DAY – 8 (InstaTest-8): Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2023: Topic – GEOGRAPHY, Subject-wise Test 20, Textbook-wise Test 4, 5, 6 (Revision) and June & July 2022 CA (PRELIMS 30 & MAINS 30) Revision

Solution: D

Solution: C

The Push factors make the place of origin seem less attractive for reasons like unemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics and socio-economic backwardness.

The Pull factors make the place of destination seem more attractive than the place of origin for reasons like better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property and pleasant climate.

Solution: B

Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area. The theory tells us that population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These changes occur in stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle.

The first stage has high fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more to compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect. The Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology.

In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanized, literate and has high technical knowhow and deliberately controls the family size.

Solution: C

Age-Sex Pyramid

The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups. A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population.

The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population. The left side shows the percentage of males while the right side shows the percentage of women in each age group.

Expanding Populations

The age-sex pyramid of Nigeria as you can see is a triangular shaped pyramid with a wide base and is typical of less developed countries. These have larger populations in lower age groups due to high birth rates. If you construct the pyramids for Bangladesh and Mexico, it would look the same.

Constant Population

Australia’s age-sex pyramid is bell shaped and tapered towards the top. This shows birth and death rates are almost equal leading to a near constant population.

Declining Populations

The Japan pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered top showing low birth and death rates. The population growth in developed countries is usually zero or negative.

Solution: D

Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies. Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions, they represent another subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc. Their importance in the structure of advanced economies far outweighs their numbers.

Solution: D

Solution: B

The concept of human development was introduced by Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq. Dr Haq has described human development as development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives.

A man of vision and compassion, Pakistani economist Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq created the Human Development Index in 1990. According to him, development is all about enlarging people’s choices in order to lead long, healthy lives with dignity. The United Nations Development Programme has used his concept of human development to publish the Human Development Report annually since 1990.

Solution: D

Approaches to Human Development

Income Approach

This is one of the oldest approaches to human development. Human development is seen as being linked to income. The idea is that the level of income reflects the level of freedom an individual enjoys. Higher the level of income, the higher is the level of human development.

Welfare Approach

This approach looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities. The approach argues for higher government expenditure on education, health, social secondary and amenities. People are not participants in development but only passive recipients. The government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximizing expenditure on welfare.

Basic Needs Approach

This approach was initially proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Six basic needs i.e.: health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing were identified. The question of human choices is ignored and the emphasis is on the provision of basic needs of defined sections.

Capability Approach

This approach is associated with Prof. Amartya Sen. Building human capabilities in the areas of health, education and access to resources is the key to increasing human development.

Solution: A

Every sixth urban Indian lives in slums unfit for human habitation. Slums, in fact, are so common that they are found in 65 per cent of the Indian towns. Yet slum dwellers are the most overlooked section of society. Six out of 10 slum dwellers live close to unsanitary drains and almost four of every 10 do not get treated water.

Did you know?
63% slum households in India are either without a drainage connection or are connected to open drains.

One quarter of the world’s city dwellers live in slums — and they are there to stay. In the next 10 years, 50 per cent of India will reside in urban areas, up from the current 28%. With this increase in urban population, slums will grow exponentially.

Did you know?
India has 2,613 towns with slums. Of these, 57 per cent are in Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra

Largest number of slums have been reported from Maharashtra (21,359).

Solution: D

Mediterranean Agriculture

Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialized commercial agriculture. It is practiced in the countries on either side of the Mediterranean Sea in Europe and in north Africa from Tunisia to Atlantic coast, southern California, central Chile, south western parts of South Africa and south and south western parts of Australia.

This region is an important supplier of citrus fruits.

Viticulture or grape cultivation is a specialty of the Mediterranean region. Best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavors are produced from high quality grapes in various countries of this region. The inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currants. This region also produces olives and figs. The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such as fruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in European and North American markets.

Solution: A

Collective Farming

The basic principle behind these types of farming is based on social ownership of the means of production and collective labor. Collective farming or the model of Kolkhoz was introduced in erstwhile Soviet Union to improve upon the inefficiency of the previous methods of agriculture and to boost agricultural production for self-sufficiency. The farmers used to pool in all their resources like land, livestock and labour. However, they were allowed to retain very small plots to grow crops in order to meet their daily requirements.

