DAY – 40 (InstaTest-40): Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2023: Topic – MODERN INDIA, Subject-wise Test – 19, Text Book based Test – 24 ,1st April – 15th April 2023 CA

Solution: C

1835 Minute on Education by Thomas Babington Macaulay

1853 Opening of first railway in India from Bombay to Thana

1854 Education Despatch of Sir Charles Wood

1860 Enactment of Indian Penal Code

1877 Delhi Durbar (1 Jan.), Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India

Solution: B

The Home Rule Movement was the Indian response to the First World War in a less charged but a more effective way than the response of Indians living abroad which took the form of the romantic Ghadr adventure. Prominent leaders—Balgangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant, G.S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania Iyer, Joseph Baptista and Mohammad Ali Jinnah among others—got together and decided that it was necessary to have a national alliance that would work throughout the year (unlike the Congress which had annual sessions) with the main objective of demanding self-government or home rule for all of India within the British commonwealth. This alliance was to be the All India Home Rule League along the lines of the Irish Home Rule League.

Solution: D

Methods of Moderates

The methods of the Moderates can best be described as ‘Constitutional agitation’. They confined themselves to meetings, speeches, resolutions and petitions. On rare occasions only, they resorted to the boycott of foreign goods and the use of Indian goods (swadeshi). They believed in peaceful and bloodless struggle. They confined their political activity to the educated classes only, not willing to involve the masses in the national movement. Moreover, they wanted to attain political rights and self-government in a prolonged stage-by-stage evolution, and not all of a sudden.

Solution:C

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856–1920)

He was known as ‘Lokmanya’ to the Indians and as the ‘Father of Indian Unrest’ to the British.

He was a prominent member of the Deccan Education Society and helped to found the New English School, which later became the Fergusson College. He was the editor for two newspapers, that is, the Maharatta in English and the Kesari in Marathi. He also founded the Home Rule League in April 1916 and declared ‘Swaraj is my birth right, and I will have it’.

Lala Lajpat Rai (1865–1928)

Popularly known as the ‘Punjab Kesari’, he was the leader of the ‘college’ faction of the Arya Samaj and worked for the social and educational reforms in the early period of his life. He became an extremist leader in the beginning of the 20th century and played in important role in the Anti-Partition movement, for which he was deported to Burma by the British in 1907. After his release, he visited the USA, founded the Indian Home Rule League there in 1914.

He edited a newspaper, called the Punjabee, and authored a book, viz. Unhappy India. While leading a protest procession against the Simon Commission he was severely wounded and died of injuries.

Solution: D

GANDHI (1869–1948)

Accepting an offer from a firm of Muslims, Gandhi went to Pretoria, capital of Transvaal in South Africa, in 1893. Influenced by Thoreau’s essay ‘Civil Disobedience’, in 1909 he started corresponding with Leo Tolstoy whose Kingdom of God is within you had moved him deeply, as had John Ruskin’s Unto This Last.

Solution: A

In early 1919, a Khilafat Committee was formed under the leadership of the Ali brothers (Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali), Maulana Azad, Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani, to force the British government to change its attitude towards Turkey.

At a conference in Lucknow in September 1919, an All- India Khilafat Committee was set up with Seth Chhotani of Bombay as President and Maulana Shaukat Ali as Secretary.

The Khilafat Conference held in Calcutta (February 1920) under the presidentship of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad passed a resolution in favour of non-cooperation and decided that a Khilafat day would be observed. In the succeeding months a number of other meetings were held. When the Treaty of Serves with Turkey was announced on May 15, 1920, the Central Khilafat Committee meeting at Bombay announced its decision to start its noncooperation movement from August I.

Solution: A

Simon Commission (1927)

On November 8, 1927 the British government announced the setting up of the Indian Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. It consisted, apart from the chairman, of six members. Partywise, there were four Conservatives, two Labourites and one Liberal. This all-white Commission with no Indian representation caused a great controversy even before it began its task of enquiring into the working of the system of government in British India, and reporting on the desirability and extent of establishing the principle of responsible government.

Its impending visit to India provoked a popular political and even social boycott. All the major political parties—the Congress, the All-India Liberal Federation, the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha—as well as the Federation of the Indian Chambers of Commerce and the Mill-owners’ Association were signatories to a statement calling for a boycott of the Commission. Those who welcomed it were either splinter groups, such as a section of the Muslim league, or representatives of special or sectarian interests, like Europeans, Anglo-Indians and the Depressed Classes.

