[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 18 August 2023

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.

1. Revolutionary nationalism introduced a more confrontational approach to the national movement. It advocated armed resistance, political violence, and even acts of terrorism against British officials as a means to weaken colonial authority. Discuss. Also, write about the contributions of Madan Lal Dhingra toward revolutionary activities. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India

Why the question:

The article discusses the life and significance of Madan Lal Dhingra in Indian history.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the causes for the rise of revolutionary national movement and its contribution.               Also, contributions of Madan Lal Dhingra.

Directive word: 

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Introduction: 

Start by writing about revolutionary national movement and its nature of struggle. Mention important organizations and revolutionaries.

Body:

First, write about the causes for the rise of revolutionary nationalist movement – failure of moderates, lack of progress, high handedness of British etc.

Next, outline the major contributions of the revolutionary nationalists – spreading patriotism, creating fear in the minds of British, making them grant concessions, uniting the people of India, inspiring the youth.

Next, write about the contributions of Madan Lal Dhingra towards revolutionary movement.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

The emergence of revolutionary ideology in India during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was the result of several internal and external influences working on the minds of the youth. Early phase of revolutionary movement in India was in Bengal, Maharashtra, Punjab, U.P., Orissa, Bihar and Madras provinces, but it predominantly operated in Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab as these regions were more politically active than other parts of the country.

Body

Factors that contributed to revolutionary nationalism:

• Failure of Moderate and extremist congress: While the youth of Bengal might have been incensed at the British arrogance and repression, and the ‘mendicancy’ of the Congress moderates, they were also led to ‘the politics of the bomb’ by the extremists’ failure to give a positive lead to the people’.
• Leadership’s failureto tap revolutionary energies of the youth.
  • In December 1908 nine Bengal leaders including the venerable Krishna Kumar Mitra and Ashwini Kumar Dutt were deported. In 1908, the great Bal Gangadhar Tilakwas arrested and given the severe sentence of 6 years imprisonment. Chidambaram Pillai in Madras and Hari Sarvottam Rao and others in Andhra were put behind bars.
  • This led to leader-lessness and energy of the youths could not be channelised.
• The Fallout of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement was the immediate reason.
• The repressive policies of the British government led people to militant and revolutionary politics.
  • The government of East Bengal, in particular, tried to crush the nationalist movement. Official attempted at preventing student participation in the Swadeshi Agitation.
  • For instance, the singing of Vande Mataram in public streets in East Bengal was banned. Public meetings were restricted and sometimes forbidden. Laws controlling the press enacted, etc.
  • One of the most notorious examples of repressions was the police assault on the peaceful delegates of Bengal provincial conference; Barisal in April 1906. Many of the young volunteer was severely beaten up and the conference itself was forcibly dispersed.
• Nationalism among youth: Most vital factor which contributed to amplify the spirit of nationalism among the countrymen was the ‘economic exploitation’ of Indians by the British Government and the Partition of Bengal.
  • Jathindranath Banerjee, Virendra Ghosh of Anushilan Samiti; Barindrakumar Ghoshexpressed it through ‘Yugantar’.

Impact of revolutionaries in the Indian Nationalism

• The Revolutionaries ignited the national cause and carried the message of nationalism in the country and outside the country.
• Their deep patriotism, courage and determination, and sense of sacrifice stirred the Indian people.
• They helped spread nationalist consciousness in the land; and in northern India the spread of socialist consciousness owed a lot to them.
• The era of revolutionary terrorism began and very soon secret societies of the revolutionaries came up all over the country.
  • For instance, the Anusilan Samiti, the most famous and long lasting secret society, with its headquarters at Calcutta created revolutionary centres all over India. Their activities took two forms- the assassination of oppressive officials, traitors and informers, and dacoities to raise funds for the purchase of arms, etc.
• It had its impact on the Congress strategy to involve the youths in the short term programme of rural reconstruction.
• Revolutionaries like Ras Behari Bose, Chander Shekhar Azad, Lala Hardyal M.A., Madan Lal Dhingra and S. Ajit Singh succeeded in expanding the Indian independence movement to other countries as well.

