DAY – 42 (InstaTest-42): Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2023: Topic – MODERN INDIA, Subject-wise Test – 7,21, Text Book based Test – 23, 24, 25 ,1st April – 15th April 2023 CA

Solution: B

Lord Linlithgow (1936–43)

• Passing of the ‘Quit India’ Resolution by the Congress at Bombay (8^th August, 1942), arrest of all the Congress leaders and the outbreak of the ‘August Revolution’ or Revolt of 1942.

Lord Wavell (1943–47)

• R. Formula evolved by C. Rajagopala Chari in 1944 and the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944) based on it: failure of the talks.
• Wavell Plan and the Simla Conference (1945) to discuss it; its failure.
• INA Trials and the Naval Mutiny (1946).
• Cabinet Mission (Three members—Lawrence. Cripps and Alexander) and acceptance of its plan by both the Congress and the League (1946).
• Formation of Interim Government by the Congress (Sep. 1946).
• Launching of ‘Direct Action Day’ by the League (17th Aug. 1946), but it also joined the Interim Govt. in Oct. 1946, though it abstained from the Constituent Assembly.

Solution: C

Lord Cornwallis introduced Permanent Settlement with the hope that the rule of law and private property rights would liberate individual enterprise from the shackles of custom and tradition, and would bring in modernisation to the economy and society. But Thomas Munro in Madras, and his followers in western and northern India, such as Mountstuart Elphinstone, John Malcolm and Charles Metcalfe, thought that the Cornwallis system did not consider Indian tradition and experience. Though they were not opposed to the rule of law or separation of powers, they felt that such reforms had to be suitably amended for the Indian context. Further, they held that some aspects of the Indian tradition of personal government needed to be maintained.

Munro therefore, proceeded to introduce his Ryotwari Settlement, with the objective of preserving India’s village communities. But ultimately, his aim was to strengthen the Company’s state in the south by expanding its revenue base, where land taxes would be collected directly from the peasants by a large number of British officers, an idea he had derived from the revenue administration of Tipu Sultan’s Mysore.

Solution: C

CIVIL SERVICES

Government of lndia came to being a bureaucracy or government by officials through the following stages—transformation of the Company’s service from a ‘mercantile service’ into an ‘administrative service’; reforms of Cornwallis—his creation of a modern civil service in the form of the Covenanted Civil Service of India (known as the ICS after 1861); establishment of Fort William College at Calcutta by Wellesley and later its replacement by Haileybury college in England; and replacement of the system of patronage by a proper recruitment method through open competitive examinations.

Indianisation of higher services ’Scholarship Scheme’ (1868) and ‘Scheme of Statutory Civilians’ (1879) were two partially successful steps towards Indianisation of civil services. The former aimed at helping talented Indian students to proceed to England for taking the ICS examination, while the latter provided for filling one-fifth of the vacancies in the ICS through nomination of young Indians of respectable families and sound education. The Aitchison Commission (1886) was appointed by Lord Dufferin ostensibly to find ways and means of admitting more Indians into higher services. But the commission, instead of doing that, proposed to reduce the ICS to an ‘elite corps’ by limiting its number to what was necessary to fill the chief administrative appointments and to transfer the remaining posts to a wholly Indian provincial serv-ice to be constituted in each of the provinces.

Holding of the ICS examinations simultaneously in England and India was done for the first time in 1922.

Solution: C

Emergence of Managing Agency System: The most important among the institutions that came into existence during the second half of the 19^th century were the European Managing Agency Houses. ‘Managing Agency House’ was the peculiar product of the Indo-British relations during the 19th century.

The Managing Agency Houses raised funds in England and India and took responsibility on behalf of the clients (who had retired from service in India after making lot of money and generally resided in England) to run industries or trading establishments in India. Managing Agency Houses undertook this responsibility on behalf of their clients who provided finance but were not in the position to undertake day-to-day responsibility of running the industrial or trading activities of the Company. Capital from England also began to flow into India during the second half of the 19th century when railway construction in India started. Investment of foreign capital in India after 1850 pushed up the pace of economic transition.