Those who decided to support the Congress call of boycott of the Simon Commission included the liberals of the Hindu Mahasabha and the majority faction of the Muslim League under Jinnah. The Muslim league had two sessions in 1927 – one under Jinnah at Calcutta where it was decided to oppose the Simon Commission, and another at Lahore under Muhammad Shafi, who supported the government. Some others, such as the Unionists in Punjab and the Justice Party in the south, decided not to boycott the commission.

Solution: D

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34)

Before starting the movement, Gandhi served on the British government an ‘Eleven Point Ultimatum’, which, though did not include the demand for complete independence, represented the specific grievances of the Indians. The ultimatum included the following demands:

• 50% reduction in land revenue.
• Abolition of the salt tax and government salt monopoly.
• Reservation of coastal shipping for Indians.
• Lowering of the rupee-sterling exchange ratio.
• Protection of indigenous textile industry.
• 50% cut in military expenditure.
• 50% reduction in expenditure on civil administration.
• Total prohibition of intoxicants.
• Release of all political prisoners.
• Changes in the Central Intelligence Department.
• Changes in the Arms Act enabling citizens to bear arms for self-protection.

Solution: B

Comparison between Civil Disobedience Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement

The Civil Disobedience movement (1930-34) was a step further over the Non-cooperation movement (1921-22) in several respects:

• The former had an objective (the achievement of complete independence) much greater than that of the latter (the remedying of two specific ‘wrongs’ and the demand for a vague swaraj).
• As the very names of the movements suggest, the methods adopted during the former (involving deliberate violation of law) were evidently more militant than those of the latter (involving only non–cooperation).
• Participation in the former involved greater risk for the people than in the latter. For the government adopted a policy of ruthless repression from the very beginning in the case of the former movement.
• The participation of women, business groups and peasantry was much greater in the former than in the latter.
• The former resulted in the Congress becoming organizationally much stronger than the latter.

However, the Civil Disobedience movement was a retrograde step in comparison to the Non-cooperation movement in certain other aspects:

• The former was not marked by the same Hindu-Muslim unity as was the latter. This was evident from the low Muslim participation in the Civil Disobedience movement.
• The participation of the labour in the former was insignificant when compared to the latter.

Solution: D

Round Table Conference

The Indian Round Table Conference held three session which are sometimes referred to, albeit erroneously, as the First, Second and Third Round Table Conferences.

First Session (November 12, 1930 to January 19, 1931)

It was Sir John Simon, the Chairman of the Simon Commission (appointed in 1927 by the conservative ministry headed by Mr. Baldwin to report on the working of the reforms of 1919 and to recommend further constitutional reforms for India), who suggested in a letter from India on 16th October, 1929, to the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald (his Labour Party came to power in 1929) to convene a conference of the representatives of both British India and the Indian States to take a final decision on the question of constitutional reforms for India. His suggestion was accepted by the British Cabinet, and subsequently Lord Irwin, the Governor-General of India, made his famous declaration, known as the ‘Deepavali Declaration’ (October 31. 1929) according to which the objective of British policy was to grant Dominion Status to India and a round table conference would be held in London after the Simon Commission had reported.

Solution: B

Quit India Movement or Revolt of 1942

The failure of the Cripps Mission left no meeting ground between the Congress and the British government. The Congress now decided to take active steps to compel the British to accept the Indian demand for independence. The All India Congress Committee met at Bombay on August 8, 1942, and passed the famous ‘Quit India’ resolution, proposing to start non-violent mass struggle to achieve this aim. On the night of this day, Gandhi gave his call of ‘Do or Die’. But before the Congress could start its non-violent movement, the government rounded up all the important leaders, including Gandhi in the morning of August 9. This unwise act of the government unleashed an unprecedented and country-wide wave of mass fury. Left leaderless and without any organisation, the people reacted in any manner they could.

Solution: C

Formation of Secret Societies in India and Abroad

• Anushilan Samiti The Anushilan Samiti of Calcutta was formed by Barindrakumar Ghosh, Jatindranath Banerji and Pramotha Mitter in 1902. The Anushilan Samiti of Dacca was founded by Pulin Das in 1902. These were the first revolutionary secret societies in Bengal.
• Mitra Mela The Mitra Mela was formed by the Savarkar brothers in 1899. This society was the first one in Maharashtra as well as in India.
• Abhinava Bharat Ganesh Savarkar (elder brother of V. D. Savarkar) founded the Abhinava Bharat in 1907.
• Hindustan Republican Association The Hindustan Republican Association was formed in 1924 by Sachin Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterji. It was the first association at the all-India level.
• Ghadar Party The Ghadar Party was formed by Har Dayal and Sohan Singh Bhakna in 1913 in the USA (San Francisco).
• Indian Independence League The Indian Independence League was founded by Rashbehari Bose in 1942 in Japan.