Contributions of Madan Lal Dhingra

• Madan Lal Dhingra was an Indian revolutionary who was hanged to death on August 17, 1909, at the age of only 24, for killing British official Curzon Wyllie.
• An unwavering patriot, he was disowned by his familyfor his anti-British leanings – so much so that even after his death his family refused to take his body.
• While studying in London, Dhingra came in contact with Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Shyamji Krishna Varma, both active in revolutionary circles in the city.
• Dhingra would frequent India House, a hub of revolutionary Indian nationalism and participate in meetings and discussions.
• Later, he became a member of the secretive Abhinav Bharat Mandal founded by Vinayak Savarkar and his brother Ganesh.
• It was here that Dhingra’s eventual plan of assasinating Curzon Willie would materialise, and he would pick up the required shooting skills to carry out the killing.

Conclusion

Though the revolutionary movement failed it made a valuable contribution to the growth of nationalism in India. The sacrifice and the martyrdom of the revolutionaries did not go waste. It appealed to the masses. Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Surya Sen, Rajguru etc. became household name of the Indian people and aroused patriotism among masses.

Although the revolutionaries had failed to attain set objectives of attaining independence through armed revolt, they were successful in arousing people and remove the fear of authority from their minds and strike terror in the heart of the rulers.

Topic: Social empowerment; Role of women and women’s organization.

2. Examine the significance of combatting gender stereotypes and its potential to promote gender equality and empower women. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu

Why the question:

The article emphasizes the importance of addressing gender stereotypes and discusses the potential of the handbook in fostering gender equality.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the importance of combatting gender stereotypes and empower women.

Directive word: 

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Introduce the concept of gender stereotypes.

Body:

First, discuss the significance of combatting gender stereotypes, emphasizing its role in breaking down barriers, enabling equal opportunities, and challenging traditional norms.

Next, write about the SC handbook to promote gender equality, addressing various aspects such as education, workforce participation, and representation in decision-making.

Next, write about how combatting gender stereotypes can empower women.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Gender stereotypes are simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and/or groups. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, but they rarely communicate accurate information about others. When people automatically apply gender assumptions to others regardless of evidence to the contrary, they are perpetuating gender stereotyping. Many people recognize the dangers of gender stereotyping, yet continue to make these types of generalizations.

Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her family’s welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic; and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful.

Body

Background

• The Supreme Court has released a 30-page handbook aimed at eliminating gender stereotypesfrom legal language and proceedings.
• The “Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes”addresses unjust gender-based terms frequently used in Indian courts and offers accurate alternatives.
• It emphasizes the importance of using languagethat respects the rights and dignity of all individuals.

Impact of Gender Stereotyping

• Gender role stereotyping attributed to women have generally led to prejudice and discrimination against women. For example, women may be considered to be less reliable as workers because of their child-rearing functions.
• Gender stereotypes act as a barrier for girls to access quality education. For example, stereotypes about the role of women as confined to the domestic and family sphere underpin all obstacles to girls’ equal access to quality education.
• The 42 per cent “digital gender gap” in India is often linked to social norms, bias and gender stereotypes which perceive girls as ‘inherently not tech savvy’ and may discourage girls to pursue education and occupation in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) fields.
• Women are often held back from high status positions in society.
• It also affects a woman’s self-image and may hold some women back as they count themselves out of pursuing prestigious roles in professions they believe they won’t excel in, despite having the skills to succeed.
• The persistent gender gap in education, employment and wages is due in part to gender stereotyping.
• One pervasive stereotype is that because women are considered vulnerable and emotionally volatile, they are incapable of making rational decisions about their reproductive capacity. It denies women information to make informed decisions about their health care in general, and reproductive health care in particular.
• Harmful gender stereotypes, rigid constructions of femininity and masculinity and stereotyped gender roles are a root cause of gender-based violence against women.

