NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: Salient features of world’s physical geography.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
Typhoon Mawar is expected to weaken the Indian monsoon. This indicates that the presence of the typhoon could disrupt the normal behavior of the monsoon winds and rainfall patterns in the Indian subcontinent.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the various factors that influence Indian monsoon.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by introducing Indian monsoon and its importance briefly.
Body:
First, write about the various factors affecting Indian monsoon – thermal contrast between land and water, the Himalayan barrier, the movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), El Niño and La Niña events, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), topography and land-sea breeze, and the presence of the monsoon trough and low-pressure systems.
In the next part, write about the impact of the above and measures needed to tackle their adverse impact.
Conclusion:
Summarize the key points discussed.
Introduction
Monsoons are seasonal winds which reverse their direction with the change of season. The monsoon is a double system of seasonal winds. They flow from sea to land during the summer and from land to sea during winter. Monsoons are peculiar to Indian Subcontinent, South East Asia, parts of Central Western Africa etc. Indian Monsoons are Convection cells on a very large scale. They are periodic or secondary winds which seasonal reversal in wind direction.
Typhoon Mawar is expected to weaken the Indian monsoon. This indicates that the presence of the typhoon could disrupt the normal behavior of the monsoon winds and rainfall patterns in the Indian subcontinent.
Body
Factors that influence formation of South west monsoon are:
- The differential heating and cooling of land and watercreates a low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.
- The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer, over the Ganga plain (this is the equatorial trough normally positioned about 5°N of the equator. It is also known as the monsoon-trough during the monsoon season).
- The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar, approximately at 20°S over the Indian Ocean. The intensity and position of this high-pressure area affect the Indian Monsoon.
- The Tibetan plateaugets intensely heated during summer, which results in strong vertical air currents and the formation of low pressure over the plateau at about 9 km above sea level.
- The movement of the westerly jet streamto the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer.
- Position and strength of the Tropical Easterly Jet (African Easterly Jet).
- Southern Oscillation (SO):Normally when the tropical eastern south Pacific Ocean experiences high pressure, the tropical eastern Indian Ocean experiences low pressure. But in certain years, there is a reversal in the pressure conditions and the eastern Pacific has lower pressure in comparison to the eastern Indian Ocean. This periodic change in pressure conditions is known as the SO.
- Indian Ocean Dipole,which is sustained variations in the difference between tropical western and eastern Indian Ocean surface temperatures
- Madden-Julian oscillation, an oceanic-atmospheric phenomenon which affects weather activities across the globe. It brings major fluctuation in tropical weather on weekly to monthly timescales.
Conclusion
Monsoon does play a big role in India. It has social, political, as well as economic implications. Thus, monsoon doesn’t only affect the crops but all the industries in the country. The monsoon-dependent Indian economy needs climate-sensitive budgeting. The excessive dependence on monsoon may be mitigated by the construction of modern irrigation canals, afforestation, and diversification of Indian industries.
Topic: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India
Why the question:
Mount Etna, an active volcano located in Italy, recently erupted, releasing ash and smoke into the atmosphere. The eruption resulted in a spectacular display of volcanic activity, with lava fountains and explosions observed.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the impact of Volcanic eruptions and associated activities.
Directive:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, write about the environmental effects of volcanism -Emission of gases and aerosols, Formation of volcanic ash and tephra, Creation of volcanic landforms and Impact on climate and weather patterns, Destruction of vegetation and habitats, Introduction of new species Formation of new ecosystems etc.
Next, write about effects on Human Activities – Threats to human health, Agricultural impacts, Economic consequences, Disruption of transportation and infrastructure etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning ways to deal with above.
Introduction
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. The process is called Volcanism and has been ongoing on Earth since the initial stages of its evolution over 4 billion years ago.
Mount Etna, an active volcano located in Italy, recently erupted, releasing ash and smoke into the atmosphere. The eruption resulted in a spectacular display of volcanic activity, with lava fountains and explosions observed.
