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[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 14 August 2023

 

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

 

Topic: Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent);

1. The diversity in Indian soils can be attributed to the interaction of various factors across the vast and varied geographical and climatic conditions in the country. This diversity has important implications for agriculture, land use planning, and environmental management. Explain. (250 words).

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To explain the factors responsible for the formation of soil and its implications.

Directive word: 

Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Start by mentioning about the diversity of soils in India and their profile across major regions they are found in.

Body:

Talk about reasons for diversity in the Indian soil profile and some important characteristics and crops sown in each soil briefly. A small map of major soil regions of India could be drawn for better presentation purpose.

Then in detail mention about the various factors responsible for (Pedogenesis) soil formation in India. Explain about factors such as Parent Material, Relief. Climate and Natural Vegetation. Substantiate your answer with relevant examples.

Next, write about the implications of soil diversity in India.

Conclusion:

Complete the answer by stressing on the importance of diversity in the soil profile of India.

Introduction

Soil is our prime natural and economic resource. Soils in India differ in composition and structure. In India, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has classified soils into 8 categories. Alluvial Soil, Black Cotton Soil, Red Soil, Laterite Soil, Mountainous or Forest Soils, Arid or Desert Soil, Saline and Alkaline Soil, Peaty and Marshy Soil are the categories of Indian Soil.

Body:

There are a variety of reasons for these variations in soil. Primarily soils are different from region to region due to the climatic conditions (like temperature, rainfall etc). The variety of flora and fauna of a region also has an influence on the soil profile. And there can even be a human influence.

Classification of soils in India

 

  • Alluvial Soil:
    • These are formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers.
    • They are rich in humus and very fertile. These soils are renewed every year.
    • This soil is well-drained and poorly drained with an immature profile in undulating areas. This soil has potash deficiency.
    • The colour of soil varies from light grey to ash.
    • This soil is suited for Rice, maize, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds etc.
    • They are found in Great Northern plain, lower valleys of Narmada and Tapti and Northern Gujarat.
    • This soil is divided into Khadar Soil (New) and Bhangar Soil (Old).
  • Black or Regur Soil:
    • These soils are made up of volcanic rocks and lava-flow.
    • It is concentrated over Deccan Lava Tract which includes parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
    • It consists of Lime, Iron, Magnesium and also Potash but lacks in Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Organic matter.
    • It has high water retaining capacity and good for the cotton cultivation, Tobacco, citrus fruits, castor, and linseed.
  • Red Soil:
    • These are derived from weathering of ancient metamorphic rocks of Deccan Plateau.
    • The presence of ferric oxides makes the colour of soil red. The top layer of the soil is red and horizon below is yellowish.
    • Generally, these soils are deficient in phosphate, lime, magnesia, humus and nitrogen.
    • This soil is good for the cultivation of wheat, cotton, pulses, tobacco, millets, orchards, potato, and oilseeds.
    • They cover almost the whole of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and parts of Orissa.
  • Laterite Soil:
    • These soft, when they are wet and ‘hard and cloddy’ on drying.
    • These soils are formed due to intense leaching and are well developed on the summits of hills and uplands.
    • They are commonly found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.
    • These are poor in organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, lime and potash.
    • These iron and aluminium rich soils are suitable for the cultivation of rice, ragi, sugarcane and cashew nuts.
  • Mountain Soil:
    • These soils are formed as a result of the accumulation of organic matter derived from forest growth.
    • They are found in Himalayan region and vary in different regions according to altitude.
    • Tea is grown in those areas which receive sufficient rainfall.
    • These soils are immature and dark brown in colour.
    • This soil has very low humus and it is acidic in nature.
    • The orchards, fodder, legumes are grown in this soil.
  • Desert Soil:
    • This soil is deposited by wind action and mainly found in the arid and semi-arid areas like Rajasthan, West of the Aravallis, Northern Gujarat, Saurashtra, Kachchh, Western parts of Haryana and southern part of Punjab.
    • They are sandy with low organic matter.
    • It has low soluble salts and moisture with very low retaining capacity. If irrigated these soil give a high agricultural return.
    • These suitable less water requiring crops like Bajra, pulses, fodder, and guar.
    • As evaporation is in excess of rainfall, the soil has a high salt content and saline layer forms a hard crust.
  • Peaty and Marshy Soils:
    • This soil originates from the areas where adequate drainage is not possible.
    • It is rich in organic matter and has high salinity.
    • They are deficient in potash and phosphate.
    • These mainly found in Sunderbans delta, Kottayam, and Alappuzha districts of Kerala, Rann of Kachchh, deltas of Mahanadi etc.
  • Saline and Alkaline Soils:
    • Theses also called as Reh, Usar, Kallar, Rakar, Thur and Chopan.
    • These are mainly found in Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra.
    • Sodium chloride and sodium sulphate are present in this soil.
    • It is suitable for leguminous crops.