Significance of Eliminating Gender Stereotyping

Way forward

To eliminate gender-based violence against women, it would be crucial to transform discriminatory gender norms and stereotypes and to promote non-violent, respectful and equal gender relations between men, women and non-binary persons. Measures such as gender-responsive early childhood education and development; the integration of gender equality content into curricula at all levels of education; promoting equal sharing of responsibilities in unpaid care and domestic work etc. must be promoted.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes;

3. Assess the potential impact of the PM Vishwakarma Scheme for traditional workers in India, and discuss how such initiatives can contribute to preserving traditional skills and uplifting marginalized artisans. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: The Hindu

Why the question:

The article sheds light on the PM Vishwakarma Scheme and its significance in supporting traditional workers, prompting a deeper examination of its potential outcomes.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the PM Vishwakarma Scheme and its potential impact.

Directive word: 

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by writing about aims and objectives of PM Vishwakarma Scheme.

Body:

First, write about the major features of PM Vishwakarma Scheme.

Next, write about the potential impact of the scheme on preserving traditional skills, highlighting how it can prevent the erosion of indigenous knowledge and craftsmanship.

Next, write about the role of such schemes in fostering sustainable economic growth by promoting the revival of traditional industries and enabling artisans to contribute to the economy.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

The PM Vishwakarma scheme approved by the Cabinet to help traditional craftspeople and artisans can provide an economic boost to these professionals. Announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his Independence Day speech, the scheme, with an outlay of ₹13,000 crore, provides loans of up to a total of ₹3 lakh (in two tranches) at a concessional interest rate of 5%.

Body

Objectives of PM Vishwakarma

• Supporting Artisans: It will be a Central Sector Scheme with twofold objective: to nurture the Guru-Shishya Parampara:
  • Age-old tradition of imparting skills within families, and
  • To uplift artisans and craftsmen engaged in manual trades.
• Coverage: This comprehensive scheme encompasses 18 traditional trades in its initial phase, including blacksmiths, carpenters, potters, goldsmiths, tailors, and more, who form the bedrock of rural economies.

Features of the scheme

• Financial Provision: The scheme is fortified by a budgetary outlay of ₹13,000 crore, ensuring robust financial support to artisans and craftsmen.
• Recognition and ID: Artisans and craftspeople will receive recognition through the prestigious PM Vishwakarma certificate and an official ID card, validating their skills and contributions.
  • It covers individuals from 18 trades such as cobblers, toy makers, laundrymen, barbers, masons and coir weavers.
  • Registration for the Vishwakarma Yojana can be completed at common services centers in villages.
  • While the central government will provide funding for the scheme, state governments’ support will also be sought.
• Credit Support: The scheme provides access to credit support, offering up to ₹1 lakh in the first tranche and ₹2 lakh in the second tranche, with an advantageous interest rate of 5%.
• Skill Upgradation: To enhance expertise, the scheme includes skill upgradation programs encompassing both basic and advanced training. Participants will receive a stipend of ₹500 per day during training.
• Modern Tools and Incentives: Beneficiaries will be granted up to ₹15,000 to acquire modern tools, further improving the quality and efficiency of their work.
• Digital Transactions and Marketing: Embracing modern practices, the scheme encourages digital transactions and marketing support, linking artisans with broader markets.

Potential impact of the scheme

• The government expects about five lakh families to be covered in the first year and 30 lakh families to benefit from the scheme over five years.
• The scheme can help craftspeople and artisans to the extent of freeing them from the difficulties they now face in accessing affordable credit from the formal banking system.
• The challenges they face are far deeper than just the availability of cheap credit. By far the biggest of these that traditional art and craft professionals face is either the lack of patronage for their goods and services in the wider marketplace, or in the case of other trades, a skewed undervaluation of their economic output.
• By integrating them on e-commerce and creating awareness about the art, they may get better value for their art.
• The Vishwakarma scheme includes skilling programmes that offer a nominal stipend as well as financial help to purchase modern tools.