Body
- The majority of volcanoes in the world form along the boundaries of Earth’s tectonic plates—massive expanses of our planet’s lithosphere that continually shift, bumping into one another.
- When tectonic plates collide, one often plunges deep below the other in what’s known as a subduction zone.
- As the descending landmass sinks deep into the Earth, temperatures and pressures climb, releasing water from the rocks.
- The water slightly reduces the melting point of the overlying rock, forming magma that can work its way to the surface—the spark of life to reawaken a slumbering volcano.
- Not all volcanoes are related to subduction,
- Another way volcanoes can form is what’s known as hotspot volcanism.
- In this situation, a zone of magmatic activity—or a hotspot—in the middle of a tectonic plate can push up through the crust to form a volcano.
- Although the hotspot itself is thought to be largely stationary, the tectonic plates continue their slow march, building a line of volcanoes or islands on the surface. This mechanism is thought to be behind the Hawaii volcanic chain.
Global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in recent times
- Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai volcano
- The Philippine volcano near Manila
- Piton de la Fournaise in the Indian ocean
- Great Sitkin, Alaska
- Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba, Japan
- Kīlauea, Hawaii
- Etna, Sicily, Italy
- Nyiragongo, Congo
- Soufrière St. Vincent
- Semeru, Indonesia
- Krýsuvík-Trölladyngja
Impact on the regional environment
- Volcanism can be a greatly damaging natural disaster.
- Habitats and landscapes are destroyed by lava flows.
- Violent earthquakes associated with volcanic activity and mud flows of volcanic ash saturated by heavy rain can bury nearby places.
- Sometimes ash can precipitate under the influence of rain and completely cover the surrounding regions.
- deterioration of water quality, fewer periods of rain, crop damages, and the destruction of vegetation.
- In coastal areas, seismic sea waves called tsunamis are an additional danger which are generated by submarine earth faults where volcanism is active.
- Volcanic rocks yield very fertile soil upon weathering and decomposition.
- Although steep volcano slopes prevent extensive agriculture, forestry operations on them provide valuable timber resources.
- Mineral resources, particularly metallic ores are brought to the surface by volcanoes. Sometimes copper and other ores fill the gas bubble cavities. The famed Kimberlite rock of South Africa, source of diamonds is the pipe of an ancient volcano.
Impact on human activities
- Volcanic activity and the formation of volcanic landscapes can have both positive and negative impacts on human settlement and economic development.
- While they can be inhospitable and hazardous to human habitation, they can also provide opportunities for economic development.
- For example, Volcanic ash and rock fragments can be used for construction and road building, and volcanic landscapes often have unique biodiversity which can be utilized for tourism and recreation.
- Volcanic landscapes can also contain geothermal resources which can be used for power generation and other forms of economic development.
- Volcanic eruptions can cause significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and human health, and can lead to displacement of populations.
- Additionally, the rugged terrain and harsh climate of volcanic landscapes can make it difficult for people to settle in these regions.
Conclusion
Volcanoes have a huge impact on man and material as urbanization and globalization increases. The effects have impacts on flora, fauna and the global warming which can accelerate the climate change.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government;
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the role of SC in safeguarding fundamental rights under article 32.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving a brief about article 32.
Body:
First, in detail, about the role of the SC as the “guarantor” and “defender” of the fundamental rights.
Next, write in detail about the various types of writs and the purposes behind it. Substantiate using examples and SC case to show how writs are used to protect fundamental rights.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising and giving views of various scholars regarding it.
Introduction
Article 32 falls under Part III of the Constitution that includes the fundamental rights of individuals. It allows an individual to approach the Supreme Court if she or he believes that her or his fundamental rights have been violated or they need to be enforced.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar had once said, “If I was asked to name any particular article in this Constitution as the most important — an article without which this Constitution would be a nullity — I could not refer to any other article except this one (Article 32). It is the very soul of the Constitution and the very heart of it.”
