DAY – 10 (InstaTest-10): Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2023: Topic – GEOGRAPHY, Subject-wise Test 5,6,20(Revision) , Textbook-wise Test 8 and August 2022 CA (PRELIMS 30 & MAINS 30)

Solution: A

Drakensberg is a mountain range of Southern Africa.

Ogaden Desert is an arid region of eastern Ethiopia.

Solution: C

The Eastern Ghats or Kizhakku thodarchi malaigal or Pūrva Ghaṭ or toorpu kanumalu, also known as Mahendra Parvatam in the south, are a discontinuous range of mountains along India’s eastern coast. The Eastern Ghats run from the northern Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south passing some parts of Karnataka. They are eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of peninsular India, known as the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri.

Solution: C

Gaziantep is a major city in south-central Turkey.

Latakia is a port city in Syria.

Diyarbakır is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey.

Mosul is a city in Iraq.

Solution: C

Earthquakes generate four principal types of elastic waves; two, known as body waves, travel within the Earth, whereas the other two, called surface waves, travel along its surface.

Of the two surface seismic waves, Love waves—named after the British seismologist A.E.H. Love, who first predicted their existence—travel faster. They are propagated when the solid medium near the surface has varying vertical elastic properties. Displacement of the medium by the wave is entirely perpendicular to the direction of propagation and has no vertical or longitudinal components. The energy of Love waves, like that of other surface waves, spreads from the source in two directions rather than in three, and so these waves produce a strong record at seismic stations even when originating from distant earthquakes.

The other principal surface waves are called Rayleigh waves after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh, who first mathematically demonstrated their existence. Rayleigh waves travel along the free surface of an elastic solid such as the Earth. Their motion is a combination of longitudinal compression and dilation that results in an elliptical motion of points on the surface. Of all seismic waves, Rayleigh waves spread out most in time, producing a long wave duration on seismographs.

Solution: D

Evidence in Support of the Continental Drift

The Matching of Continents (Jig-Saw-Fit)

The shorelines of Africa and South America facing each other have a remarkable and unmistakable match. It may be noted that a map produced using a computer programme to find the best fit of the Atlantic margin was presented by Bullard in 1964. It proved to be quite perfect. The match was tried at 1,000- fathom line instead of the present shoreline.

Rocks of Same Age Across the Oceans

The radiometric dating methods developed in the recent period have facilitated correlating the rock formation from different continents across the vast ocean. The belt of ancient rocks of 2,000 million years from Brazil coast matches with those from western Africa. The earliest marine deposits along the coastline of South America and Africa are of the Jurassic age. This suggests that the ocean did not exist prior to that time.

Tillite

It is the sedimentary rock formed out of deposits of glaciers. The Gondawana system of sediments from India is known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere. At the base, the system has thick tillite indicating extensive and prolonged glaciation. Counterparts of this succession are found in Africa, Falkland Island, Madagascar, Antarctica and Australia. Overall resemblance of the Gondawana-type sediments clearly demonstrates that these landmasses had remarkably similar histories. The glacial tillite provides unambiguous evidence of palaeoclimates and also of drifting of continents.

Placer Deposits

The occurrence of rich placer deposits of gold in the Ghana coast and the absolute absence of source rock in the region is an amazing fact. The gold bearing veins are in Brazil and it is obvious that the gold deposits of the Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side.

Distribution of Fossils

When identical species of plants and animals adapted to living on land or in fresh water are found on either side of the marine barriers, a problem arises regarding accounting for such distribution. The observations that Lemurs occur in India, Madagascar and Africa led some to consider a contiguous landmass ‘Lemuria’ linking these three landmasses. Mesosaurus was a small reptile adapted to shallow brackish water. The skeletons of these are found only in two localities: the Southern Cape province of South Africa and Iraver formations of Brazil. The two localities are presently 4,800 km apart with an ocean in between them.

Solution: C

What are the different types of plate tectonic boundaries?

There are three kinds of plate tectonic boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.

A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises from the Earth’s mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of divergent plate boundaries.

When two plates come together, it is known as a convergent boundary. The impact of the colliding plates can cause the edges of one or both plates to buckle up into a mountain range or one of the plates may bend down into a deep seafloor trench. A chain of volcanoes often forms parallel to convergent plate boundaries and powerful earthquakes are common along these boundaries. The Pacific Ring of Fire is an example of a convergent plate boundary.

