International Relations
Q1. How has BRICS’ original role as a platform for major emerging economies evolved over time. What factors have driven this shift? (10M)
Introduction
BRICS is the group composed of the five major emerging countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It together represents about 42% of the population, 23% of GDP, 30% of the territory and 18% of the global trade. The BRICS grouping was originally conceived as a platform for major emerging economies to cooperate on economic and political issues. However, over time, its role has evolved to encompass a wider range of issues.
Body:
Evolution of BRICS from its original role as a platform for major emerging economies
- Economic cooperation: Initially, the BRICS countries focused on economic cooperation, such as trade and investment. However, they have since expanded their cooperation to include other areas, such as finance, technology, and infrastructure.
- g. New Development Bank (NDB)
- Political cooperation: The BRICS countries have also increased their political cooperation. They have held regular summits and ministerial meetings to discuss a wide range of issues, such as security, climate change, and sustainable development.
- Emphasis on Innovation and Technology: In recent years, BRICS has shown interest in promoting innovation, technology, and digital cooperation to address emerging challenges and capitalize on opportunities presented by the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
- E.g. BRICS Business Council
- Engagement with Other Emerging Economies: BRICS started engaging with other emerging economies by inviting them to BRICS summits and creating the BRICS Plus mechanism.
- This allowed for broader collaboration and strengthened the group’s influence on the global stage. g. UAE, Saudi Arabia.
- Digital Cooperation: In recent years, BRICS emphasized digital and innovation cooperation, discussing issues like e-commerce, digital financial inclusion, and emerging technologies.
- g. BRICS Payment System
- Geopolitical Cooperation: Initially, BRICS discussions were centered on economic matters, off late they began discussing geopolitical issues, global security, counterterrorism, and regional conflicts.
- For instance, condemning terrorism and supporting political solutions to conflicts like Syria and Afghanistan
Factors driving evolution of role of BRICS:
- Global geopolitics: The rise of China and India has challenged the traditional dominance of the United States and Europe.
- This has created a need for new forums for cooperation among major powers.
- Global governance: Motivated by a desire for increased global influence, BRICS countries contend that current international institutions inadequately represent developing nations’ interests.
- They seek reform and leverage the BRICS platform to advocate for their concerns.
- Interconnectedness of the BRICS countries: The BRICS countries are increasingly interconnected through trade, investment, and technology.
- This has created a need for cooperation on issues such as financial stability, climate change, and terrorism.
- Common challenges: The BRICS countries face a number of common challenges, such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. These challenges can be more effectively addressed through cooperation.
Conclusion
BRICS can remain relevant by expanding its agenda to promote comprehensive development and enhanced cooperation among all states. BRICS should also focus on the democratization of international issues, respect for cultural diversity, and peaceful resolution of conflicts.
Q2. Critically assess the key characteristics of India’s diplomacy in recent times. (15M)
Introduction
Indian diplomacy in recent times has undergone a significant evolution, marked by a set of distinct characteristics that shape the country’s foreign policy approach. These characteristics reflect India’s dynamic engagement with the global community, its pursuit of national interests, and its aspiration to play a more influential role on the international stage.
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Key characteristics of India’s diplomacy in recent times:
- Multilateralism: India has been a strong advocate of multilateralism and has played a leading role in a number of international organizations, such as the United Nations, the G20, and the BRICS.
- Diversification of Partnerships: India’s diplomacy has shifted towards diversifying its partnerships beyond traditional allies. While maintaining strong ties with countries like Russia and the United States, India has also sought to strengthen relationships with African, Latin American, and Southeast Asian nations.
- Economic diplomacy: has gained prominence in India’s foreign policy. The “Act East” and “Neighbourhood First” policies highlight India’s efforts to promote trade, investment, and economic cooperation with its neighbouring countries and beyond.
- Initiatives like the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure showcase India’s commitment to global economic and environmental challenges.
- Geopolitical Balancing Act: This includes managing its relations with China and the United States, two major powers with contrasting interests.
- India’s participation in regional forums like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) while nurturing its ties with QUAD countries exemplifies its balancing act.
- Strategic Autonomy: India has been pursuing a policy of strategic autonomy, which means that it does not align itself with any particular bloc or power.
- This policy is aimed at giving India the flexibility to pursue its own interests.
- Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy: India’s rich cultural heritage and soft power assets, including yoga, cinema, and Ayurveda, have been leveraged for diplomatic purposes.
- Cultural events, festivals, and cultural exchanges help foster better understanding and people-to-people connections.