Body
Rationale behind Article 32 called the heart and soul of the constitution:
- Right to constitutional remedies works on the Doctrine “Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium” which means when there is a right there is a remedy.
- It gives the power to the citizens of India to go directly to the Supreme Court of India, rather than by way of appeal, if they feel that any of their Fundamental Rights have been violated. Article 32 makes the Supreme Court the defender and guarantor of the fundamental rights.
- Article 32 came out to be the greatest safeguard that could be provided to protect the fundamental rights of the citizens and “It is a right fundamental to all the other Fundamental Rights”.
- Courts, as the judicial sentinel of the fundamental rights, are equipped with constitutional weapons i.e., WRITS.
- Writs which are being performed both by The Supreme Court and The High Court under Article 32 and 226 are for the violation and enactment of the Fundamental Rights.
- Both the courts have the power to issue directions, orders, and writs, including writs of Habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo warranto, and Certiorari, for the enforcement of any of the rights.
- On the other hand, Parliament has the right to empower any other court with such authority so that it can act as “Protector and guarantor” of such rights.
- Supreme Court in basic structure doctrine made clear that right to move to Supreme Court cannot be suspended except otherwise provided by the Constitution. This implies that this right suspended during a national emergency under article 359
Conclusion
The constitutional remedies provided to the citizens are the most powerful orders with immediate effects and results and that is why it has always been considered as the most important fundamental right engrafted in the Constitution of India. The Constitution of our country isn’t rigid and the various cases and court proceedings keep on challenging the basic structure of the Constitution. Article 32 still ensures that the fundamental rights of the citizens will always be protected and enforced by the Judiciary of India. And no citizen will be left unheard and deprived of his/her rights being the citizens of an independent country.
Value addition
Landmark cases of Article 32:
- In a judgment in the L. Chandra Kumar vs. Union of India and Others case and P. Sampath Kumar vs. Union of India case, it was declared that Article 32 was an integral and essential feature of the Constitution and constituted its basic structure.
- During the 1975 Emergency, in the ADM Jabalpur vs. Shivakant Shukla case, SC had ruled that the right to constitutional remedies under Article 32 would remain suspended during a national emergency. People were unable to seek redressal when their fundamental rights were being hampered.
- The most recent incidents where Article 32 was discussed, was when Kerala-based journalist Siddique Kappan languished in jail, and debate around the relevance of Article 32 continued inside and outside the Indian courts, the reason being that the Supreme Court may no longer entertain bail petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution.
- The court had then said that “The right to approach the Supreme Court under Article 32 is itself a fundamental right and that there is no doubt that if a citizen of India is deterred in any case from approaching this Court in exercise of his right”.
- In the recent case of Arnab Goswami, where PIL’s were filed against him under Article 32 of the Constitution, Hon’ble Chief Justice had said that Supreme Court wouldn’t exercise its powers for matters under Article 32 and also contended that it should be solely done by the High Court with appropriate jurisdiction so as to protect the interest and rights of individuals.
- The impact of article 32 has been huge with landmark cases like Shreya Singhal v Union of India where supreme court struck down Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, Meera Santosh Pal and Others v Union of India and Others where Supreme Court gave judgment on medical termination of pregnancy of a 24-week foetus etc.
Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The G7 talks about “de-risking” in reference to China, a term that refers to reducing economic and geopolitical risks associated with engagement with China.
Key Demand of the question:
To wite about “de-risking”, reasons for it and its implications.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Briefly define “de-risking” in the context of G7 and China.
Body:
First, write about the explanation of de-risking measures -Diversification of supply chains, Reducing dependency on Chinese markets, Enhancing resilience against potential disruptions etc.
Next, write about Reasons behind the G7’s emphasis on de-risking measures – Economic concerns: China’s economic dominance and market manipulation, Geopolitical factors: China’s assertive behavior and territorial disputes and Human rights issues: Violations of human rights and democratic values etc.