Conclusion

Ultimately, the success of this well-intentioned scheme will hinge on its implementation, an area where the government would do well to rope in professionals with the know-how and entrepreneurial flair to help the craftspeople and artisans upgrade their offerings to cater to new markets and tap fresh opportunities.

Topic: Role of civil services in a democracy

4. Civil servants are not only responsible for implementing government policies and programs but also in upholding democracy in the country. Explain. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Indian Express

Why the question:

The article discusses how India’s economic situation is impacting the country’s trade plans and the value of the Indian rupee.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the various functions performed by the civil servants in for the effective functioning of the government and upholding democracy.

Directive:

Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin the answer by giving context of civil services as the steel frame.

Body:

Frist, write about the various functions performed by the bureaucracy – implementing public policies, maintaining public trust, ensuring continuity, managing crises etc. Cite examples and statistics to substantiate.

Next, write about role played by civil servants in upholding democracy and importance of upholding democratic values while leveraging the expertise of civil servants to achieve efficient and transparent governance.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

The role of Civil Servants across the domains of policy making and policy implementation is critical to the development process. They assist in identifying major policy areas such as preparing major policy proposals, analysing various alternatives and solutions to societal problems requiring urgent attention, dividing the major policies into sub-policies, determining program of action and suggesting modification in the existing policy on the basis of its experience on the implementation front.

Body

Civil service as engine room of modern government

• Theyengage in collection of relevant data and information in order to identify core issues. The type of information required, the extent of substance in the information so collected and assimilation of the information is the task of the Civil Servants.
  • They then assist the government in terms of providing relevant data for substantiating policy proposals.
• Owing to their enormous administrative expertise and capability of the civil services, they are privy to various problems and issues facing the country.
  • Their knowledge and experience so acquired is then put to use byassuming the role of the ‘think-tank’ of the government.
  • The Civil Servantsassist the political executive in identifying policy issues by suggesting the nature of problems and the need for taking them up for consideration at higher levels.
• The civil service engages itself inexamining the issue taken up for policy formulation, it frames and reframes policy proposals keeping in view its viability, future prospects, resources available, acceptability, etc.
  • It is also the responsibility of the civil services to analyze policy proposals in relation to the provisions of the Constitution, the laws framed by the Parliament, and other existing rules and regulations.
  • In this way the civil serviceshelp in framing sound and effective policies.
• Civil servants are responsible for implementing the laws and policies of government. By carrying out laws, it regulates the behaviour of the people in society.
  • The ideals and objectives of government may be very popular, the plans for national development may be extremely progressive and the resources of the country may be abundant, but without civil services, not much can be achieved.
  • An efficient civil service canavoid waste, correct errors, limit the consequences of incompetence or irresponsibility while implementing laws and public policies

Civil Servants and building democracy

• Settingright developmental goals and priorities in areas of education, health, communications etc. Formulation and implementation of strategies and programmes for the development and modernisation of the nation. E.g., Formulation of plans at district, state and national levels.
• Creation of new administrative organisationsand improving the capacity of the existing ones for the developmental purposes.
• Todevelop agriculture, civil servants have to properly manage community resources such as land, water resources, forests, wetlands and wasteland development. E.g. the District Collector of Dewas, Umakant Umrao helped the farmers in Madhya Pradesh to fight against drought by constructing over 16,000 ponds.
• Tofacilitate industrial development, infrastructural facilities such as roads, electricity, communications, market centres etc. have to be provided. In these countries, the civil service manages government owned business, industrial enterprises and public utility services. IAS officer Ritu Maheshwari, installed new electricity smart meters to tackle the prevalent electricity theft in Kanpur.
• Development and mobilisation of natural, human and financial resources and their proper utilization for accomplishing developmental objectives.  P Narahari, as district collector in Madhya Pradesh, worked towards building a barrier-free environment that ensures that people with disabilities can move about safely and independently.
• Securing thesupport of the people for developmental activities by involving them in the process of development by creating appropriate attitude towards the socio-economic changes that are taking place in society.  IAS Officer, Smita Sabharwal, popularly known as ‘the people’s officer’, launched a campaign called “Fund Your City” in Warangal. She appealed to residents to help her build the infrastructure of Naxal-affected areas, which resulted in the construction of traffic junctions and foot over-bridges.
• Stabilising Force: Amidst political instability, the civil service offers stability and permanence. While governments and ministers can come and go, the civil services is a permanent fixture giving the administrative set up a sense of stability and continuity.
• Instruments of Social Change & Economic Development:Successful policy implementation will lead to positive changes in the lives of ordinary people. It is only when the promised goods and services reach the intended beneficiaries, a government can call any scheme successful. The task of actualising schemes and policies fall with the officers of the civil services.
• Welfare Services: The services offer a variety of welfare schemes such as providing social security, the welfare of weaker and vulnerable sections of society, old-age pensions, poverty alleviation, etc.
• Developmental Functions: The services perform a variety of developmental functions like promoting modern techniques in agriculture, promoting the industry, trade, banking functions, bridging the digital divide, etc.