Conclusion:

However, in south and central India, floods wash away rich, weathered soil, which are deposited in reservoirs or as sand bars along the river bed or in the sea. Any rehabilitation programme must consider this lost soil. Organic matter plays a key role in maintaining soil fertility by holding nitrogen and sulphur in organic forms and other essential nutrients such as potassium and calcium. The loss of organic matter is accelerated by frequent tillage. The need of the hour is to educate farmers in other regions as well about what they can do to improve the health of their nutrient-depleted soil by following practices such as crop rotation, and using organic manure boosters such as cow dung and dried leaves.

 

Topic: Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent);

2. India’s diverse climatic conditions have given rise to a wide range of natural vegetation types, each adapted to specific environmental conditions. Examine the major threats to vegetation in India. (250 words).

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To mention in detail about different types of vegetation in India and to identify major threats to Indian vegetation.

Directive:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by talking about how the varied climatic conditions has given rise to wide range of natural vegetation.

Body:

Mention about the different types of vegetation present in India. Draw a simple representative map of India highlighting major vegetation in India.

Explain in detail, the types of vegetation. Account for the major climatic factors responsible for it, the major features of each vegetation and major flora – fauna found there.

In the next part, bring out the major threats to Indian vegetation such as deforestation, mining, over grazing, climate change and invasive species etc. Cite some facts from recently released Indian State of Forests Report 2019 to substantiate above.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward on how to safeguard the Indian vegetation.

Introduction

The natural vegetation is the endowments of nature. They grow naturally by following the climatic variables. The types of natural vegetation differ according to precipitation, soil, climate, and topography. The cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part of vegetation, but not natural vegetation. India is bestowed with a wide range of flora and fauna. Due to a diverse geographical and climatic condition, an extensive range of natural vegetation grows in India.

Body

Types of Natural Vegetation in India

  • Tropical Evergreen Rain forests
    • The Tropical Evergreen rain forests are found in the areas where precipitation is more than 200 cm.
    • They are largely found in the Northeastern regions of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, the Western Ghats, the Tarai areas of the Himalayas, and the Andaman groups of Islands.
    • They are also found in the hills of Khasi and Jaintia.
    • The trees in this area have intense growth.
    • The major trees found in this area are Sandal Wood, Rosewood, Garjan, Mahogany, and bamboo.
    • It has copious vegetation of all kinds – trees, shrubs, and creepers giving it a multilayered structure.
    • The elephants, monkey, lemur are the common animals found in these areas.

 

  • Deciduous or Monsoon type of forests
    • The Deciduous forests are found on the lower slope of the Himalayas, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Orissa, Karnataka, Maharashtra Jharkhand, and the adjoining areas.
    • The precipitation in this area is between 100 cm and 200 cm.
    • Teak is the dominant species seen in the area.
    • Along with that Deodar, Blue Gum, Pal Ash, Sal, Sandalwood, Ebony, Arjun, Khair, and Bamboo are also seen.
    • The trees in this forest shed their leaves during dry winter and dry summer.
    • Based on the availability of water, these forests are again divided into moist and dry deciduous.
  • Dry deciduous forests
    • These forests grow in areas where the precipitation is between 50 cm and 100 cm.
    • These are mainly seen in the areas of the Central Deccan plateau, Punjab, Haryana, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and South-east of Rajasthan.
  • Mountain Forests/Montane Forests
    • Montane forests are those found in mountains.
    • Mountain forests differ significantly along the slopes of the mountain.
    • On the foothills of the Himalayas until a height of 1500 meters, evergreen trees like Sal, teak, and bamboo grow copiously.
    • On the higher slope, temperate conifer trees like pine, fir, and oak grow.
    • At the higher elevation of the Himalayas, rhododendrons and junipers are found.
    • Further, then these vegetation zones, alpine grasslands appear up to the snowfield.
  • Tidal or Mangrove forests
    • The tidal or mangrove forests grow by the side of the coast and on the edges of the deltas
    • Ex: the deltas of the Cauvery, Krishna, Mahanadi, Godavari, and Ganga.
    • In West Bengal, these forests are known as ‘Sundarbans’.
    • The ‘Sundari’ is the most major tree in these forests.
    • The important trees of the tidal forests are Hogla, Garan, Pasur, etc.
    • This forest is an important factor in the timber industry as they provide timber and firewood.
    • Palm and coconut trees beautify the coastal strip.
  • Semi-deserts and Deserts vegetations
    • This area receives rainfall of less than 50 cm.
    • Thorny bushes, acacia, and Babul are found in this vegetation region.
    • The Indian wild date is generally found here.
    • They have long roots and thick flesh.
    • The plants found in this region store water in their stem to endure during the drought.
    • These vegetation are found in parts of Gujarat’s, Punjab, and Rajasthan.