Next, write about Reasons behind the G7’s emphasis on de-risking measures – Impact on global trade and investment flows, Challenges and opportunities for G7 countries and Possible consequences for China’s economic and geopolitical position etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a balanced opinion on the above.
Introduction
Leaders of the Group of Seven (G7) — a club of some of the world’s major industrialized nations are gathering in the Japanese city of Hiroshima from Friday for their annual summit.
The West’s relationship with China amid Beijing’s expanding economic and political clout, Russia’s war in Ukraine, and the troubled state of the global economy are set to top the agenda of their discussions.
The G7 which includes the US, Japan, Germany, France, the UK, Italy and Canada — has been grappling with the question of how to deal with China amid Beijing’s growing global economic influence and military might in recent years.
Body
De-risking in context of G7
- At the summit, the G7 leaders are expected to touch on concerns about what they see as Beijing’s use of “economic coercion” around the world.
- They say they are not “decoupling” their economies from China but rather “de-risking,” to insulate them from potential blackmail, by diversifying supply chains and markets.
- The US has called for G7 nations to take stronger positions on Beijing.
- Washington has already blocked China’s access to the most advanced semiconductors and the equipment to make them. It has also pressed Japan and the Netherlands to follow suit.
- But European countries like Germany and France stress that the G7 is not an “anti-China alliance.” They have also underlined that de-risking their economies does not mean cutting off ties with the world’s second-biggest economy.
Reasons for de-risking and implications
- Taiwan-China conflict: Island encirclement against Taiwan and forceful takeover are becoming more of a reality considering Chinese navy and air force activities in the region.
- Hong-Kong unrest: The ‘one country two systems’ in Hong Kong is dead and with it, the pretence that the same could be applied for the peaceful unification of Taiwan.
- Eg: Extension of national security law to Hong-Kong and recent warning to Taiwan on possibility of war if it shores up defence weapons.
- South China Sea: China claims 90% of south China sea as its sovereign territory, continuously terrorising Vietnam, Philippines wrt Paracel and Spratly islands.
- Belt and Road initiative: It is the 21st century Marshall Plan, through which China aims to dominate the world.
Conclusion
The G7 summit in Japan not only focuses on the Ukraine war. Above all, China’s far-reaching ambitions are a cause of concern for the leading developed countries. They are seeking a joint position and planning a coordinated defense against attempts at economic blackmail. Beijing believes it to be an attempt to contain China.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Effects of liberalization on the economy.
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India
Why the question:
The article discusses the need for reforming the United Nations Security Council and the Bretton Woods system. UN Secretary-General António Guterres argues that both institutions are outdated and in need of significant changes to address the challenges of the modern world.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the drawbacks of WB and IMF and suggest possible reforms in it.
Directive Word:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, in brief, write about the major aspects of global economy that WB and IMF deal with.
Next, using facts and figures to substantiate, give the successes and limitations of WB and IMF in regards to – voting rights, dominance by global north, foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world etc.
Next, suggest possible reforms that are needed in the IMF.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a balanced opinion.
Introduction
The trend towards global governance has been most prominent in the economic sphere, where it has been associated with the Bretton Woods System that emerged in the aftermath of WWII. The major factor for its emergence was the desire not to return to the economic instability and chaos of the inter-war period.
UN Secretary-General António Guterres argues that both institutions of Bretton Woods viz. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) are outdated and in need of significant changes to address the challenges of the modern world.
Body
Evolution and aftermath of Bretton Woods
- International Monetary Fund (IMF):Its chief purpose was to encourage international cooperation in the monetary field by removing foreign exchange restrictions, stabilising exchange rates and facilitating a multilateral payment system between countries.
- However, post transition from fixed to floating exchange rates, IMF increasingly focussed on lending to the developing countries.
- The most controversial aspect of the loans was the conditionalities associated with it which required recipient countries to introduce structural adjustment programmes based on faith in market fundamentalism.