Conclusion

The citizen has become the focal point of the administrative and development discourse. As one of the foremost agents of governance, the Civil Services form the connecting bridge between state and the society. This interface is critical to both administration of programs and acquiring inputs as feedback.

This gains currency especially since policy areas are interlinked in multiple ways and citizen has become the core focus. Most government programs are today managed by the civil services and allow citizens access to quick and personalized grievance redressal mechanisms. Hence, they assume importance particularly in terms of eliminating the gulf between expectations of the electorate and the outcomes of government initiatives.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Disaster and disaster management.

5. Flash floods are characterized by their swift onset and high velocity, making them extremely dangerous and capable of causing significant damage to property, infrastructure, and even loss of life. Analyse (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the causes, consequences and steps needed to mitigate the impact of flash floods.

Directive word: 

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Briefly define flash floods and their characteristics

Body:

First, write about the causes of flash floods – Heavy rainfall, Steep terrain and drainage patterns, River and dam failures etc.

Next, write about the Consequences of flash floods – Loss of life and infrastructure damage, Environmental impact Economic implications etc.

Next, write about the Measures to mitigate the impact of flash floods – Early warning systems, Reforestation and watershed management, Community preparedness and awareness etc

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

Flash flooding is a specific type of flooding that occurs in a short time frame after a precipitation event – generally less than six hours. It often is caused by heavy or excessive rainfall and happens in areas near rivers or lakes, but it also can happen in places with no water bodies nearby.

Recently, in June, the Chandigarh-Manali highway was blocked following flash floods and landslides since Sunday morning in parts of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Flash floods were witnessed in Khotinallah near Aut (in HP) on the Pandoh–Kullu stretch due to a heavy downpour and the commuters have been stranded as a result.

Body

Causes

• flash floods are often associated with cloudbursts, sudden intense rainfall in a short period of time.
• Himalayan states additionally face the challenge of overflowing glacial lakes, increasingly formed due to the melting of glaciers.
• It happens more when rivers are narrow and steep.
• It also occurs in urban areas located near small rivers, as concretization prevents percolation of water as seen in cities of Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, etc.
• Depression and cyclonic storms in the coastal areas of Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and others also cause flash floods.
• Wildfires, whose frequency is increasing with climate change, destroys forest and other vegetation, which in turn weakens the soil and makes it less permeable for water to seep through. It may result in increased Flash floods.
• Climate change/global warming has increased the frequency/numbers of the above events.

Consequences

• Flash floods can have devastating effects and a wide variety of side effects, from infrastructure and building damage to effects on vegetation, human and animal life, and livestock.
• Large debris and floodwaters can cause structural damage to bridges and roadways, making travel impossible.
• Power, telephone, and cable lines can be taken out by flash floods as well.
• Flood waters can disrupt or contaminate ground water, making tap water unfit for consumption.
• In urban locations, the consequences are particularly challenging to define.
• Rapid soil erosion can be a result of flash floods.
• Short-duration flash floods primarily affect the floodplain through sedimentation, causing little to no bedrock erosion or channel widening.
• Some wetland plants, like some types of rice, are prepared to withstand rapid flooding.
• However, floods can harm plants that grow well in drier environments because the excess water stresses the plants.