Major threats to vegetation in India:

  • Encroachments:
    • Organized encroachment of forest land started as early as 1950s.
    • The direct impact of encroachment is habitat loss, besides the existence of constant threat on the forests by the fringe people.
    • In addition to their involvement directly in the illegal activities they provide shelter for the unscrupulous offenders of the plains who are engaged in all kinds of illegal activities.
  • Cattle grazing:
    • Grazing by cattle in forest, although not rampant as elsewhere in the country, is identified as a threat to biodiversity.
    • The grazing not only removes the biomass and competes with wild herbivores, but also spread contagious diseases to wild animals.
    • Intensive grazing will lead to domination of a single or a few species, changing the species composition of natural vegetation.
    • Cattle grazing speeds up the invasion of weeds.
  • Collection of Fire Wood:
    • Firewood collection directly poses threat in the form of removal of biomass, which affects microhabitat of flora and fauna, and indirectly leads to extensive fire and other illegal activities.
    • The proximity of settlements to the forests is the main factor, which determines the intensity of firewood collection.
    • The firewood collection leads to degradation of habitats which subsequently alters the species composition and vegetation types.
  • Man-Animal Conflict:
    • A major problem associated with the conservation of wild animals especially the herbivores like elephants in India is that of crop depredation and man-slaughter.
    • Animals such as elephants, gaur, sambar, wild boar and birds like peacock, cause extensive damage to the crops.
    • This phenomenon has registered significant increase in recent years due to habitat fragmentation and degradation of natural forests and corridors.
    • Almost all the Protected Areas and Non-Protected Areas contain a large number of settlements either inside or on the periphery.
    • This leads to degradation of surrounding habitats.
    • The traditional tolerances among the people who live inside the forests or its adjacent areas are fast disappearing and people have become increasingly antagonistic.
    • As a result, the people tend to kill the animals either by poisoning or by other means, like keeping crackers in fruits, etc.
  • Poaching:
    • The abundance of wild animals and high demand for their products in the clandestine, market pose threat to wild animals.
    • Herbivores like gaur, sambar, chital etc. are being poached for their meat.
    • A lot of other not so spectacular species of animals ranging from reptiles to birds as well as plants and medicinal herbs are all part of the illegal wildlife trade.
    • The major impact of poaching is species loss and change in their demography apart from extensive fire and other illicit activities.
  • Illegal and unsustainable/unscientific collection of Non-Timber Forest Produce:
    • Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) collection is one of the major livelihoods of the local people.
    • The NTFP consist of a variety of products, which are sources of food, fiber, manure, construction materials, cosmetics and cultural products.
    • The users of NTFP range from local individuals to multinational companies. With the development of modern techniques, the number of products and uses based on NTFP has increased by many folds.
    • This market driven utilization became instrumental in their unsustainable exploitation and resulted in degrading the natural vegetation.
  • Mining:
    • Mining is also a severe threat to the biodiversity.
    • Sand mining is prevalent in the central and southern parts.
    • It is a threat to the stability of a landscape, which results in land sliding and lowering of water table.
    • The removal of habitat will endanger the survival of riparian species since most of them occupied a very narrow habitat niche.
  • Mass Tourism and Pilgrimage:
    • Mass Tourism and Pilgrimage are considered to be one of the major and increasing threats to biodiversity conservation.
    • Approximately 13 million people visit forest areas annually either as pilgrims or visitors.
    • Among all the Protected Areas in India, Periyar Tiger Reserve receives a maximum number of tourists.
    • The large influx of people into the forests in short duration makes severe changes to habitat.
    • The major impact of tourism and pilgrimage is littering and over-utilization of resources such as soil erosion; fire, disturbance to wild animals for feeding, ranging etc. are also reported due to a large number of pilgrims and unruly behavior of visitors.
  • Forest Fires:
    • Fire is one of the major threats facing the forests of India.
    • People who are engaged in grazing livestock often burn the area to get fresh shoots for their cattle, during lean season.
    • Apart from this, those who are involved in illicit activities such as ganja cultivation, poaching, tree felling, NTFP collection and very often the ignorant tourists and pilgrims are also responsible for big forest fires.
    • The effect of fire depends on the type of vegetation, frequency and intensity of fire and season of burning.
    • Fire causes extensive damage in deciduous forests and grasslands due to heavy fuel load.
  • Illicit Felling:
  • Tree felling is one of the severe threats to biodiversity conservation in the state.
  • The primary effect of tree felling on bio diversity is the removal of biomass and loss of habitat for many epiphytic and arboreal species.
  • Tree felling leads to soil erosion and change of the soil properties.
  • In some cases, people involved in tree falling set fire to the forests.
  • Invasive species:
    • These are non-indigenous or non-native plants and animals that adversely affect the habitats and bio regions they invade economically, environmentally and ecologically.
    • Examples of plant invasion include Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Lantana (Lantana Camara).

Conclusion

                There is an urgent need to address these problems and Environment Management Act is a dire need along with Environment Service Cadre for better management of forests and wildlife in India.

 

 

General Studies – 2

 

Topic: Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.