At convergent plate boundaries, oceanic crust is often forced down into the mantle where it begins to melt. Magma rises into and through the other plate, solidifying into granite, the rock that makes up the continents. Thus, at convergent boundaries, continental crust is created and oceanic crust is destroyed.

Two plates sliding past each other forms a transform plate boundary. One of the most famous transform plate boundaries occurs at the San Andreas fault zone, which extends underwater. Natural or human-made structures that cross a transform boundary are offset — split into pieces and carried in opposite directions. Rocks that line the boundary are pulverized as the plates grind along, creating a linear fault valley or undersea canyon. Earthquakes are common along these faults. In contrast to convergent and divergent boundaries, crust is cracked and broken at transform margins, but is not created or destroyed.

Solution: D

Igneous rocks are “fire-born,” meaning that they are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten (melted) rock. The word igneous derives from ignis, the Latin word for “fire.” Molten rock material is known as magma until it is erupted onto the surface when it then is termed lava.

There are two broad types of igneous rocks:

• Intrusive (plutonic) rocks

• Extrusive (volcanic) rocks

Intrusive (Plutonic) Rocks

Intrusive igneous rocks solidify within Earth. These rocks are also known as plutonic rocks—named for Pluto, the Greek god of the underworld. Intrusive igneous rocks are generally wholly crystalline and characterized by large crystal sizes visible to the naked eye because they cool slowly.

Extrusive (Volcanic) Rocks

Extrusive igneous rocks are erupted onto the surface or into the atmosphere. Extrusive igneous rocks are also termed volcanic rocks—named for Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. Volcanic rocks have generally smaller crystal size and usually have a very-fine-grained or glassy groundmass that formed due to rapid cooling at the time of eruption.

Solution: C

Deltas form at the mouths of rivers that transport enough sediment to build outward. In contrast, estuaries are present where the ocean or lake waters flood up into the river valley. The key difference between the two is where the sediment transported by the river is deposited. It accumulates seaward or lakeward of the average shoreline for a delta and within the river valley for an estuary. Whether any specific river-sea/lake interface is an estuary or a delta depends on the balance between the supply of sediment, the rate at which the sediment is transported away from the river mouth, and changes in sea/lake level.

Deltas require substantial accumulation of sediment at the river mouth, which can happen when the river supplies a large amount of sediment, transport processes in the sea/lake are relatively slow, and/or the sea or lake level is going down through time. In each of these cases, the river extends farther out into the standing body of water through time. River valleys are flooded, creating estuaries, when the sediment supply is low, significant amounts of sediment are transported away from the shoreline by tides and storms, and/or sea level or lake level is going up faster than sediment is accumulating.

Solution: B

Andaman & Nicobar Islands support very luxuriant and rich vegetation due to tropical hot and humid climate with abundant rains.

The forests in these islands have a tropical rainforest canopy, made of a mixed flora with elements from Indo-Myanmar and Indo-Malayan floral realms.

Forests in the South Andaman’s have a profuse growth of epiphytic vegetation, mostly ferns, and orchids. The Middle & North Andaman are characterized by Moist Deciduous & Wet Evergreen forests respectively. The Evergreen forests are dominant in the Central & Southern Islands of the Nicobar group. The moist deciduous forests are common in the Andamans, they are almost absent in the Nicobar Islands. Grasslands occur only in the Nicobars.

Solution: D

The wind blows from high pressure to low pressure. The wind at the surface experiences friction. In addition, rotation of the earth also affects the wind movement. The force exerted by the rotation of the earth is known as the Coriolis force. Thus, the horizontal winds near the earth surface respond to the combined effect of three forces – the pressure gradient force, the frictional force and the Coriolis force. In addition, the gravitational force acts downward.

Solution: C

Salinity of ocean waters

All waters in nature, whether rain water or ocean water, contain dissolved mineral salts. Salinity is the term used to define the total content of dissolved salts in sea water. It is calculated as the amount of salt (in gm) dissolved in 1,000 gm (1 kg) of seawater.

The salinity for normal open ocean ranges between 33o/oo and 37 o/oo. In the land locked Red Sea, it is as high as 41o/oo, while in the estuaries and the Arctic, the salinity fluctuates from 0 – 35 o/oo, seasonally. In hot and dry regions, where evaporation is high, the salinity sometimes reaches to 70 o/oo.

Salinity changes with depth.

There is a marked difference in the salinity between the surface zones and the deep zones of the oceans. The lower salinity water rests above the higher salinity dense water. Salinity, generally, increases with depth and there is a distinct zone called the halocline, where salinity increases sharply.

