evasions and many more.
  • India needs ASEAN support in achieving a rules-based regional security architecture.
• Geo-Strategic Significance
  • Partnership with ASEAN nations might help India counter the growing presence of Beijing.
  • ASEAN is seen as the most successful regional organisation next only to the EU
  • To develop connectivity through water, ASEAN and India are working on the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project.
  • ASEAN-India cooperation in maritime domain is one of the key focus areas for growth and development of the Indo-Pacific region.

Obstacles in India – ASEAN ties

• Chinese hegemony:
  • The issue of ownership, control, use and exploitation of oil, gas, and mineral and fisheries resources in the South China Sea has emerged as a major dispute between China and several ASEAN nations like Vietnam, Philippines, Brunei and Malaysia.
  • This issue has divided ASEAN and there is no unanimity amongst them.
  • The South China Sea is of economic importance for India as more than 40% of trade is dependent on this region. Fossil fuel resources in this region are also being harnessed by India on a collaboration basis.
  • Maritime security is essential in this region for the protection of India’s national interest.
  • However, India’s effort in this regard is meagre when compared to China’s dominance in the region.
• Indo-Pacific Rivalry:
  • For a long time, the assumption of China as the primary economic partner and the US as the primary security guarantor has been at the heart of the ASEAN balance.
  • Today, that balance is falling apart and the Russia-Ukraine war has further aggravated this tension. This sharpening of major power rivalry in the Indo-Pacific region is threatening the underlying stability on which rested the regional growth and prosperity.
• Economic challenges:
  • India has an unfavourable balance of trade with the ASEAN nations.
  • India has pulled out of the RCEP deal, as it would deepen its trade deficit with China and the ASEAN nations.
  • Improving economic competitiveness at the domestic level and ease of doing business and promoting investment inflows can address this problem.
  • The domestic economic growth can be guaranteed by providing assistance to the MSMEs and improving domestic market connectivity.
  • India should address the issue of land and labour laws so that there is an ease in doing business within the country.
  • Improving infrastructure and promoting technological growth can also solve this problem exponentially.
• Unstable Geoeconomics:
  • The geopolitical tension in the Indo-Pacific is producing geoeconomic consequences where issues of trade and technology cooperation as well as supply chain resilience is at peak.
  • And this is happening at a time when ASEAN remains a divided organisation internally on how to manage these challenges.
• Ineffective Negotiations:
  • Many bilateral deals with these nations are yet to be finalised, leading to the halting of various aspects of diplomatic ties.
  • Increasing the flexible bilateral interaction based on the principle of quid pro quo can assure the win-win situation for both India and ASEAN.

Enhancing India-Asean relation further

• The recent loss of US market by the ASEAN nations can be compensated with the domestic demand in India which has been increasing with the rise of middle class in the country.
• In terms of security challenges, both ASEAN and India are faced with grave vulnerabilities with regard to terrorism and it is in their common interest to work together to build peace and security in the region.
• With the withdrawal of US troops from strategic locations in the region, ASEAN countries justifiably perceive India, with the largest Naval forces in the Indian Ocean and nuclear capabilities, a strategic partner to balance China’s growing power in the region.
• While East Asia is on the verge of entering a phase of lower share of working age population India is entering a phase with a higher share of working age population which can prove to be a human resource base for East Asia.
• Along with East Asian specialization in manufactures, India’s strength in services could result in a formidable strategic combination which may be mutually beneficial for both the sides.
• India has welcomed the Indo-Pacific document by ASEAN and is pushing for early conclusion of code of conduct on South China Sea by ASEAN and China.
• Improving connectivity would mean improved business and tourism ties with the ASEAN nations.
• Strong maritime connectivity between India and ASEAN nations can allow for the realisation of the full potential of India-ASEAN trade.
• Enhancing maritime connectivity would provide cheaper logistics and motivate increased trade of goods and services between the nations.

Conclusion

The region has become strategically important for India due to its growing importance in the world politics. And for India to be a regional power as it claims to be, continuing to enhance its relations with ASEAN in all spheres must be a priority.