Solution: A

• Yugantar (1906) by Barindrakumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath Dutta in Bengal.
• Sandhya (1906) by Brahmobandhab Upadhyay in Bengal.
• Indian Sociologist by Shyamji Krishna Varma from London.
• Bande Mataram by Madam Cama from Paris.
• Talvar by Virendranath Chattopadhyay from Berlin.
• Free Hindustan by Taraknath Das from Vancouver.
• Ghadar by Ghadar party from San Francisco.
• Langal and Ganabani (1927) by Gopu Chakravarti and Dharani Goswami in Bengal.
• Kirti (1926) by Santosh Singh in Punjab.
• Kranti (1927) by S.S. Mirajkar, K N Joglekar and S.V. Ghate in Maharashtra.
• Bandi Jivan by Sachindranath Sanyal in Bengal

Solution: D

The origin of the Swaraj Party can be traced to the Gaya session of the Congress in December 1922, when some leading members including C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Ali Brothers and others, declared that the Non-cooperation Movement had been a failure. They proposed an alternative programme of diverting the movement to a restricted one which would encourage Congress members to enter the legislative councils established under the Montford Reforms of 1919 and to use moral pressure to compel the British concede the Indian demand for self-government. But a large and powerful section under C. Rajagopalachari, however, opposed any diversion from Gandhi’s known objectives and programmes. The former group was known as the ‘pro-changers’, while the latter was referred to as the ‘no-changers’.

On January I, 1923 C.R. Das formally announced the formation of the new party within the Congress. Its aims were identical to those of the Congress, namely, the achievement of self-government; yet the methods to be employed were to be different. First of all, they wanted to prevent all regressive legislation as well as that which was inimical to national interests and retarded the country’s progress towards the attainment of its goal. Secondly, they also planned to ensure that the constitution finally adopted would be suited to the conditions of the country. Thirdly, if the government was uncooperative, they would obstruct normal functioning through the councils.

Solution: D

Muddiman Committee (1924)

A nine-member Reforms Enquiry Committee under the chairmanship of Sir Alexander Muddiman was set up to examine the working of Dyarchy of the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. Its report, submitted in 1925, consisted of two parts. The majority consisting of officials and loyalists felt that the system had not been given a fair trial and hence recommended only minor changes. The minority (consisting of only non-official Indians), on the other hand, felt that Dyarchy had clearly failed. It also opined that what was needed was a constitution framed on a permanent basis with a provision for automatic progress in the future. It, therefore, recommended the appointment of a royal commission or any other agency with in more free terms of reference and a broader scope of inquiry. But Lord Birkenhead, then secretary of state for India, made the expected statement that action would be taken on the basis of majority report.

Solution: D

Leprosy:

• Also known as Hansen’s disease (HD), it is a long-term infection by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
• Infection can lead to damage to the nerves, respiratory tract, skin and eyes.
• Though not very contagious, leprosy is spread by extensive contact between people and is cured with multidrug therapy.

Armadillos are mammals with their back, head, legs and tail covered in bony plates. They got the name from their unique look, which translated from Spanish means ‘little armoured one’.

Solution: C

About the site:

• Arittapatti village is known for its ecological and historical significance, housing around 250 species of birds including three important raptors – the Laggar Falcon, the Shaheen Falcon and Bonelli’s Eagle.
  • It is also home to wildlife such as the Indian Pangolin, Slender Loris and pythons.
  • Several megalithic structures, rock-cut temples, Tamil Brahmi inscriptions and Jain sculptures add to the historical significance of the region.
  • The Anaikondan tank, built during the reign of Pandiyan kings in the 16th century, is also located in the region.

Solution: D

Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI 2023) puts India at best among G-20 countries.

India has been ranked among the top 5 countries in the world, and the best among the G20 countries, based on its Climate Change performance.

Key findings:

• India jumps 2 spots higher, and is now ranked 8^thas per Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI, 2023). India’s rank is the best among all large economies
• The first, second and third ranks were not awarded to any country. Denmark, Sweden, Chile and Morocco as the only four small countries that were ranked above India as 4^th, 5^th, 6^thand 7^th 
• As per the CCPI report, India is on track to meet its 2030 emissions targets (compatible with a well-below-2°C scenario).