3. The conventional form of democracy might be inadequate to address the complex issues of our time and there is a need for reimagining of democracy to ensure it remains meaningful and effective. Critically analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India

Why the question:

The article discusses the evolving nature of democracy and its challenges in the contemporary world.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about various issues in Indian democracy, need to safeguarding its crucial aspects and ways to do so.

Directive:

Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the topic.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Start by defining democratic form of government and its features in brief.

Body:

First, write about the current state of Indian democracy and various issues in it – erosion of democratic values, the concentration of power, and the diminishing space for dissent. Write about its impact by citing examples and statistics.

Next, write about the measures that are needed to counter the above.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

The current state of Indian democracy presents both strengths and challenges that warrant a critical assessment. While India is the world’s largest democracy and has a history of holding regular elections, there are several areas where democratic values need safeguarding and institutional protection.

Body

Various issues plaguing Indian democracy and inclusive measures needed to safeguard democracy

  • Erosion of democratic values: India has witnessed instances of rising intolerance, religious polarization, and social divisions that threaten the democratic fabric of the country. There have been concerns about curbs on freedom of expression, attacks on dissent, and attempts to suppress voices critical of the government.
    • Eg: Delhi Riots, treatment of women Olympic wrestling champion during protest against sexual harassment.
    • Safeguarding democratic values requires a commitment to inclusivity, pluralism, and respect for the rights and dignity of all individuals.
  • Weakening of institutions: The independence and effectiveness of democratic institutions, such as the judiciary, media, and election commission, have been subject to scrutiny.
    • There have been instances where the impartiality and autonomy of these institutions have been questioned, undermining their ability to act as checks and balances on executive power.
    • Strengthening and protecting these institutions is vital to ensure the proper functioning of democracy.
    • Eg: Use of CBI/ED against political opponents of the ruling governmen Raid on BBC channel after running a program that criticised the government.
  • Political polarization: India has experienced growing political polarization along various lines, including ideology, religion, and regionalism. This polarization often hampers constructive dialogue, compromises decision-making, and undermines the spirit of consensus-building, leading to a fragmented political landscape.
    • Eg: Caste based polarisation for vote bank politics.
  • Communal and religious tensions: India is a diverse country with multiple religions and ethnicities. However, incidents of religious tensions, communal violence, and discrimination continue to challenge the social fabric of the nation. Ensuring harmony, promoting interfaith dialogue, and addressing the root causes of such tensions are vital for the strength of Indian democracy.
  • Dynastic politics and concentration of power: Dynastic politics, where political power is concentrated within a few families, is a persistent issue in Indian democracy. This phenomenon can lead to a lack of internal party democracy, limited opportunities for new leaders to emerge, and reduced accountability.
  • Corruption and ethical challenges: Corruption remains a significant concern in Indian democracy, affecting various sectors and levels of governance. High-profile corruption scandals, lack of transparency in political funding, and ethical challenges among public officials undermine the credibility of institutions and erode public trust.
  • Inequality and social exclusion: India faces persistent challenges related to economic inequality, social exclusion, and caste-based discrimination. The unequal distribution of resources, limited access to education and healthcare, and marginalization of disadvantaged communities hinder the principles of equal opportunity and social justice in a democratic society. Eg: Migrant crisis during Covid-19 lockdown showed the exclusionary policies affecting millions in India.
  • Weak implementation of policies and governance issues: Although India has implemented several progressive policies, the challenge lies in effective implementation and last-mile delivery. Bureaucratic inefficiencies, corruption, and a lack of accountability often hamper the execution of well-intended initiatives, resulting in a gap between policy intent and outcomes.
  • Gender inequality and women’s representation: Despite constitutional guarantees of gender equality, women in India continue to face significant challenges, including gender-based violence, unequal representation in politics, and limited access to resources and opportunities. Enhancing women’s empowerment and addressing gender disparities are essential for a truly inclusive democracy.
    • Eg: Women’s Labour force participation is 32.8% which is very low for world’s most populous nation.

Measures needed

  • Electoral reforms: While India conducts regular elections, there is a need for comprehensive electoral reforms. Issues such as the influence of money and muscle power, lack of transparency in campaign financing, and the role of criminal elements in politics need to be addressed. Enhancing transparency, accountability, and fairness in the electoral process will promote a more inclusive and representative democracy.
  • Inclusive participation and representation: Despite India’s diversity, there are ongoing challenges in ensuring adequate representation and participation of marginalized communities, including women, religious minorities, and disadvantaged groups. Efforts should be made to address these gaps by promoting equal opportunities, encouraging political participation, and empowering marginalized sections of society.
  • Strengthening local governance: While India has a decentralized system of governance, there is a need to strengthen local institutions and empower local governments. Strengthening grassroots democracy can enhance citizen participation, ensure better delivery of public services, and foster a sense of ownership and accountability.
  • Social and economic inequalities: Addressing social and economic inequalities is crucial for a truly inclusive democracy. India continues to grapple with issues such as poverty, unequal access to education and healthcare, and the digital divide. Bridging these gaps and ensuring a more equitable distribution of resources will help create a conducive environment for democratic participation and social cohesion.