Value addition

India-ASEAN relations

• Free Trade Agreement:India signed an FTA in goods in 2009 and an FTA in services and investments in 2014 with ASEAN.
• Apart from this, India has a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) with various countries of the ASEAN region which has resulted in concessional trade and a rise in investments.
• India’s investment in ASEAN during the same period has been more than $40 billion.
• Trade between India and ASEANstood at $65.04 billion in 2015-16 and comprises 10.12 per cent of India’s total trade with the world.
• Connectivity is another important issue of convergence, with India working toward formalizing its transit agreements and establishing better connectivity infrastructure with this region through land, water, and air, example- India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multimodal Project.
• Security: ASEAN platform allows India to discuss non-traditional security issues in Indian Ocean Region (IOR) like piracy, illegal migration, and trafficking of drugs, arms, and human, maritime terrorism, etc. which can only be resolved on a multilateral level.
• India has also scored several diplomatic successes at ARF,including maintaining ties after its nuclear test of 1998, isolating Pakistan during the Kargil War, and lobbying against Pakistan’s entry in the forum till 2002.
• The aggressive rise of China, both economically and militarily, has caused suspicion among the countries in the region. This provides an opportunity to India which seeks to balance China and gain cooperation in the region.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

6. While India has made strides in promoting EV adoption, challenges remain, primarily related to cost, infrastructure, and awareness. Government policies and investments in charging infrastructure will continue to play a crucial role in shaping the future of EV adoption in India. Evaluate. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Down to Earth

Why the question:

Science shows that replacing internal combustion engines (ICE) that power our diesel and petrol cars can eliminate toxic tailpipe emissions in our polluted cities, along with significantly lowering heat-trapping carbon emissions from fuel combustion.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the evaluation of India’s move towards electric vehicles (EVs), focusing on progress, challenges, government initiatives, and the future of the EV ecosystem.

Directive word: 

Evaluate – When you are asked to evaluate, you have to pass a sound judgement about the truth of the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence.  You must appraise the worth of the statement in question. There is scope for forming an opinion here.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start by describing the electric vehicles (EV) technology vis-à-vis fossil fuel based vehicles.

Body:

First, write about India’s progress in transitioning towards electric vehicles (EVs). Highlight the increase in the number of EV sales, the growth of EV charging infrastructure, and the initiatives taken by automakers to introduce EV models in the market.

Next, write about the key challenges hindering widespread EV adoption in India. Discuss issues such as high upfront costs, limited charging infrastructure, range anxiety, and consumer perceptions. Address the need for addressing these challenges through policy interventions and public awareness campaigns.

Next, write about the key factors influencing EV adoption.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

An electric vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through self-contained battery, solar panels or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. India is among a handful of countries that supports the global EV30@30 campaign, which aims for at least 30 per cent new vehicle sales to be electric by 2030.

Body

Progress  of electric vehicles in India

• The Electric vehicle adoption, be it four-, three-, two-wheelers, or buses, has seen a massive uptick over the past year or so.
• As an example, Hero Electric, India’s pioneering electric two-wheeler manufacturer, clocked its highest ever calendar year volumes in 2022, with more than 1,00,000 units finding new homes across the year
• As fuel prices skyrocket, there are rising concerns about the steep increase in the cost of running petrol and diesel vehicles. Electric vehicles seem to be coming into their own at last.
• The Indian electric vehicle market was valued at USD 1,434.04 billion in 2021, and it is expected to reach USD 15,397.19 billion by 2027, registering a CAGR of 47.09% during the forecast period (2022-2027).
• The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) and Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles in India (FAME I and II) helped create the initial interest and exposure for electric mobility.
• To promote the domestic electric vehicle industry, the Indian government has provided tax exemptions and subsidies to EV manufacturers and consumers.
• India’s shift to shared, electric and connected mobility could help the country save nearly one giga-tonne of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030.