- This led to one size fits all application of neoliberal principles. ▪ Although ‘structural adjustment programmes’ sometimes produced benefits (as in South Korea),they often created more harm to developing countries due to the destabilising impact of shock therapy market reforms such as increased poverty and employment (by rolling back states), opened fragile economies to foreign competition etc.
- World Bank (WB): It provided low interest loans to support major investment projects as well as provided technical assistance and thus focussed on promoting development.
- However, in emphasising the need to promote growth by expanding trade, WB helped to maintain dependency and poverty.
- Development disparities thus became entrenched and during 1990s widened through a structural imbalance in trade that allowed developed countries to grow rich by selling high price, capital intensive goods, while developing countries sold low-price, labour-intensive goods.
Need for reforms
- Reformed Bretton Woods institutions– the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank Group (WBG) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) – a Bretton Woods 2.0 is what the world needs for the 21st century.
- While these institutions performed well over their first 50 years – they have been struggling in more recent times as problems of rising inequality, financial instability and protectionism have re-emerged.
- The threat of climate change and ecological stress, rising disasters and a more interconnected world with new threats like cyber-security and pandemics require a new international financial architecture.
- A modernised and reshaped set of Bretton Woods institutions to help address and mitigate these challenges, with three R’s – a revised global remit and the mandate to monitor agreed global rules and enhanced resources not only to help individual countries but also to address global problems. If this is a bridge too far in today’s fractured world a Bretton Woods 1.5 with enhanced remit and resources is proposed.
Reforms necessary to be taken
- First, at its centre will sit three reshaped and revitalised global institutions -the IMF, WBG and the WTO. The IMF will be tasked with macroeconomic policy and financial stability. This will include much stricter and enhanced surveillance of the advanced economies and the spillover effects of their policies to better understand and hopefully predict the global crisis and help less advanced economies.
- It is beginning to drift into areas of support – for poverty, gender and climate change which are better addressed by other agencies.
- A restructured WBG will make sustainability and shared prosperity (to address rising inequality) its major goals and it will need to use its capital base to leverage private capital more effectively. It must also be able to help within the country but be better able to address global good and bad by working closely with others. It should be a wholesaler not a retailer of finance. For example, the WHO on better-coordinated pandemic response to give an example.
- Finally, we need a strengthened WTO which stands not just for genuinely fair trade with speedier processes for dispute resolution and flexibility and authority to respond to emergencies more expeditiously. Progress made at the 12th MC in Geneva on several issues opens the path towards progress on a strengthened WTO.
- Second, the system also needs more automatic and rule-based agreed financing mechanisms. The current system of ex-post and discretionary response has delayed the ability to help and made it more politicised.
Conclusion
For the Bretton Woods twins to retain their heft, they should raise their game to serve the world better. Being US-backed may no longer be the asset it was. As the US is no longer an upholder of free trade, the duo might also need to worry about “common prosperity” coming to be seen as a Chinese proposition globally. How effectively and quickly the two multilateral lenders are reformed could make a big difference, as also whether they are widely seen to be serving everybody’s best interests rather than just the West’s own.
General Studies – 4
Topic: Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.
Difficulty level: Easy
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about how Integrity leads to better decision making and better outcomes.
Directive word:
Substantiate – When you are asked to Substantiate, you must pass a sound judgement about the truth of the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence. You must appraise the worth of the statement in question using suitable case studies or/ and examples.
Introduction:
Begin by defining what is Integrity.
Body:
Mention how integrity boosts the moral values such as honesty, fairness, decency etc that boosts one’s moral character and contributes to an ethical system. Use examples to support the argument.
Also, write about how with having Integrity leads to better decision making and better outcomes. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
Integrity can be defined as the quality of being honest and having strong moral and ethical principles. When leaders make decisions with integrity, they act by these principles, even when it may not be the easiest or most popular choice.
Body
Traits of a leader with integrity
- Honesty and transparency
- Leaders with integrity are honest about their actions and decisions.
- They are transparent in their communication with employees and stakeholders and are open to feedback and constructive criticism.