Way forward

• Monitoring on the ground in hilly areas.
• Planning development works in a way that is sensitive to the region’s ecology.
• Mitigation to reduce the extent of damages.
• India has launched first-of-its-kind Flash Flood Guidance services for India and other South Asian countries – Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.
• The Flash Flood Guidance is designed to provide warnings for flash floods about 6- 12 hrs. in advance.
• A comprehensive strategy of monitoring, planning development works in a way that is sensitive to the region’s ecology, and mitigation to reduce the extent of damages.

Topic: Disaster and disaster management.

6. The increasing frequency of forest fires in India is a result of complex interactions between human activities, land use changes, and climatic factors. To mitigate the negative effects of forest fires, a combination of preventive measures and climate change adaptation strategies is essential. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about causes of forest fires in India and measures need to mitigate them.

Directive word: 

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start by defining forest fires and statistic regarding rising instances of forest fires in India.

Body:

Draw a small illustrative diagram showing major forest fire prone areas.

Discuss first the reasons of forest fires; Thunderstorms are the most likely natural cause for forest fires. Slash and burn techniques etc. Write about the role of climate change in rising instances of forest fires.

Next, explain the concerns posed by it. Explain why they are difficult to control.

Next, discuss the efforts that are needed to be taken in this direction.

Conclusion:

Conclude with way forward.

Introduction

Forest fires are considered as one of the most widespread hazards in a forested landscape. They have a serious threat to forest and its flora and fauna. Forest fires essentially are ‘quasi-natural’, which means that they are not entirely caused by natural reasons (like volcanoes, earthquakes and tropical storms), but are caused by human activities as well. In India’s case, a combination of hot weather, oxygen and dry vegetation is a potent recipe for forest fires.

A forest department probe into the bushfires that impacted an area of about 4 sq km in Goa in the first half of March is learnt to have concluded that the fires were largely triggered by natural causes, confirming the central government’s submission to Parliament last month that a “prolonged dry spell, unprecedented high temperatures, and low humidity” caused “sporadic” fire incidents in the state.

Body

Reasons for Increasing frequency of forest fires

• Forest fires can be caused by a number of natural causes, but officials say many major fires in India are triggered mainly by human activities.
• Natural: Such as lightning, high atmospheric temperatures, and dryness (low humidity) offer favourable circumstances.
• Man-made: When a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette, or bidi comes into contact with inflammable material.
• Emerging studies link climate change to rising instances of fires globally, especially the massive fires of the Amazon forests in Brazil and in Australia in the last two years.
• Fires of longer duration, increasing intensity, higher frequency and highly inflammable nature are all being linked to climate change.
• In India, forest fires are most commonly reported during March and April, when the ground has large quantities of dry wood, logs, dead leaves, stumps, dry grass and weeds that can make forests easily go up in flames if there is a trigger.
• Under natural circumstances, extreme heat and dryness, friction created by rubbing of branches with each other also have been known to initiate fire.
• In Uttarakhand, the lack of soil moisture too is being seen as a key factor.
• In two consecutive monsoon seasons (2019 and 2020), rainfall has been deficient by 18% and 20% of the seasonal average, respectively.

the role of climate change in exacerbating the forest fire risk

• Climate change has been a key factor in increasing the risk and extent of wildfires.
• Research shows that changes in climate create warmer, drier conditions.
• Climate change induced increasing global temperature and variability in rainfall results in more dried vegetation, which works as fuel for the fire.
• Thus climate change, in addition to human population pressure is one of the main causes of the increased number of forest fires and their increased intensities.
• Since the beginning of the Industrial period, the Earth’s temperature has increased by almost 20C.
• This increasing heat is contributing to two main components for forest fire, i.e. heat and the availability of fuel in the form of dry vegetation.
• Increased drought, and a longer fire season are boosting these increases in wildfire risk.

