[Mission 2023] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 2 February 2023

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.,

1. The interplay of the wind and the monsoon system combined with the Earth system produces twin cyclones. Explain. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2023 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about twin cyclones and their process of formation.

Directive word: 

Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Start by defining twin cyclones.

Body:

First, write about the various factors leading to the formation of twin cyclones – interplay of the wind and the monsoon system, role of equatorial Rossby waves, latent heat of evaporation and general conditions conducive for the formation of the cyclones.

Conclusion:

Conclude by mentioning the impact of twin cyclones as conclusion.

Introduction

Twin tropical cyclones are group of two cyclones, one on either side of the equator, at nearly the same longitude, at nearly the same time—basically, as twins. Twin tropical cyclones involve a certain set of ingredients. In general, twin cyclones are preceded by areas of thunderstorms that straddle the equator and which are associated with strong westerly winds (winds blowing west to east).

Body

Background

• In May 2022, a pair of tropical cyclones, Asani& Karim one on each side of the equator, have been formed.
• These cyclones originated in the same longitude and now drifting apart.
• Cyclone Asani was formed in the Bay of Bengal.
• Cyclone Karim has created a path in the open seas west of Australia

Mechanism of formation of twin cyclones

• The interplay of the wind and the monsoon system combined with the Earth system produces these synchronous cyclones.
• Twin tropical cyclones are caused by what are called equatorial Rossby waves..
• When the vorticity is positive in both Northern and Southern hemispheres, as is the case with Rossby waves, the air in the boundary layer, which is moist, is lifted slightly. That is enough to set off a feedback process.
• When the air is lifted slightly, the water vapour condenses to make clouds. As it condenses, it lets out the latent heat of evaporation.
• The atmosphere warms, this parcel of air rises, and a positive feedback is set off by this process.
• The warmer parcel of air can rise further because it is lighter than the surrounding air, and it can form deeper clouds.
• Meanwhile, moisture comes in from both sides. This leads to the formation of a cyclone if certain conditions are present.

Conclusion

                In the wake of increasing incidences of cyclones, which are fueled up climate change, India must adopt effective cyclone management strategies to reduce the effects of cyclones.

Value addition

Rossby waves

• Rossby wavesare named for famous meteorologist Carl-Gustaf Rossby who was the first to explain that these waves arose due to the rotation of the Earth.
• They are huge waves in the oceanwith wavelengths of around 4,000–5,000 kilometres.
• This system has a vortex in the northern hemisphere and another in the southern hemisphere,and each of these is a mirror image of the other.
• The vortex in the north spins counterclockwise and has a positive spin,while the one in the southern hemisphere spins in the clockwise direction and therefore has a negative spin.
• Both have a positivevalue of the vorticity which is a measure of the rotation.

Madden-Julian Oscillation or MJO:

• Karim and Asani are “twin” cyclones not only because they formed at the same time in the same general area but also because they were formed primarily from the same “parent” circulation:  the Madden-Julian Oscillation or MJO.
• The MJO is alarge cluster of clouds and convection, around 5000-10,000 kilometres in size.
• It is composed of a Rossby wave and a Kelvin wave,which is a type of wave structure that we see in the ocean.
• On the eastern side of the MJO is the Kelvin wave, while on the western, trailing edge of the MJO, is the Rossby wave, once again with two vortices on either side of the equator.
• However, not all tropical cyclones are born from the MJO. Sometimes it is a mere Rossby wave with two vortices on either side.

Topic: Salient features of world’s physical geography.

2. When the isotherm map is analysed, it can be observed that they are uneven. Analyse the reasons for uneven distribution of temperature on Earth’s surface. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2023 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the factors causing variations in the temperature distribution on Earth.

Directive word: 

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Start by defining isotherms.

Body:

First, draw simple representative maps of isotherms.

Next, mention the factors that influence the temperature distribution on earth. The Angle of Incidence or the Inclination of the Sun’s Rays, Duration of Sunshine, Transparency of Atmosphere, Land-Sea Differential, Prevailing Winds, Aspects of Slope, Ocean Currents, Altitude, Earth’s Distance form Sun.

Conclusion:

Conclude by stating the importance of understanding the patterns of distribution of temperature.

Introduction

Temperature differs from one part of the world to the other. Since Insolation is the basic source of energy for the atmosphere, the distribution of insolation would determine the temperature of the earth. Thus latitude, altitude, distance from sea, features of the surface, nature of the landscape are some important factors that affect the distribution of temperature.