Solution: D

Modern manufacturing is characterised by:

(i) a complex machine technology

(ii) extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing more goods with less effort, and low costs

(iii) vast capital

(iv) large organisations

(v) executive bureaucracy.

Solution: B

Foot loose industries can be located in a wide variety of places. They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight losing or otherwise. They largely depend on component parts which can be obtained anywhere. They produce in small quantity and also employ a small labour force. These are generally not polluting industries. The important factor in their location is accessibility by road network.

The regions where farmers specialize in vegetables only, the farming is known as truck farming. The distance of truck farms from the market is governed by the distance that a truck can cover overnight, hence the name truck farming.

Solution: B

Types of port on the basis of specialized functions:

(i) Oil Ports: These ports deal in the processing and shipping of oil. Some of these are tanker ports and some are refinery ports. Maracaibo in Venezuela, Esskhira in Tunisia, Tripoli in Lebanon are tanker ports. Abadan on the Gulf of Persia is a refinery port.

(ii) Ports of Call: These are the ports which originally developed as calling points on main sea routes where ships used to anchor for refueling, watering and taking food items. Later on, they developed into commercial ports. Aden, Honolulu and Singapore are good examples.

(iii) Packet Station: These are also known as ferry ports. These packet stations are exclusively concerned with the transportation of passengers and mail across water bodies covering short distances. These stations occur in pairs located in such a way that they face each other across the water body, e.g., Dover in England and Calais in France across the English Channel.

(iv) Entrepot Ports: These are collection centers where the goods are brought from different countries for export. Singapore is an entrepot for Asia. Rotterdam for Europe, and Copenhagen for the Baltic region.

Solution: B

Conurbation

The term conurbation was coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915 and applied to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of originally separate towns or cities. Greater London, Manchester, Chicago and Tokyo are examples.

Megalopolis

This Greek word meaning “great city”, was popularized by Jean Gottman (1957) and signifies ‘super- metropolitan’ region extending, as union of conurbations. The urban landscape stretching from Boston in the north to south of Washington in U.S.A. is the best-known example of a megalopolis.

Solution: C

About Avangard system:

• Avangard, also known as “Objekt 4202,” is a hypersonic boost-glide missile system that is supposed to combine a high-performance ballistic missile with an unmanned glider vehicle for significant improvements in maneuverability and sustained top speed.

It is Russian military’s first Avangard hypersonic intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).

It can fly 27 times the speed of sound.

The missile system is a reentry body carried atop an existing ballistic missile, which has the capability to manoeuvre. It’s manoeuvring capability makes it difficult to predict its trajectory and gives it the ability to protect itself from the air and ballistic missile defenses by delivering nuclear warheads to targets.

The Avangard missiles have a range of over 6,000 km, weigh approximately 2,000 kg and can withstand temperatures of over 2000-degree celsius.

Solution: C

Cheetah are large cat that occurs in Southern, North, East Africa and some localities in Iran.

It inhabits different habitats like dry forests, scrub forests, and savannahs

There are five subspecies of this big cat. It is slim and has muscular, long legs—in relation to its body size when compared to other cats—a small, rounded head that is set on a long neck, a flexible spine, a deep chest, special pads on its feet for traction, and a long tail for balance.

It is smaller than leopard and tiger.

It is also the only cat that cannot retract its claws, an adaptation to help maintain traction like a soccer player’s cleats. It also bears distinctive black “tear tracks” running from the inside corner of each eye to the mouth that may serve as an anti-glare mechanism for daytime hunting.

Solution: C

Azores High is a subtropical high-pressure system that extends over the
eastern subtropical North Atlantic and Western Europe during winter. It is associated with anticyclonic winds in the subtropical North Atlantic.

It is formed by dry air aloft descending the subtropics and coincides with the downward branch of the Hadley Circulation. Recently, an extremely large ‘Azores High’ (a subtropical weather phenomenon) is resulted in abnormally dry conditions across the western Mediterranean.