Solution: D

Forms of Drain

According to Dadabhai Naoroji, the following forms of drain can be identified:

• Remittances to England by Europeans for the support of families and education of children—a feature of the colonial system of government.
• Remittances of savings by employees of the Company, since most employees preferred to invest at home.
• Remittances for purchase of British goods for the consumption of British employees as well as purchases by them of British goods in India.
• Government purchase of stores manufactured in Britain.
• Interest charges on public debt held in Britain (excluding interest payments on railway loans and debts incurred for productive works).
• In addition, the government of India had to make huge payments to people in England on account of political, administrative and commercial connections established between India and England. These commitments were called ‘Home Charges’. They included:
• Interest on public debt raised in England at comparatively higher rates;
• Annuities on account of railway and irrigation works;
• Payments in connection with civil departments where Englishmen were employed;
• India Office expenses including pensions to retired officials who had worked in India or who had worked for India in England and retired there, pensions to army and naval personnel, and their furlough allowances.

Solution: C

The English East India Company showed very little interest in the education of its subjects during this period, the only two minor exceptions being the Calcutta Madrasah set up by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study and teaching of Muslim law and related subjects, and the Sanskrit College at Varanasi by Jonathan Duncan in 1792 for the study of Hindu law and philosophy (both were designed to provide a regular supply of qualified Indians to help the administration of law in the courts of the Company).

Solution: B

Macaulay’s Minute on Education Submitted by Thomas Babington Macaulay in his capacity as president of the Committee on Public Instruction on February 2, 1835, it was to form the basis of the Company’s educational policy in India.

On the basis of ‘Macaulay’s Minute’, Bentinck ruled that all the funds appropriated for the purpose of education would be best employed on English education alone. Consequently, a resolution based on Macaulay’s Minute and accepted by William Bentinck’s government on March 7, 1835 proclaimed English as India’s official language.

The Educational Despatch of 1854, also known as Wood’s Despatch (because it was drafted by Sir Charles Wood, the then president of the Board of Control, who later became the first secretary of state for India) and generally considered as the ‘Magna Carta of English Education in India’, formed a landmark in the history of modern education in India.

Solution: D

Pitt’s India Act of 1784

• The Pitt’s India Act gave the British government a large measure of control over the Company’s affairs. In fact, the Company became a subordinate department of the State. The Company’s territories in India were termed ‘British possessions.

● The government’s control over the Company’s affairs was greatly extended. A Board of Control consisting of the chancellor of exchequer, a secretary of state and four members of the Privy Council (to be appointed by the Crown) were to exercise control over the Company’s civil, military and revenue affairs. All dispatches were to be approved by the board. Thus a dual system of control was set up.

Solution: A

Simon Commission

The 1919 Act had provided that a Royal Commission would be appointed ten years after the Act to report on its working. In November 1927, two years before schedule, the British government announced the appointment of such a commission—the Indian Statutory Commission. The commission submitted its report in 1930. It recommended that dyarchy be abolished, responsible government be extended in the provinces, a federation of British India and the Princely States be established, and that communal electorates be continued.

Solution: D

Ripon’s Resolution of 1882

The Government of Ripon desired the provincial governments to apply in case of local bodies the same principle of financial decentralisation which Lord Mayo’s Government had begun towards them. For his contributions, Lord Ripon is called father of local self-government in India.

Under Dyarchy

Local self-government was made a ‘transferred’ subject under popular ministerial control by Government of India Act, 1919.

Solution: A

Licensing Regulations, 1823

The acting governor-general, John Adams, who had reactionary views, enacted these. According to these regulations, starting or using a press without licence was a penal offence. Later on, the Act was extended to cover journals, pamphlets and books. These restrictions were directed chiefly against Indian language newspapers or those edited by Indians. Rammohan Roy’s Mirat-ul-Akbar had to stop publication.