Potential of EVs in India

• Help tackle Climate change and air pollution:
  • India has committed to cutting its GHG emissions intensity by 33% to 35% percent below 2005 levels by 2030.
  • As per NITI Aayog’s reportEVs will help in cutting down as much as 1 Gigatonne (GT) of carbon emissions by 2030.
  • Electric vehicles don’t produce emissions that contribute to climate change and smog than conventional vehicles.
  • All-electric vehicles produce zero direct emissions, which specifically helps improve air quality in urban areas.
  • According to a recent study by WHO, India is home to 14 out of 20 most polluted cities in the world. EVs will help in tackling this problem by reducing local concentrations of pollutants in cities.
  • Cost reduction from better electricity generating technologies. This has introduced the possibility of clean, low-carbon and inexpensive grids.
• Energy security:
  • India imports oil to cover over 80 percent of its transport fuel.
  • Electric mobility will contribute to balancing energy demand, energy storage and environmental sustainability.
  • Electric vehicles could help diversify the energy needed to move people and goods thanks to their reliance on the wide mix of primary energy sources used in power generation, greatly improving energy security.
• Cutting edge Battery Technology:
  • Advances in battery technology have led to higher energy densities, faster charging and reduced battery degradation from charging.
• Innovation:
  • EVs manufacturing capacity will promote global scale and competitiveness.
• Employment:
  • Promotion of EVs will facilitate employment growth in a sun-rise sector.

Challenges in adoption of EVs

• Despite being the third-largest auto market and several incentives dished out by New Delhi and state governments, India remains a laggard in electric vehicles (EV).
• The country is a ripe target for EV makers but is slow to catch up with other markets, according to a recent report by S&P Global Ratings.
• Domestic sales of EVs have more than doubled, but they barely represent 2% of the total light-vehicle sales in the last 12 months.
• India is technologically deficient in the production of electronics that form the backbone of EV industry, such as batteries, semiconductors, controllers, etc.
• The lack of clarity over AC versus DC charging stations, grid stability and range anxiety (fear that battery will soon run out of power) hinder the growth of EV industry.
• India is dependent on countries like Japan and China for the import of lithium-ion batteries.
• EVs have higher servicing costs and higher levels of skills is needed for servicing. India lacks dedicated training courses for such skill development.
• Affordability of e-vehicles (EVs) and the range they can cover on a single battery charge.

Various measures taken by the government to promote electric vehicles

• Most recently, Government think-tank Niti Aayog has prepared a draft battery swapping policy, under which it has proposed offering incentives to electric vehicles (EVs) with swappable batteries, subsidies to companies manufacturing swappable batteries, a new battery-as-a-service business model, and standards for interoperable batteries, among other measures.
• Government has set a target of electric vehicles making up 30 % of new sales of cars and two-wheelers by 2030.
• To build a sustainable EV ecosystem initiative like –National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) and Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric vehicles in India (FAME India) have been launched by India.
• NEMMP was launched with an aim to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country.
• FAME India Scheme was launched with the objective to support hybrid/electric vehicles market development and manufacturing ecosystem.
• The Union power ministry categorized charging of batteries as a service, which will help charging stations operate without licenses.
• Implementation of smart cities would also boost the growth of electric vehicle

Way Forward

• For EVs to contribute effectively, we need commensurate efforts in developing an entire ecosystem.
• Need to shift the focus from subsidizing vehicles to subsidizing batteries because batteries make up 50% of EV costs.
• Increasing focus on incentivizing electric two-wheelers because two-wheelers account for 76% of the vehicles in the country and consume most of the fuel.
• A wide network of charging stations is imminent for attracting investment.
• Work places in tech parks, Public bus depots, and Multiplexes are the potential places where charging points could be installed. In Bangalore, some malls have charging points in parking lots.
• Corporates could invest in charging stations as Corporate Social Responsibility compliances.
• Addressing technical concerns like AC versus DC charging stations, handling of peak demand, grid stability etc.
• India needs to leap into EV battery manufacturing.
• Private investment in battery manufacturing plants and developing low cost production technology is needed.
• Need for a policy roadmap on electric vehicles so that investments can be planned.
• Acquiring lithium fields in Bolivia, Australia, and Chile could become as important as buying oil fields as India needs raw material to make batteries for electric vehicles.
• Providing waiver of road tax and registration fees, GST refunds and free parking spaces for EVs.
• There is also the task of bringing skilled professionals into the workforce that are knowledgeable about the benefits and advantages associated with electric vehicles.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Case Study

7. Sreekanth is District Magistrate of La La Land. The land is home to diverse communities, living in harmony despite occasional tensions. However, recent events have led to an increase in communal tensions and an atmosphere of distrust.

Sreekanth’s reputation as a just and fair administrator is well-known. As the District Magistrate, he finds himself in the midst of a delicate situation when he receives a call from both the influential MLA and the Mayor. They request his assistance in demolishing what they claim are illegal constructions linked to the minority community.