Conclusion

In summary, while India’s democracy has made significant strides, it faces challenges that require attention and action. Safeguarding democratic values, protecting institutions, and fostering an inclusive and participatory political system are essential for India’s continued democratic progress. It demands a collective effort from all stakeholders to uphold the principles of democracy, promote inclusivity, and address the existing gaps and inequalities within the Indian democratic framework.

 

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

4. The deletion of ‘sedition’ is welcome, and its apparent equivalent, the new Section 150 of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita must not be misused to infringe upon free speech rights of the citizens. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu

Why the question:

Sedition has been done away with Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita but an equivalent exists.

Key Demand of the question:

To discuss the issues related to the implementation of the Sedition law in India and address the demands for its reform.

Directive word: 

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by giving context of deletion of section 124A of IPC.

Body:

In the first part, write about the objectives behind sedition law.

Next, in detail write about the various issues within the sedition law – potential misuse and infringement on freedom of speech, interpretation raises concerns, suppressing legitimate criticism and targeting of activists, journalists, and political opponents etc

Next, write about the need of sedition law in the present day as per Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. Write recommendations by law commission.

Conclusion:

Conclude by stating a balanced opinion on the issue.

Introduction

The Central government has introduced three new Bills in the Lok Sabha that propose a complete overhaul of the country’s criminal justice system. The Bills — Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860;  Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, for the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973; and Bharatiya Sakshya (BS) Bill, 2023, for the Indian Evidence Act, 1872— were referred to a standing committee.

Body

Background

  • According to the Section 124A of IPC, Sedition is an act that brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the Government established by law in India by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise. Colonial administrators used sedition to lock up people who criticised the British policies.
  • In the BNS Bill, provision 150 under the chapter pertaining to ‘offences against the State’ talks about acts endangering sovereignty unity and integrity of India.

The issues with the new Section 150 of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita

  • Home Minister said in the Lok Sabha that the new Bill on IPC completely repeals the offence of sedition —which is reflected in Section 124A of the IPC.
  • However, upon closer inspection, it can be seen that the provision has been introduced under a new name and with a more expansive definition for the offence.
  • Part VII of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill is titled ‘Of Offences against the State’ and includes Section 150 which expressly criminalises ’acts endangering sovereignty unity and integrity of India.’
  • Section 150 of the Bill reads as —’Whoever, purposely or knowingly, by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or by electronic communication or by use of financial mean, or otherwise, excites or attempts to excite, secession or armed rebellion or subversive activities, or encourages feelings of separatist activities or endangers sovereignty or unity and integrity of India; or indulges in or commits any such act shall be punished with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment which may extend to seven years and shall also be liable to fine.’
  • In a significant change to the existing definition of sedition, Section 150 criminalises aiding through financial means any acts of ‘subversive activities or those encouraging ‘feelings of separatist activities.’
  • This is a wider definition than that recommended by the 22nd Law Commission of India in its report published in June.
  • The Commission had suggested that sedition should be retained but with certain amendments to curb its misuse. Its report stipulated that Section 124A of the IPC should include the words ‘with a tendency to incite violence or cause public disorder’ and that the tendency to incite violence should be defined as a ‘mere inclination to incite violence or cause public disorder rather than proof of actual violence or imminent threat to violence.’
  • With regards to punishment, Section 150 enhances the alternative punishment to 7 years imprisonment from the 3 years imprisonment provided under Section 124A of the IPC.

Sedition be completely scrapped:

  • Against democratic norms: It stifles the democratic and fundamental right of people to criticize the government.
  • Inadequate capacity of State Machinery: The police might not have the “requisite” training to understand the consequences of imposing such a “stringent” provision.
  • Possibility of Misuse: It has been used arbitrarily to curb dissent. In many cases the main targets have been writers, journalists, activists who question government policy and projects, and political dissenters.
  • The draconian nature of this law as the crime is non-bailable, non-cognisable and punishment can extend for life—it has a strong deterrent effect on dissent even if it is not used.
  • Used to gag press: The press should be protected so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people. Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government.

Arguments in favour of Sedition

  • Not really a draconian law: Now after the Supreme Court directions, its jurisdiction has been narrowed down. It can be applied only on grounds laid down by the court.
  • Application is a part of reasonable restrictions: It is provided under the Article 19 (2).
  • Does not really curb free speech: One can use any kind of strong language in criticism of the government without inviting sedition. However, such dissent should not be turned into some kind of persuasion to break the country.
  • Threats to unity and integrity of nationdue to presence of anti- national elements and divisive Forces such as naxals, separatists who are receiving support from inside and outside the country.
  • Mere misuse cannot be a ground of repeal, rather provisions should be made where such misuse is eliminated.