Vernacular Press Act, 1878

The Vernacular Press Act (VPA) was designed to ‘better control’ the vernacular press and effectively punish and repress seditious writing. The provisions of the Act included the following.

1. The district magistrate was empowered to call upon the printer and publisher of any vernacular newspaper to enter into a bond with the government undertaking not to cause disaffection against the government or antipathy between persons of different religions, caste, race through published material; the printer and publisher could also be required to deposit security which could be forefeited if the regulation were contravened, and press equipment could be seized if the offence re-occurred.
2. The magistrate’s action was final and no appeal could be made in a court of law.
3. A vernacular newspaper could get exemption from the operation of the Act by submitting proofs to a government censor.

The Act came to be nicknamed “the gagging Act”. The worst features of this Act were—(i) discrimination between English and vernacular press, (ii) no right of appeal. Under VPA, proceedings were instituted against Som Prakash, Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash and Samachar. (Incidentally, the Amrita Bazar Patrika turned overnight into an English newspaper to escape the VPA.)

Solution: C

Civil Disobedience Movement

M.K. Gandhi formally launched the Civil Disobedience Movement on April 6, 1930 by picking a handful of salt after the completion of historic ‘Dandi March’ from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, thus breaking the salt law imposed by the Government. He was the major force behind the movement and inspired grass-root participation in the freedom struggle.

1930. Rajagopalachari led a salt march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore coast in Tamil Nadu, in support of the Civil Disobedience Movement. He was arrested on April 30, 1930.
1931. Kelappan, a Nair Congress leader, launched the Vaikom Satyagraha and marched from Calicut to Payanneer in defiance of salt laws.

Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan formed a clan of non-violent revolutionaries, the Khudai Khidmatgars (known as Red Shirts), who played an active role in the movement.

Sarojini Naidu, the first Indian woman to become the president of the Congress, was involved in a march towards the Dharsana Salt Works, a government salt depot.

Solution: B

Solution: D

The Subsidiary System

The predecessors of Wellesley concluded alliances with Indian princes like the Nawab of Oudh and the Nizam of Hyderabad. They received subsidies from the Indian rulers for the maintenance of British troops, which were used for the protection of respective Indian states. Wellesley enlarged and consolidated the already existing system. However, his originality was revealed in its application.

Main Features of Subsidiary Alliance

1. Any Indian ruler who entered into the subsidiary alliance with the British had to maintain a contingent of British troops in his territory. It was commanded by a British officer. The Indian state was called ‘the protected state’ and the British hereinafter were referred to as ‘the paramount power’. It was the duty of the British to safeguard that state from external aggression and to help its ruler maintain internal peace. The protected state should give some money or give part of its territory to the British to support the subsidiary force.
2. The protected state should cut off its connection with European powers other than the English and with the French in particular. The state was also forbidden to have any political contact even with other Indian powers without the permission of the British.
3. The ruler of the protected state should keep a British Resident at his court and disband his own army. He should not employ Europeans in his service without the sanction of the paramount power.
4. The paramount power should not interfere in the internal affairs of the protected state.

Hyderabad: Hyderabad was the first state which was brought under Wellesley’s Subsidiary System in 1798.

Solution: B

Mahalwari Settlement

The Mahalwari system was introduced by Holt Mackenzie.

In 1833, the Mahalwari settlement was introduced in the Punjab, the Central Provinces and parts of North Western Provinces. Under this system the basic unit of revenue settlement was the village or the Mahal. As the village lands belonged jointly to the village community, the responsibility of paying the revenue rested with the entire Mahal or the village community. So the entire land of the village was measured at the time of fixing the revenue. Though the Mahalwari system eliminated middlemen between the government and the village community and brought about improvement in irrigation facility, yet its benefit was largely enjoyed by the government.