CCPI aims to enhance transparency in international climate politics and enables comparison of climate protection efforts and progress made by individual countries. Published annually since 2005, the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) is an independent monitoring tool for tracking the climate protection performance of 59 countries and the EU.

Published by German Watch, New Climate Institute and Climate Action Network International based in Germany

Solution: B

Sant Kabir Das:

• Kabir Das was a 15th-century Bhakti movement poet, saint and social reformer from the nirgun parampara (the tradition of the formless god). Hence Statement 1 is incorrect.
• He was influenced by his master Ramananda and his verses can be found in the Guru Granth Sahib.
• His legacy lives on through the Kabir Path, a religious community whose members are referred to as Kabir panthis.
• Kabir’s compositions have appeared in literary works such as Kabir Bijak, Kabir Parachai, Sakhi Granth and Kabir Granthawali.

About the Bhakti Movement:

• The Bhakti movement refers to a trend started by a number of Hindu saints in medieval Hinduism to introduce religious reforms by using devotion to obtain salvation.
• It flourished in 8th-century south India and spread northwards reaching its zenith between 15-17th century.

Solution: C

Both the statements are correct.

Fertilizer used in fertigation

• Urea, potash and highly water-soluble fertilizers are available for applying through fertigation.
• Application of super phosphorus through fertigation must be avoided as it makes precipitation of phosphate salts. Thus phosphoric acid is more suitable for fertigation as it is available in liquid form.
• Special fertilisers like mono ammonium phosphate (Nitrogen and Phosphorus), poly feed (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium), Multi K (Nitrogen and Potassium), Potassium sulphate (Potassium and Sulphur) are highly suitable for fertigation0 as they are highly soluble in water.   Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo are also supplied along with special fertilisers.

https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_nutrientmgt_fertigation.html

Solution: D

The Shola forests of South India derive their name from the Tamil word solai, which means a ‘tropical rain forest’.

Classified as ‘Southern Montane Wet Temperate Forest’ by experts Harry George Champion and SK Seth, the Sholas are found in the upper reaches of the Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palni hills, Kalakadu, Mundanthurai and Kanyakumari in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

Some of the other trees of this forest of economic significance include, magnolia, laurel, cinchona and wattle. Such forests are also found in the Satpura and the Maikal ranges.

Solution: D

Trade in goods includes exports and imports of goods. Trade in services includes factor income and non-factor income transactions. Transfer payments are the receipts which the residents of a country get for ‘free’, without having to provide any goods or services in return. They consist of gifts, remittances and grants. They could be given by the government or by private citizens living abroad.

Solution: B

Solution: B

Article 243F {Disqualifications for membership}

A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Panchayat –

(1) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force for the purposes of elections to the Legislature of the State concerned: Provided that no person shall be disqualified on the ground that he is less than twenty-five years of age, if he has attained the age of twenty-one years;

(2) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by the Legislature of the State (election matters of Panchayat do NOT fall in Central list or Parliament’s jurisdiction) 

(3) If any question arises as to whether a member of a Panchayat has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in Clause (1), the question shall be referred for the decision of such authority and in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide

Solution: D

Spain was not one of the original signatories of the Atlantic Treaty. The ten original signatories were the United States, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United Kingdom.

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The apologists of the free market system believe in the ability of the market to self correct. Their discussions are generally about free market operations and forces, on the efficiency of such enterprises and their ability for self correction.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Ideological bias means an opinion that is of a partial nature. Here the idea expressed in the passage is that an unregulated market is free and competent.

Answer: (b)

Justification:

Answer: (a)

Justification:

» Explain it

Correct Option: D

Series Pattern:

Series I :           19                   41                   74                   120                 181                      259

Series II           :           + 22                + 33                + 46                + 61                +78

Series III           :                                   + 11                + 13                + 15                + 17

Hence, option D is correct.

Since compound interest rate is 50%, then the principle will earn half of it every year.

So, simple interest or compound for the first year = 50% of Rs.1000 = Rs.500

Principle for the second year = Rs.1000 + Rs.500 = Rs.1500

Compound interest for the second year = 50% of Rs.1500 = Rs.750

Principle for the third year = Rs.1500 + Rs.750 = Rs.2250

Compound interest for the third year = 50% of Rs.2250 = Rs.1125.