Conclusion

The guidelines of the SC must be incorporated in Section 124A as well by amendment to IPC so that any ambiguity must be removed. Only those actions/words that directly result in the use of violence or incitement to violence should be termed seditious. The state police must be sufficiently guided as to where the section must be imposed and where it must not. Need to include provisions where the government can be penalized, if it misuses the section. This will ensure that section 124 A of IPC strikes a balance between security and smooth functioning of state with the fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression.

 

 

General Studies – 3

 

Topic: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

5. What are the objectives monetary policy? Evaluate the major impediments RBI faces in achieving its objectives.  (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India

Why the question:

The article discusses how mixed incentives can complicate the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) monetary policy objectives.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the role of RBI especially as part of monetary policy and impediments it faces in achieving it.

Directive word:

Evaluate – When you are asked to evaluate, you have to pass a sound judgement about the truth of the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence.  You must appraise the worth of the statement in question. There is scope for forming an opinion here.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by defining the monetary policy.

Body:

First, in brief, write in brief about the various objecitves of monetary policy.

Next, write about the impediments it faces by RBI in achieving monetary policy objectives – Price Stability, high inflation, particularly in food and fuel prices, delicate balance between stimulating growth and controlling inflation etc. Substantiate by citing statistics.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward to overcome the above-mentioned limitations.

Introduction

Monetary policy refers to the policy of the central bank ie Reserve Bank of India, in matters of interest rates, money supply and availability of credit.

In short, Monetary policy refers to the use of monetary instruments under the control of the central bank to regulate magnitudes such as interest rates, money supply and availability of credit with a view to achieving the ultimate objective of economic policy.

 

Body

Monetary policy committee performance

  • Beginning in May 2022, when it held an unscheduled meeting, the MPC has raised interest rates in every meeting to tackle inflation.
  • MPC increased this rate from 4% in April 2022 to 4.4% in May 2022, to 4.9% in June 2022, to 5.4% in August 2022, and to 5.9% in September 2022.
  • Now in December, RBI raised the repo by 35 basis points.
  • But since January this year, inflation has remained above the upper threshold of the RBI’s inflation targeting framework, as the RBI is mandated to keep inflation at 4 plus/minus 2 per cent.
  • Inflation targeting has been successful till 2019 on the grounds that the inflation rate has remained within the band agreed to between the government and the RBI, and whether it has been achieved by “anchoring inflation expectations”.
  • However, Inflation in India entered the prescribed band of 2% to 6% two years before inflation targeting was adopted in 2016-17.
  • In fact, inflation had fallen steadily since 2011-12, halving by 2015-16.
  • The MPC has mostly continued with the accommodative policy stance, where the balance of the growth-inflation dynamic has tilted more towards growth.
  • Post-pandemic, the accommodative policy stance was needed given the rough ride because of the pandemic and is consistent with the overarching objective of the RBI to maintain price stability keeping in mind growth.
  • Trend inflation had fallen from above 9% before flexible inflation targeting (FIT) to a range of 3.8-4.3 % during FIT, indicating that 4% is the appropriate level of the inflation target.
  • However, NPAs have grown since 2016, and the cases of IL&FS, PMC Bank, PNB, and YES Bank suggest that poor management and malfeasance in the financial sector could escape scrutiny when the central bank hunkers down to inflation targeting.

 

Impediments faced by RBI

  • Tighter money policy undermining growth: From May 2022 onward, the RBI started raising the interest rate because by then it was clear that inflation could no longer be ignored, and that, if not contained, it would undermine India’s economic recovery.
    • It is noteworthy that the RBI’s main legal mandate is to maintain price stability. It must, by law, keep inflation at 4% with a leeway of two percentage points either side in any particular month.
    • But then, these actions by the RBI — and more rate hikes are in store — will drag down economic growth.
  • Unemployment and poor man’s inflation: The government is struggling to deal with massive and widespread unemployment. While in percentage terms GDP growth rates look rosy, the truth is that in real terms the economy is barely out of the contraction it witnessed during the Covid pandemic.
    • Unemployment has been a concern since 2017, when it hit a four-decade high.
  • Dilemma: If RBI continues to tighten monetary policy, it will weaken economic recovery at a time when growth is already faltering and unemployment is already quite high.
    • If RBI ignores inflation then it hits the poor immediately without necessarily guaranteeing that growth and unemployment will be resolved.

Conclusion

A looming economic recession in many parts of the world, geopolitical tensions, policy rate hikes across world to control unprecedented inflation, and commodity price fluctuations are bound to catch up at some stage and impact India. So far, we have navigated the external threats through smart fiscal and monetary policy moves.  The price of crude oil and currency depreciation are two added variables that India has to navigate.

 

Topic: Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices;

6. The rising international prices for fertilizers can have significant implications for India’s fertilizer subsidy bill. The government to consider these rising costs in its budget planning and possibly explore strategies to manage the impact of higher fertilizer prices on the subsidy bill. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Live Mint

Why the question:

The article explains how the recent increase in global fertilizer prices will impact India’s subsidy expenditures.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the rising fertiliser prices and its impact and ways to mitigate.