Solution: D

Gangetic Dolphins

• Protection Status: Dolphins have been included in Schedule I of the Indian Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972, in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).
  • IUCN Status: Endangered
  • They are also one among the 22 species identified under the centrally sponsored scheme, “Development of Wildlife Habitat”.
• Characteristic features: The Gangetic river dolphins can only live in freshwater, are blind and catch their prey in a unique manner, using ultrasonic sound waves.
• Distribution: Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
• Habitat: They live in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems of Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.
• Significance: It is a reliable indicator of the health of the entire river
• The global population of the Ganges Dolphin is estimated at around 4,000, and nearly 80% are found in the Indian subcontinent.

Solution: A

Salmonella

 Context: Recent studies have found the emergence of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 that causes infections in humans and cattle.

 Salmonella

• They are gram-negative bacteria(containing double cell walls). Hence they are highly resistant to antibiotics.
• Most infections are due to the ingestion of food contaminated by animal faeces or by human faeces, such as by a food-service worker at a commercial eatery.
• Two main groups—typhoidal and nontyphoidal
  • Nontyphoidal serotypes are zoonotic and can be transferred from animal to human and from human to human. They usually invade only the gastrointestinal tract
  • Typhoidal serotypes can only be transferred from human to human and can cause food-borne infection
• Recent studies reported an annual incidence of as many as 360 cases of typhoid fever per 1,00,000 people, with an annual estimate of 5 million cases and 8,930 deaths (0.2% fatality rate) in India.

In this cell structure of salmonella, you can see the thick cell membrane which protects it from anti-bacterial chemicals

Solution: C

Glyphosate

 Context: Government has restricted the use of the Herbicide glyphosate to authorized pest control operators, attracting criticism from industry bodies.

 Glyphosate: It is a non-selective herbicide (kills both ally types of plants).  It is also used to regulate plant growth and ripen specific crops. It is banned in 28 countries, including Australia, Canada, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Netherlands and Sri Lanka, as it may be carcinogenic (as per a WHO study) and remains as a residue in the environment for up to 6 months.

Usage of glyphosate in India: It is widely used in plantation agriculture. It is also used to control weeds in afforestation activities and in areas along irrigation channels, Railway tracks etc. It may also be combined with BT cotton, leading to high usage in Deccan belts.

Solution: A

Global Investment Trend Monitor Report – 2022

Source: Down to Earth

Context: According to a recently released Global Investment Trend Monitor Report – 2022 by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the economic downturn brings down funding for climate mitigation and adaptation.

Key Findings:

• The number of climate mitigation and adaptation investment projects declined 7-12 per cent as the world grapples with an economic slowdown. The gap between mitigation and adaptation financing was also huge this year.

The funding was also lopsided: Over 700 renewable energy investment projects were located in Europe, accounting for more than half of all projects.

Solution: C

Emissions Gap Report 2022

Source: Down to Earth

Context:  According to the recently released Emissions Gap Report 2022, current pledges by countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions would still leave the world warmer by 2.4-2.6 degrees celsius by the end of the century.

Key Findings:

• The top seven emitters (China, EU27, India, Indonesia, Brazil, the Russian Federation and the USA) plus international transport accounted for 55 per cent of global GHG emissions in 2020.
• Collectively, G20 members are responsible for 75 per cent of global GHG
• Global average per capita GHG emissions: The US at 14 tCO2e, followed by Russia at 13 tCO2e, China at 9.7 tCO2e, Brazil and Indonesia at about 7.5 tCO2e, and the European Union at 7.2 tCO2e
  • India remains far below the world average at 4 tCO2e.
• The updated pledges by countries (NDC) under the Paris Agreement only reduce the projected greenhouse emissions by 1 per cent by 2030.

Solution: A

Pangong Tso or Pangong Lake is an endorheic lake in the Himalayas situated at an elevation of 4,225 m. It is 134 km long and extends from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region, China. Approximately 60% of the length of the lake lies within the Tibetan Autonomous Region.