Solution: B

Dew

When the moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects (rather than nuclei in air above the surface) such as stones, grass blades and plant leaves, it is known as dew. The ideal conditions for its formation are clear sky, calm air, high relative humidity, and cold and long nights. For the formation of dew, it is necessary that the dew point is above the freezing point.

Solution: B

The Doon Valley is an unusually wide, long valley within the Sivalik Hills and the Lesser Himalayas, in the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana.

The valley also forms a watershed between the Yamuna and Ganges River systems. In fact, the Yamuna and Ganges are closest to each other as they pass the Doon valley, with the Yamuna forming the western boundary and the Ganges the east

The Doon Valley is ecologically rich, particularly with regard to birdlife, with over 500 bird species having been recorded within the valley and in the surrounding areas, including the Mussoorie Hills and Rajaji National Park. The Reserved Forests and community forests in the region, in and around the valley are also botanically rich in terms of hardwood deciduous forests (esp. Sal or Shorea robusta, and Teak), flowering and fruiting trees, natural wetlands, and Terai and Bhabar ecosystems.

Solution: A

The Brahmaputra receives numerous tributaries in its 750 km long journey through the Assam valley. Its major left bank tributaries are the Burhi Dihing and Dhansari (South) whereas the important right bank tributaries are the Subansiri, Kameng, Manas and Sankosh.

Solution: B

Laterite Soil

Laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘Later’ which means brick. The laterite soils develop in areas with high temperature and high rainfall. These are the result of intense leaching due to tropical rains. With rain, lime and silica are leached away, and soils rich in iron oxide and aluminium compound are left behind. Humus content of the soil is removed fast by bacteria that thrives well in high temperature.

These soils are poor in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate and calcium, while iron oxide and potash are in excess. Hence, laterites are not suitable for cultivation; however, application of manures and fertilisers are required for making the soils fertile for cultivation. Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for tree crops like cashewnut.

Solution: D

Solution: B

The Global Action on Green Development of Special Agricultural Products: One Country One Priority Product (OCOP) is a five-year programme (2021-25) launched by FAO to promote at global, regional and local levels the Special Agricultural Products with unique qualities and special characteristics that can contribute to the transformation to more efficient, inclusive, resilient and sustainable agrifood systems for better production, better nutrition, a better environment, and a better life, leaving no one behind.

https://www.fao.org/one-country-one-priority-product/en

Solution: C

Lumpy skin disease is a viral disease that affects cattle. It is transmitted by blood-feeding insects, such as certain species of flies and mosquitoes, or ticks. It causes fever, nodules on the skin and can also lead to death, especially in animals that that have not previously been exposed to the virus.

Solution: D

Indian Coffee began during 1600 AD when holy saint Baba Budan planted coffee beans from Yemen in the Chandragiri hills of Karnataka.

British started commercial plantations of coffee during the 18th century. India produces two types of coffee: Arabica and Robusta. Arabica has high market value while Robusta is the majorly manufactured coffee with a share of 72% of the total production.

Coffee industry provides direct employment to more than 2 million people in India.

Solution: D

What is Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB)?

It was constituted on September 15, 2003 by the Indian Government to hear and resolve the appeals against the decisions of the registrar under the Indian Trademarks Act, 1999 and the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.

Organization of an IPAB Bench

Each Bench of the IPAB includes a Judicial Member and a Technical Member. The qualifications for appointment as a technical member of the IPAB are mentioned in The Trade Marks Act and the Patents Act.

Solution: B

Monarch butterflies embark on a marvelous migratory phenomenon. They travel between 1,200 and 2,800 miles or more from the northeast United States, and southeast Canada to the mountain forests in central Mexico, where they find the right climate conditions to hibernate from the beginning of November to mid-March. The monarch butterfly is known by scientists as Danaus plexippus, which in Greek literally means “sleepy transformation.”

Milkweed is the only plant on which monarchs will lay their eggs and the only source of food for baby caterpillars. But urban planning and agricultural expansion have paved and plowed over millions of acres of milkweed.

The monarch butterfly exhibits the most highly evolved migration pattern of any known species of butterfly or moth and perhaps any known insect.

According to the latest IUCN Red List, the migratory monarch butterfly has become an endangered.

https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/monarch-butterfly

Answer: C

Explanation:

Statement 1 is not correct: The Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme aims to offer financial incentives as well as design infrastructure support across various stages of development and deployment of semiconductor design(s) for Integrated Circuits (ICs), Chipsets, System on Chips (SoCs), Systems & IP Cores and semiconductor linked design(s) over a period of 5 years.

Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) aims to fund R&D in rural-specific communication technology applications and form synergies among academia, start-ups, research institutes, and the industry to build and develop the telecom ecosystem.

Statement 2 is correct: Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF), a body under the Department of Telecommunications, launched Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) Scheme.

The scheme is aligned with Prime Minister’s call of adding Jan Anusandhaan in the new phase of Amrit Kaal.

Under the scheme, USOF is also targeting to develop standards to meet countrywide requirements and create the ecosystem for research, design, prototyping, use cases, pilots, and proof of concept testing, among others.

Statement 3 is correct: The TTDF scheme entails grants to Indian entities to encourage and induct indigenous technologies tailor-made to meet domestic needs.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Option (c) is correct: Central Sector Scheme – SAMPADA (Scheme for Agro-Marine Processing and Development of Agro-Processing Clusters) was approved by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.

PM Kisan SAMPADA Yojana is a comprehensive package which aims to create modern infrastructure with efficient supply chain management from farm gate to retail outlet.

It will not only provide a big boost to the growth of food processing sector in the country but also help in providing better returns to farmers and is a big step towards doubling of farmers income, creating huge employment opportunities especially in the rural areas.

OBJECTIVES OF PM KISAN SAMPADA YOJANA

• Creation of modern infrastructure for food processing mega food parks/ clusters and individual units
• To create effective backward and forward linkages – linking farmers, processors and markets
• To create robust supply chain infrastructure for perishables

Statement 2 is a part of PM Matsya Sampada Yojana.

https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/pradhan-mantri-kisan-sampada-yojana

Answer: A

Explanation:

Option (a) is correct: CERT-In is the nodal agency within the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology of the Government of India.

It deals with cyber security threats like hacking and phishing. It aims to strengthen security-related defense of the Indian Internet domain.

 https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/google-chrome-users-are-highly-susceptible-to-cyber-attacks-cert-in-7762842/

Answer: A

Explanation:

Option (a) is correct: Support for Marginalised Individuals for Livelihood & Enterprise (SMILE), a comprehensive scheme provides for a component named Garima Greh that exclusively provides for shelter to transgender persons with basic amenities like food, medical care, recreational facilities.

Graim Grehs are well equipped to support Transgender persons in need of care and protection through individualised plans for their overall development.

OBJECTIVES OF GARIMA GREH

The main aim of Garima Greh’s to provide shelter to Transgender persons with basic amenities like shelter, food, medical care and recreational facilities. Besides, it will provide support for the capacity-building/skill development of Transgender persons.

• To ensure the shelter home with facilities of lodging and boarding, clothing, recreation, medical and counselling.
• To safeguard the rights of Transgender persons and protect them from atrocities.

Ans. A) we can have only a partial and relative picture of reality

The passage focusses on explaining that truth is relative and each perspective provides an incomplete picture as it is a victim of our biases. A captures the inference of the passage most accurately and critically.

Ans. D) Through his self-harm principle, Mill tried to bring some objectivity in reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech

The passage explains about the self-harm principle which Mill talks about to bring some sense to what would govern reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech. Hence option D is the most logical and accurate.

Solution: B) 2:5

Let the present age of Ramya and her mother be X and 2X respectively.
After 6 years, the ratio of their ages will be 11 : 20
= (X + 6)/(2X + 6) = 11/20
= 20X + 120 = 22X + 66
= 2X = 54 or X = 27
So, present age of Ramya = 27 yrs
Present age of her mother = 54 yrs
Therefore, before 9 years, ratio of Ramya and her mother
= (27 – 9)/(54 – 9)
= 18/45
= 2 : 5.

Solution: D) 72. 9 litres

Let the initial quantity of milk in vessel be T litres.

Let us say x litres of the mixture is taken out and replaced by water for n times, alternatively.

Quantity of milk finally in the vessel is then given by [(T – x)/T]ⁿ * T

For the given problem, T = 90, x = 9 and n = 2.

Hence, quantity of milk finally in the vessel

= [(90 – 9)/90]² (90) = 72.9 litres.

Answer : Option D) 4:6:3

As (4:6 is equivalent to 2:3) So let the initial investment of money ratio of Anup and Sandeep is 2x and 3x. So Anup , Sandeep and Sohan ratio of investment will be ( Anup : Sandeep : Sohan ) = (2x × 12 ) : ( 3x × 12 ) : ( 3x × 6 ) = 24 : 36 : 18 = 4 : 6 : 3