Measures to control forest fires

• Forest fire line:Successive Five-Year Plans have provided funds for forests fighting. During the British period, fire was prevented in the summer through removal of forest litter all along the forest boundary. This was called “Forest Fire Line”.
  • This line used to prevent fire breaking into the forest from one compartment to another.
  • The collected litter was burnt in isolation.
• Firebreaks: Generally, the fire spreads only if there is continuous supply of fuel (Dry vegetation) along its path. The best way to control a forest fire is therefore, to prevent it from spreading, which can be done by creating firebreaksin the shape of small clearings of ditches in the forests.
• Forest Survey of India monitors forest fire events through satellites on two platforms– MODIS and SNPP-VIIRS, both in collaboration with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
  • While the SNPP-VIIRS identifies, alerts and tracks fire incidents on real time data at 375X375 sq meter pixel, the older version MODIS detects it in the range of 1kmX1km.
  • Forest fire suppression relies very heavily on “dry” firefighting techniques because of poor water availability.
• Integrated forest protection: The main objective is to control forest fires and strengthen the forest protection. The works like Fireline clearing,assistance to Joint Forest Management committees, creating water bodies, purchase of vehicles and communication equipment, purchase of firefighting tools, etc., needs to be undertaken.
• Prevention of human-caused firesthrough education and environmental modification. It will include silvicultural activities, engineering works, people participation, and education and enforcement. It is proposed that more emphasis be given to people participation through Joint Forest Fire Management for fire prevention.
• Prompt detectionof fires through a well-coordinated network of observation points, efficient ground patrolling, and communication networks. Remote sensing technology is to be given due importance in fire detection. For successful fire management and administration, a National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) and Fire Forecasting System are to be developed in the country.
• Introducing a forest fuel modification system at strategic points.
• National Action Plan on Forest Fires (NAPFF): It was launched in 2018 to minimize forest fires by informing, enabling and empowering forest fringe communities and incentivizing them to work with the State Forest Departments.

Conclusion

It is important to prevent the lungs of the nation from ravages of fire. With climate change and global warming on the rise, India must prevent human-made disaster to ensure our carbon sinks are protected.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Case Study

4. In the imaginary state of Veridonia, situated in a diverse region, there exists a long-standing tension between two prominent ethnic groups: the Tradanos and the Valerians. Veridonia’s current political scenario has a dominant ruling party closely associated with the Valerian community, making the Tradanos feel marginalized and oppressed. This political favoritism has fueled resentment among the Tradanos, leading to occasional clashes with the Valerians.

IPS Officer Gouri, known for her unwavering commitment to justice and upholding the law, is posted in the capital city of Veridonia, which is the epicenter of these ethnic clashes. She’s been assigned the challenging task of maintaining peace and ensuring a fair investigation into the recent escalation of violence between the two groups.

The situation escalates when an incident involving the death of a young Tradano man under suspicious circumstances ignites widespread protests and clashes. The Valerian-dominated state government is accused of turning a blind eye to the atrocities committed by its supporters during the protest, further exacerbating the tension between the communities.

As the protests intensify and international attention grows, the state government begins to exert immense pressure on Officer Gouri to downplay the atrocities committed by the Valerian group. They fear that exposing the truth could tarnish their reputation and potentially lead to a loss of political power. High-ranking officials from the government approach Gouri with veiled threats and promises of promotions if she complies.

Despite the mounting pressure, Officer Gouri is torn between her duty to uphold justice and her understanding of the political dynamics at play. She knows that covering up the atrocities will only deepen the rift between the communities and perpetuate a cycle of violence. However, she also realizes that standing up against the powerful state government could have dire consequences for her career and personal safety.

Gouri embarks on a thorough investigation, meticulously gathering evidence and testimonies from both sides of the conflict. She enlists the help of independent forensic experts and ensures that her team remains impartial throughout the process. As the evidence piles up, it becomes increasingly evident that the Valerian group was indeed responsible for several brutal acts during the protests.