- Humanitarian Diplomacy: India’s diplomacy has also emphasized humanitarian and developmental initiatives. For instance, Vaccine maitri initiative during the COVID-19
Challenges to Indian foreign policy:
- Rise of China: The rise of China has been a major challenge for India’s diplomacy. China is a major economic and military power, and it has been expanding its influence in the region. E.g. BRI initiative.
- The US-China rivalry: The rivalry between the United States and China has also been a challenge for India’s diplomacy. India has to navigate this rivalry carefully in order to avoid being caught in the middle.
- Instabilities in India’s immediate neighbourhood, such as in Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, impact regional security and stability. Managing these situations while maintaining cooperative relationships is a constant challenge.
- Economic diplomacy: Trade negotiations, investment flows, and market access can be hindered by protectionist measures and complex global trade dynamics. E.g. RCEP
- Territorial Disputes: India has encountered several territorial disputes with its neighbours, notably with China and Pakistan, which have enduring implications for its foreign policy. E.g. Galwan valley clash, Doklam standoff etc.
- Refugee and Migration Challenges: The influx of refugees and migrants from neighboring regions poses challenges related to border control, humanitarian considerations, and regional stability. e.g. Kuki and Rohingya migration from Myanmar
Way forward
- Prioritize diplomatic engagement and open dialogue to address conflicts and differences. Example: India’s efforts to engage in talks with China to defuse border tensions.
- Engage in multilateral forums like the United Nations and G20 to address global challenges collectively.
- Shaping the Global Agenda: It is important for India to trace the role of a “leading power” in the international system, one that shapes global norms and institutional architecture, rather than these being shaped by others.
- Diversify trade partners and focus on economic diplomacy to overcome protectionist barriers. E.g. Africa and Latin America
- Extend humanitarian aid to neighbouring countries and engage in soft power diplomacy to foster goodwill. E.g. Recent support to Srilanka
- Promote cultural exchanges, educational initiatives, and people-to-people contacts to enhance understanding and cooperation.
- Strengthen strategic partnerships with like-minded countries such as the United States, Japan, Australia, and others. For instance, India’s active participation in the QUAD
Conclusion
By embracing innovative strategies, fostering cooperation, and upholding its core values, India’s diplomacy can contribute significantly to fostering a more peaceful, prosperous, and interconnected world.
Ethics
Syllabus: Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world
Q3. How is the philosophy of “Universal Humanism” of Guru Rabindranath Tagore still relevant in the present times? Discuss (10M)
Introduction:
Tagore’s works reflect the rich cultural heritage of India and promote the idea of unity in diversity. Tagore’s philosophy of universal humanism and his belief in cultural exchange and harmony make his works relevant even in the present times.
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It remains significant due to:
- Cultural Pluralism: Tagore’s emphasis on embracing diverse cultures and fostering mutual respect is pertinent in today’s globalized world, where cultural interactions and cross-cultural understanding are essential for peaceful coexistence.
- Human Dignity and Equality: Universal Humanism underscores the inherent worth of every individual, irrespective of their background. In an era marked by social inequalities and identity-based conflicts, this philosophy advocates for equal treatment and dignity for all.
- “I slept and dreamt that life was joy. I awoke and saw that life was service. I acted and behold, service was joy.”
- Environmental Consciousness: Tagore’s respect for nature and emphasis on ecological harmony align with contemporary concerns about environmental degradation and climate change. His call to reconnect with nature resonates strongly as societies seek sustainable practices.
- Interfaith Harmony: Tagore’s belief in transcending religious differences and embracing shared spiritual values finds relevance in addressing religious tensions and fostering interfaith dialogue for global harmony.
- Global Citizenship: beyond national boundaries, echoing the need for collective responsibility in addressing transnational challenges like pandemics, climate change, migration, and terrorism.
- Education and Creativity: the philosophy encourages holistic development and creativity, aligning with the modern need for adaptable, innovative individuals equipped to navigate evolving socio-economic landscapes.
- “The one who plants trees, knowing that he will never sit in their shade, has at least started to understand the meaning of life.”
- Ethical Governance: Universal Humanism’s emphasis on ethical governance and human-centric policies is relevant in combating corruption, promoting social justice, and ensuring accountable leadership.
- Peaceful Coexistence: Tagore’s philosophy emphasizes empathy, understanding, and non-violence, vital qualities for addressing conflicts, extremism, and fostering a world free from hatred and violence.
Conclusion:
Its emphasis on inclusivity, respect, and shared humanity remains a beacon of wisdom that transcends time and boundaries.
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