Directive word: 

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Briefly by giving context.

Body:

In the first part, provide reasons for rising fertilizer costs – global price surge, including supply chain disruptions and increased demand.

Next, write about Implications of the above for the Indian Agricultural Sector – Discuss the potential impact of urea regulation on crop productivity and soil health, Highlight the economic implications for farmers, fertilizer industry, and government subsidies, Assess the overall effect on food security and sustainability in India

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward overcome above issues.

Introduction

With global fertiliser prices on the rise again, the government has an emerging worry ahead of assembly elections in five crucial states (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Mizoram) later this year and the general elections next year. Prices of fertilisers such as urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and ammonia shot up over the past month after falling towards the end of June.

Global rise in fertiliser prices due to shortage has dealt a severe blow to farmers across India, which is the second-largest importer of fertilisers. Many states have seen cultivators erupting in protest, even as the Centre dismissed news of low availability of fertilisers.

Body

Background

  • The government pays a subsidy to fertiliser producers to allow farmers to buy fertilisers at below-market rates.
  • The difference between the cost of production/import of a fertiliser and the actual amount paid by farmers is the subsidy portion borne by the government.
  • In India, urea is the most produced, imported, consumed and physically regulated fertiliser of all. It is subsidised only for agricultural uses.
  • The Centre pays a subsidy on urea to fertiliser manufacturers on the basis of cost of production at each plant and the units are required to sell the fertiliser at the government-set Maximum Retail Price (MRP).
  • The MRP of urea is currently fixed at Rs 5,628 per tonne.

 

Reasons for rising fertiliser costs

 

  • Fertiliser prices have risen nearly 30 per cent since the beginning of 2022, following last year’s 80 per cent surge.
    • The international prices of DAP have increased by about66 per cent from $565 (Rs 44,645) per tonne in May, 2021 to $936 per tonne in May, 2022, according to the Centre’s monthly bulletin for May.
    • Urea prices have increased by about 94.09 per cent from $372 per tonne in May, 2021 to $722 per tonne in May, 2022. Urea production is based on natural gas, prices of which are closely related to international oil prices.
  • The rise was driven by factors like surging input costs, supply disruptions due to sanctions (Belarus and Russia) as well as export restrictions in China.
  • Fertiliser stocks have been declining for the past two years. The stock in September 2021 was 9 MT, for instance, compared to 2.5 MT in September 2018.
  • There is a lack of long-term clarity on the quantum of non-urea fertiliser subsidies and, as a result, fertiliser companies are unable to make long-term plans on production, imports and stocks

Economic implications

  • The agricultural output of India has increased every year, and the country’s need for fertilisers has also increased. With shortage, farmers are facing the brunt of high input costs.
  • Despite imports, gaps remain between requirements and availability after indigenous production targets haven’t been met. Small farmers are the most affected.
  • Demand has increased, but supply has been constrained.
  • Urea is highly regulated and is only subsidised for agriculture This creates a black market that burdens small farmers disproportionately; incentivises production inefficiency, leads to over-use, depleting soil quality and damaging human health.
  • The fertiliser cost directly impacts India’s food security and in turn malnutrition in India.

Conclusion and way forward

  • Urease and Nitrification: Incorporating urease and nitrification inhibition compounds in urea.
    • These are basically chemicals that slow down the rate at which urea is hydrolysed (resulting in the production of ammonia gas and its release into the atmosphere) and nitrified (leading to below-ground loss of nitrogen through leaching).
    • By reducing ammonia volatilisation and nitrate leaching, more nitrogen is made available to the crop, enabling farmers to harvest the same, if not better, yields with a lesser number of urea bags.
  • Other Methods:
    • Promoting sales of Single Super Phosphate SSP (containing 16% Phosphorus and 11% Sulphur) and complex fertilisers
    • India can also import more rock phosphate to make SSP directly or it can be converted into “weak” phosphoric acid, which can be used to manufacture complex fertilizer.
    • DAP use should be restricted mainly to paddy and wheat, other crops don’t require fertilisers with 46% Phosphorus content.
  • Regarding MOP, roughly three-fourths of the imported material is now applied directly and only the balance is sold after incorporating into complexes. It should be the other way around.
  • Moral Suasion: India needs to wean its farmers away from all high-analysis fertilisers.
    • It requires a concerted push, alongside popularizing high nutrient, use-efficient, water-soluble fertilisers (potassium nitrate, potassium sulphate, calcium nitrate, etc) and exploiting alternative indigenous sources (for example, potash derived from molasses-based distillery spent-wash and from seaweed extract).
    • No plan to cap/reduce consumption of high-analysis fertilisers can succeed without farmers knowing what is a suitable substitute for DAP and which NPK complex or organic manure can bring down their urea application from 2.5 to 1.5 bags per acre.