- Consistency in behavior and decision-making
- Leaders with integrity are consistent in their behavior and decision-making.
- They do not make decisions based on personal biases or external pressures, and they are guided by their core values and principles.
- Commitment to ethical values
- Leaders with integrity are committed to ethical values such as fairness, responsibility, and accountability.
- They hold themselves and their employees accountable for their actions and decisions.
- Consistency in behavior and decision-making
- Leaders with integrity are consistent in their behavior and decision-making.
- They do not make decisions based on personal biases or external pressures, and they are guided by their core values and principles.
- Commitment to ethical values
- Leaders with integrity are committed to ethical values such as fairness, responsibility, and accountability.
- They hold themselves and their employees accountable for their actions and decisions.
Importance of Integrity in decision making
- Integrity plays a critical role in the decision-making process.
- When leaders make decisions with integrity, they are more likely to act in the best interests of the organization and its stakeholders.
- They are also more likely to take a long-term view of the situation, rather than making short-sighted decisions that may benefit them personally or in the short term but harm the organization in the long run.
- Honest leaders also create an environment of trust and respect within the organization, as their employees know that they can rely on them to make ethical decisions.
- On the other hand, when leaders lack integrity, they may make decisions that are motivated by self-interest or a desire to please others rather than doing what’s best for the organization.
- This can lead to a lack of trust among employees and stakeholders, as well as negative consequences for the organization as a whole.
Conclusion
Decision-making is a crucial part of a leader’s role. Whether it’s deciding which direction to take the company, which projects to prioritize, or how to address issues that arise, a leader’s decisions can have a significant impact on the organization and its employees. That’s why leaders need to make decisions with integrity.
Topic: Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and nonpartisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To distinguish factors that lead to the development of compassion.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining compassion.
Body:
Write about the factors that lead to development of compassion – Education and Cultural Factors, Perspective-Taking and Cognitive Abilities, influences, experiences, value education etc. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing about importance of compassion.
Introduction
Compassion is a deeper level of empathy, demonstrating an actual desire to help the suffering person. It is a unique feeling of sympathy for the suffering of others that involves emotions and empathy towards others, a sense of understanding, and the drive to protect.
It is the willingness to relieve the suffering of another. It is the sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others. It motivates people to go out of their way to help the physical, mental, or emotional pains of another and themselves. Compassion is often regarded as having sensitivity, an emotional aspect to suffering. Qualities of compassion are patience and wisdom; kindness and perseverance; warmth and resolve.
Body
Development of compassion: Intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors
- Family and friends: Emulating the behaviour of the authoritative figures in the family and friend circle makes one compassionate and gives a compassionate outlook to individual.
- Self-awareness: Being aware of one’s behaviour, privilege and understanding the factors influencing one’s attitude can alos make one compassionate.
- Role model: Fan worship, hero worship or inspirational leaders who lead by examples are extrinsic factors for being compassionate.
- Experiences: Understanding the pain of others comes easily when one’s has experiences someone else’s compassion towards themselves in time of crisis. This will make them compassionate in turn to return the good to the society.
- Seeing the injustices, inequality and understanding why there is inequality will make one compassionate and philanthropic in nature.
Compassion is a guiding star to advance humanity in crisis settings. Without compassion, which literally means ‘suffering together,’ we would not be able to put ourselves into each other’s shoes, or see a crisis through the eyes of a child and realise that other human lives are worth saving, sometimes by taking risks.
“If we want societies to be inclusive, cohesive and peaceful, this is the time to foster an alliance between cultures, civilizations, and people”. Global fraternity and global village must become a reality to save human kind from an impending apocalypse which is man-made.
Conclusion
The world desperately stands in need of compassion today. A compassion, which reaches out to the unloved, the ostracized, the marginalized and the vulnerable. A compassion, that takes a stand for the poor, the victims of injustice, the refugees and the displaced. A compassion, that is able to negate and overcome the hate and divisiveness. The humankind must be compassionate to each other to see the world thrive.
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