Solution: D

Solution: D

Dnieper River

The Dnieper or Dnipro is one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in the
Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea.

It is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth-longest river in
Europe, after the Volga, Danube, and Ural rivers.

Kherson and Kyiv are located on it.

Solution: A

Based on extensive evidence, active galactic nuclei, also commonly referred to as AGN, are now understood to be active supermassive black holes at the centre of galaxies that are emitting jets and winds.

Telescopes in space and on the ground detect these emissions of gas and dust as light all along the electromagnetic spectrum–from X-rays and visible light to infrared light and radio waves.

Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

In contrast, inactive or quiescent black holes do not emit light and remain undetected.

https://webbtelescope.org/contents/articles/what-are-active-galactic-nuclei

Solution: B

• The Varkari movement is a devotional movement within the Hindu religion that originated in the state of Maharashtra, India. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• It is based on the worship of Lord Vitthal, a form of Lord Vishnu, and involves the practice of pilgrimage to the town of Pandharpur, where the main temple of Lord Vitthal is located.

Hence, statement 2 is incorrect

• The Varkari (means one who performs the vari/pilgrimage) movement was founded by great Bhakti saints of Maharashtra, namely, Sant Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram and Eknath, who belonged to different castes.

https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-inaugurates-jagadguru-shrisant-tukaram-maharaj-temple-in-dehu-pune/

Solution: A

• The Minamata Convention on Mercury is the most recent global agreement on environment and health, adopted in 2013.  It is named after the bay in Japan where, in the mid-20th century, mercury-tainted industrial wastewater poisoned thousands of people, leading to severe health damage that became known as the “Minamata disease.”. Since it entered into force on 16 August 2017, Parties have been working together to control the mercury supply and trade, reduce the use, emission and release of mercury, raise public awareness, and build the necessary institutional capacity to #MakeMercuryHistory
• The Tehran Convention serves as an overarching governance framework which lays down the general requirements and the institutional mechanism for environmental protection and sustainable development in the Caspian Sea region.
• The Bamako Convention is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import into Africa of any hazardous (including radioactive) waste. The convention came into force in 1998.

https://www.unep.org/events/unep-event/stockholm50

Solution: C

Formula E, officially the ABB FIA Formula E World Championship, is a single-seater motorsport championship for electric cars. The series was conceived in 2011 in Paris by then FIA president Jean Todt and Spanish businessman Alejandro Agag, who is also the current chairman of Formula E Holdings.

Solution: B

The D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation, also known as Developing 8, is an organization consisting of eight developing countries: Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey. It was established in 1997 with the aim of promoting economic cooperation and development among its member countries.

Answer. B) Global treaties related to protect the rights of migrants have served mostly the interest of capital

Correct Option: B) 15hrs

Let the speed of current be = c km/hr

Let the speeds of A and B in still water be 3k km/hr and 2k  km/hr

Upstream speed of A = (3k – c) km/hr

Downstream speed of B = (2k + c) km/hr

Distance between A and B after 3 hrs = [3 (3k – c) + 3 (2k + c)] km

= (9k – 3c + 6k + 3c) km

= 15k km

After stream becomes stationary

Relative speed when both go in same direction = (3k – 2k) km/hr = k km/hr

Time after which they meet = 15 k/ k = 15 hrs

Hence, option B is correct.

Solution: B) 4:3

Standard Formula: If two objects A and B begin their journey at the same time from two points P and Q towards each other and after crossing each other they take a and b hours in reaching Q and P respectively, then

A’s speed/ B’s Speed = (√b/√a)

By looking at the above problem, we can say that, a=9 hours, b=16 hours.

Therefore, Ratio of speeds of two trains = √16/√9  = 4/3 or 4:3

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: Option B) 3:1

Explanation:

Let man’s rate upstream be x kmph.

Then, his rate downstream = 2x kmph.

(Speed in still water) : (Speed of stream) =   (2x + x)/2:(2x – x)/2

=       3x/2     : x/2

= 3 : 1.

Answer: A) The  travails of the unorganized sector

The focus of the passage is on explaining the problems faced by the unorganized sector and the slowdown in their growth as a result of demonetization and introduction of GST. Hence A is the correct answer.