 

Value addition

Initiatives taken by government

  • Neem Coating of Urea: The Department of fertilisers (DoF) has made it mandatory for all the domestic producers to produce 100% urea as Neem Coated Urea (NCU).
    • The benefits of NCU are: Due to slow release of Nitrogen, Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) of Neem Coated Urea increases, resulting in reduced consumption of NCU as compared to normal urea.
    • Improvement in soil health.
    • Reduction in usage of plant protection chemicals.
    • Reduction in pest and disease attack.
  • New Urea Policy (NUP) 2015: Objectives of the policy are-
    • To maximize indigenous urea production.
    • To promote energy efficiency in the urea units.
    • To rationalize the subsidy burden on the Government of India.
  • New Investment Policy- 2012: The Government announced New Investment Policy (NIP)-2012 in January, 2013 and made amendments in 2014 to facilitate fresh investment in the urea sector and to make India self-sufficient in the urea sector.
  • Use of Space Technology in Fertiliser Sector: Department of fertilisers commissioned a three year Pilot Study on “Resource Mapping of Rock Phosphate using Reflectance Spectroscopy and Earth Observations Data” by National Remote Sensing Centre under ISRO, in collaboration with Geological Survey of India (GSI) and the Atomic Mineral Directorate (AMD).
  • The Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme: It has been implemented from April 2010 by the DoF.
    • Under NBS, a fixed amount of subsidy decided on an annual basis, is provided on each grade of subsidized Phosphatic & Potassic (P&K) fertilisers depending on its nutrient content.
    • It aims at ensuring the balanced use of fertilisers, improving agricultural productivity, promoting the growth of the indigenous fertilisers industry and also reducing the burden of Subsidy.

 

Topic: Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

7. Rawls’ ideas have had a significant influence on political philosophy and discussions about justice, equality, and the role of government in ensuring a just society. Elaborate. (150 word)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: hplato.stanford.edu

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about Rawls’ theory of justice and its implications

Directive:

Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context. You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving context of Rawls’ theory of justice.

Body:

Write about the theory – It emphasizes equal basic liberties for all individuals, ensuring personal autonomy and dignity. The difference principle advocates for inequalities that benefit the least advantaged, reducing disparities and providing a safety net for the vulnerable.

Next, write about the criticism of the theory.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

John Rawls was an American moral and political philosopher in the liberal tradition. Rawls’s theory of justice revolves around the adaptation of two fundamental principles of justice which would, in turn, guarantee a just and morally acceptable society. The first principle guarantees the right of each person to have the most extensive basic liberty compatible with the liberty of others. The second principle states that social and economic positions are to be to everyone’s advantage and open to all.

Body:

John Rawls theory of Social Justice guarantees a just and morally acceptable society:

  • Rawls’ theory of justice as fairnessencompasses a central contention that principles of justice is essential to the structure of a constitutional democracy. It must be viewed as political in contrast to more comprehensive moral, philosophical or religious doctrines.
  • His concept of social justice gives emphasis to fairness, it must be fair to all, to the most talented as well as the most disadvantaged section.
  • Rawls uses the idea of a veil of ignoranceto argue that fair and just distribution can be defended on rational grounds. He says that if a person keeps herself/himself under the ‘veil of ignorance’ then s/he would come up with the just distribution, fair laws and policies that would affect the whole society.
  • Rawls further says that the institutions must be fair or just. They must keep themselves above parochial interests. In many societies there are such institutions which have been created to serve group’s interests and such institutions cannot serve the interests of justice.
  • The contents of the “social primary goods” specified by Rawls are of particular importance, for the fair distribution of them, namely, liberty and opportunity, income and wealth and basis of self-respect in a society will undoubtedly help to achieve the much-needed social justice.
  • For example:The recent 10% reservation for the Economically Weaker Sections in education and jobs; reservations for SC/ST etc.
  • Another important aspect of his theory is that while laying emphasis on the equal distribution of the “social primary goods”, he envisages “an unequal distribution” of the “social primary goods” if such unequal distribution is “to the advantage of the least favoured”.
  • Example:progressive tax system in India, multi-tiered GST system, Philanthropy.
  • In envisaging such “unequal distribution” of the social primary goods to benefit the “least favoured” in the society.

Conclusion:

His works have influenced famous thinkers like Amartya Sen, Thomas Nagel, Thomas Pogge etc. The concept of Social and Economic Justice is adopted in our Constitution in the form of Directive Principles of State Policy.

Value addition:

Basic principles of his theory:

  • Rawls suggests two basic principles of justice.
  • Principle of Equal Liberty:
    • It means each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others.
    • Examples: freedom of thought, speech and expression, universal suffrage, freedom from arbitrary arrest and seizure, the right to hold public office etc.
  • Difference Principle: There are 2 parts under this
    • Fair equality of opportunity: It postulates that public policies are reasonably expected to be to everyone’s advantage and public position and offices are open to all.
    • Difference principle: It justifies only those social and economic inequalities that maximize benefits to the least advantaged citizens.
  • These principles provide an operating logic for the determination of public interest by the decision- makers.

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