Hence, statement 1 is correct.

It is the world’s highest saltwater lake.

Pangong Lake is also known to change colors, appearing blue, green and red at different times.

During winter the lake freezes completely, despite being saline water.

Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

It is not a part of the Indus river basin area and geographically a separate landlocked river basin

Solution: C

Both the statements given above are correct.

Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS)

Launched in October 2015, the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) is being developed to support the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. The aim is to support global surveillance and research in order to strengthen the evidence base on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and help informing decision-making and drive national, regional, and global actions.

GLASS promotes and supports a standardized approach to the collection, analysis and sharing of AMR data at a global level by encouraging and facilitating the establishment of national AMR surveillance systems that are capable of monitoring AMR trends and producing reliable and comparable data.

GLASS implementation is supported by the WHO AMR Surveillance and Quality Assessment Collaborating Centers Network and conducted in collaboration with the WHO Regional Offices and existing regional surveillance networks.

GLASS objectives

• Foster national surveillance systems and harmonized global standards;
• estimate the extent and burden of AMR globally by selected indicators;
• analyse and report global data on AMR on a regular basis;
• detect emerging resistance and its international spread;
• inform implementation of targeted prevention and control programmes; and
• assess the impact of interventions.

Solution: C

Both the statements given above are correct.

Huntington Disease (HD)

It is a progressive genetic disorder which affects the brain. It causes uncontrolled movements, impaired coordination of balance and movement, a decline in cognitive abilities, difficulty in concentrating and memory lapses, mood swings and personality changes.

Mutations in the HTT gene (also called Huntington or HD gene) cause Huntington Disease (HD)

Huntington disease affects an estimated 3 to 7 per 100,000 people of European ancestry. The disorder appears to be less common in some other populations, including people of Japanese, Chinese, and African descent

Solution: B

75 tribal groups have been categorized by Ministry of Home Affairs as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG)s.

Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

PVTGs reside in 18 States and UT of A&N Islands.

Solution: D

Al-Birunì’s Kitab-ul-Hind

• He wrote his monumental Kitab fi tahqiq ma lil-Hind in order to acquaint his Ghaznavid ruler with Hinduism. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Though he stayed in Ghazni and never visited centres of Brahmanic scholarship like Kanauj, Varanasi and Kashmir, he had infonnants in the form of a few Sanskrit scholars and educated merchants.
• He also quotes from Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra, the Bhagavad Gita and the Samkhya Karika to substantiate his assertions.
• Apart from providing a penetrating study of human relationships and cultural complexities in various faiths, he defines the Hindu colour divisions as tabaqat (classes) and the castes (jati) as birth divisions (nasab).
• According to him, below the Sudras were the antyaja or casteless, who were divided into eight guilds: fullers, shoe- makers, jugglers, basket and shield makers, sailors, fishermen, hunters and weavers. The Hadi, Doma and Chandala, who did the cleaning and scavenging were outcastes.
• Finally, foreigners were regarded as mlechchhas or unclean.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The central focus of passage is on how the anthropogenic factors are causing the habitat disruption. Passage list out the various factors related to it.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Management of mineral resources and grant of forest lands for human activities do don’t necessarily need the continuity of forested landscapes and corridors. Instead, they want fragmentation of land and that’s disrupting the habitat destruction and loss in biodiversity.

Answer: (b)

Justification:

Correct Option: A

The numbers in the matrix follow the below mentioned logic:

(28 – 5) × 2 = 46

(35 – 8) × 5 = 135

(22 – ?) × 7 = 112

(22 – ?) = 112 ÷ 7

= 6

Hence, option A is correct.

Answer: D) 91

Explanation:

The difference of the two consecutive numbers are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 35.

This is clearly , +(1²), +(2²), +(3²), +(4²), +(5²),+(6²)

Here 35 is wrong, So our wrong number is 91