When presented with the undeniable evidence, the state government intensifies its efforts to silence Gouri, threatening her with transfers to remote locations and attempting to discredit her investigation.

1. 1. 1. What are the options available to Gouri?
      2. Critically analyse the above-mentioned options?
      3. What are the ethical issues in the above case?
      4. How can you address ethnic violence across the country?

Introduction

Officer Gouri is facing a complex and challenging situation where her commitment to justice and upholding the law is in direct conflict with the political dynamics and power structures at play.

Body

Options available and critical analysis

• Follow Her Conscience and the Law: Gouri can continue her investigation impartially, presenting all the evidence she has gathered to the relevant authorities and the public. This option aligns with her duty to uphold justice and the law. However, it puts her at risk of facing backlash from the state government, including transfers and attempts to discredit her.
  • Critical Analysis: This option is ethically sound as it upholds the principles of justice and fairness. However, it is fraught with personal and professional risks. Gouri must carefully consider the potential consequences and be prepared to face them.
• Seek External Support: Gouri can reach out to higher-ranking officials in her department, national law enforcement agencies, or even the judiciary, to report the pressure she’s facing from the state government. This could help protect her from undue influence and ensure a fair investigation.
  • Critical Analysis: Seeking external support is a reasonable step to protect the integrity of the investigation. However, it may not guarantee her safety or the success of her investigation, as political pressures can be pervasive and influential.
• Go Public: If Gouri believes that her safety is at risk and that revealing the truth is crucial, she can consider going public with the evidence she has gathered. This could involve approaching the media, human rights organizations, or even international bodies. Going public may provide her with protection through increased visibility.
  • Critical Analysis: Going public is a risky but potentially effective strategy to ensure justice. However, it may harm her career and could lead to further political polarization and unrest in Veridonia.
• Negotiate a Compromise: Gouri can attempt to negotiate with the state government, seeking a compromise that allows her to present the evidence truthfully while mitigating potential harm to her career. This option, however, may compromise the integrity of the investigation.
  • Critical Analysis: Negotiating a compromise may protect Gouri’s career but raises significant ethical concerns. It may perpetuate a culture of impunity and undermine the pursuit of justice.

Ethical issues in the case

• Political Pressure: The state government’s attempt to pressure Gouri to downplay atrocities raises ethical concerns about the abuse of power and the subversion of justice for political gain.
• Justice vs. Career: Gouri faces an ethical dilemma between her duty to uphold justice and her personal safety and career. This highlights the conflict between personal integrity and professional advancement.
• Cover-up vs. Truth: The ethical dilemma of whether to reveal the truth or negotiate a compromise underscores the tension between transparency and the potential consequences of exposing wrongdoing.

Addressing ethnic violence

• Promote Dialogue and Reconciliation: Encourage open dialogue between ethnic communities, mediated by impartial parties, to address grievances, build trust, and find common ground.
• Strengthen Law Enforcement: Ensure that law enforcement agencies are impartial, well-trained, and sensitive to ethnic tensions. Encourage community policing and cultural competency training.
• Educational Initiatives: Promote educational programs that teach tolerance, diversity, and the history and culture of different ethnic groups to foster understanding and empathy.
• Legal Reforms: Advocate for legal reforms that protect minority rights, ensure equal access to resources, and prevent discrimination.
• Civil Society Engagement: Encourage civil society organizations to play a role in conflict resolution, advocacy for minority rights, and monitoring potential hotspots for ethnic violence.
• Political Accountability: Hold politicians accountable for their actions and statements that may exacerbate ethnic tensions. Encourage electoral reforms that promote inclusivity and discourage identity-based politics.
• Media Responsibility: Encourage responsible reporting that avoids sensationalism and the perpetuation of stereotypes that can fuel ethnic tensions.

Conclusion

Addressing ethnic violence requires a multifaceted approach that combines legal, social, and political strategies aimed at fostering understanding, tolerance, and justice for all communities. It also requires the courage and integrity of individuals like Officer Gouri to uphold the principles of justice and fairness in challenging circumstances.

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