The MLA and Mayor assert that these constructions have been established without proper permits and are a result of the recent riots, which they attribute to the minority community. They claim that these buildings serve as hotbeds of dissent and must be torn down to maintain peace and security in the region.

Sreekanth is faced with an ethical dilemma. On one hand, he understands the importance of maintaining law and order in the region. On the other, he senses a hidden agenda behind the MLA and Mayor’s request. He knows that blindly complying with their demands could lead to further unrest and fuel division among the communities.

1. 1. What are the options available to Sreekanth?
   2. Critically analyse the above-mentioned actions?
   3. Which actions should Sreekanth choose? Why?
   4. What are the ethical issues in the above case?

Introduction

The case encapsulates the complex dynamics of societal divisions based on religion, ethnicity, or other cultural affiliations. In this context, La La Land, known for its historically diverse and harmonious communities, has recently grappled with escalating tensions. This case epitomizes the intricate challenges of communal issues, demanding thoughtful analysis and a principled approach to preserve unity and justice in the face of mounting discord.

Body

Options available with Sreekanth

• Comply with the MLA and Mayor’s Request: Sreekanth could choose to go along with the request to demolish the alleged illegal constructions. This may temporarily satisfy the influential political figures, but it could exacerbate tensions and potentially lead to further unrest in the long run.
• Investigate the Claims: Sreekanth could conduct a thorough investigation into the alleged illegal constructions. This would involve verifying whether the buildings were indeed constructed without proper permits and if they pose a genuine threat to public safety and security. This option allows for a fair and evidence-based decision.
• Engage in Dialogue: Sreekanth could facilitate a dialogue between the different communities involved, including representatives from the minority community, to address the concerns and grievances. This could help in building mutual trust and finding a peaceful resolution to the situation.
• Seek Legal Advice: Sreekanth could consult legal experts or seek advice from higher authorities to ensure that any decision he makes is legally sound and in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations.
• Maintain Neutrality: Sreekanth could choose to remain neutral and avoid taking sides in the dispute. He could emphasize the importance of upholding the rule of law while also ensuring that the rights and interests of all communities are respected.

Critical analysis of the actions

• Compliance with the Request: While this may provide a short-term solution, it could potentially worsen the situation by deepening mistrust and resentment between communities. It may also violate the rights of the minority community if the demolitions are not based on legitimate legal grounds.
• Investigation: This is a balanced approach that ensures decisions are based on evidence and legality. However, it may take time and resources to conduct a thorough investigation, and there could be political pressure to act quickly.
• Engage in Dialogue: This is a constructive approach that seeks to address the underlying issues and build bridges between communities. However, it may be challenging to bring all parties to the table, and finding a mutually acceptable solution could be difficult.
• Seek Legal Advice: Consulting legal experts is a prudent step to ensure that any decision is legally defensible. However, this may not necessarily address the broader ethical considerations at play.
• Maintain Neutrality: While important for maintaining the appearance of impartiality, this option may not directly address the immediate concerns raised by the MLA and Mayor.

Course of action to choose

Given the complex and sensitive nature of the situation, Sreekanth should opt for a combination of options. He should initiate a thorough investigation to verify the claims of illegal constructions. Simultaneously, he should work towards facilitating a dialogue between the different communities involved, emphasizing the importance of peaceful coexistence and adherence to the rule of law.

Ethical issues in the above case

• Fairness and Justice: Sreekanth must ensure that any decision made is fair and just, taking into account the rights and interests of all communities involved.
• Impartiality: Sreekanth must remain impartial and not be swayed by political pressures or personal biases.
• Rule of Law: Sreekanth must uphold the rule of law, ensuring that any actions taken are in accordance with legal procedures and regulations.
• Community Relations: Sreekanth must consider the potential impact of his decisions on community relations and work towards fostering understanding and trust among different groups.
• Transparency: Sreekanth should communicate openly and transparently about the decisions made and the rationale behind them to build trust among the communities.

Conclusion

Ultimately, Sreekanth’s approach seeks not only to address the immediate concerns but also to pave the way for long-term reconciliation and unity among the communities of La La Land. This case serves as a powerful reminder that in the face of communal challenges, principled leadership and a dedication to inclusivity can lead to the restoration of trust, the preservation of harmony, and the flourishing of a more cohesive society.

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