Body

Reasons for special and temporal variations in temperature distribution on Earth

• Earth’s Distance from the Sun
• The latitude of the place (The angle of Incidence or the Inclination of the Sun’s Rays)
• The altitude of the place
• Duration of sunshine
• Differential heating of land and water
• Distance from the sea
• The air- mass circulation
• The presence of warm and cold ocean currents
• Local aspects

Spatial variations in the temperature distribution on Earth

• Horizontal Distribution of Temperature
  • The distribution of temperature across latitude over the Earth’s surface is known as the horizontal distribution of temperatures.
  • The horizontal distribution of temperature on Earth is shown by Isotherms. Isotherms are the line joining points that have an equal temperature.
  • When the isotherm map is analysed, it can be observed that the horizontal distribution of temperature is uneven.
• Vertical Distribution of Temperature
  • The temperature in the troposphere decreases with increase in altitudes but the rate of decrease in temperature changes according to seasons.
  • The decrease of temperatures is known as vertical temperature gradient or normal lapse rate which is 1000 times more than the horizontal lapse rate.
  • The decrease of temperature upward in the atmosphere proves the fact that the atmosphere gets heat from the Earth surface through the process of conduction, radiation, and convection.
  • Hence, it is obvious that as the distance from the Earth’s surface (the source of direct heat energy to the atmosphere) increases (i.e. as the altitude increases), the air temperature decreases.

Temporal variations in the temperature distribution on Earth

• Temperature Distribution in January
  • In January, there is winter in the Northern hemisphere and summers in the southern hemisphere.
  • The western margins of continents in January are much higher than the Eastern counterparts as the westerlies can carry high temperatures into the landmasses.
  • The temperature gradient is much closer to the Eastern margins of continents. The isotherms observe more steady behaviour in the southern hemisphere.

• Temperature Distribution in July
  • During July, it is winter in the Southern hemisphere and summers in the Northern hemisphere. The isotherm behaviour is the opposite of what it was in January.
  • The isotherms are generally parallel to the latitudes in July.
  • The equatorial oceans record warmer temperatures more than 27 degrees Celsius.
  • More than 30 degrees Celsius is noticed over the land in the subtropical continent region of Asia, along the 30 ° N latitude.

Conclusion

Thus, the temperature distribution determines the climate of a particular area. Global warming and climate change effects are altering the temperature distribution, thus affecting the climate across the globe.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

3. Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are more vulnerable among the tribal groups owing to their primitive traits and geographical isolation. Discuss the various measures taken by the government for their welfare. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Down to Earth , Insights on India

Why the question:

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a mission for the welfare of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in the 2023-24 Union Budget February 1, 2023. A fund of Rs 15,000 crore for the next three years has been allocated for the socioeconomic development of the group.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the issues faced by the PVTG and government measures to address them.

Directive word: 

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by defining PVTGs and cite examples of few.

Body:

First, write about the issues faced by the PVTGs – health problems, poverty, lack of safe drinking water, bad sanitation, lack of health services, superstition, lack of access to development funds and deforestation etc.

Next, write about the various measures taken by the government for the welfare of PVTGs in the country. Write about their successes and limitations.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

Tribal communities are often identified by some specific signs such as primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness to contact with the community at large and backwardness. Along with these, some tribal groups have some specific features such as dependency on hunting, gathering for food, having pre-agriculture level of technology, zero or negative growth of population and extremely low level of literacy. These groups are called Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). 75 tribal groups have been categorized categorized by Ministry of Home Affairs as PVTGs. PVTGs reside in 18 States and UT of A&N Islands.

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a mission for the welfare of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in the 2023-24 Union Budget February 1, 2023. A fund of Rs 15,000 crore for the next three years has been allocated for the socioeconomic development of the group.

Body

Issues related to their protection:

• Incoherency in identification: The process of identification of PVTG adopted by the states differs in its methods. The spirit of the direction made by MoTA was loosely considered as a result there has been no uniform principle adopted in identifying the PVTGs.
• Outdated List: The Anthropological Survey of India observes that the list of PVTG is overlapping and repetitive. For example, the list contains synonyms of the same group such as the Mankidia and the Birhor in Odisha, both of which refer to the same group.
• Lack of baseline surveys: The Anthropological Survey of India observed 75 PVTGs, base line surveys exists for about 40 groups, even after declaring them as PVTGs. Lack of baseline surveys hinder effective implementation of welfare schemes
• Unequal Benefits from welfare schemes: In some cases, a PVTG receives benefits only in a few blocks in a district, while the same group is deprived in adjacent blocks. For example, the LanjiaSaora are recognized as a PVTG across Odisha but the micro-projects are established only in two blocks. The rest of the Lanjia Saora are treated among the Scheduled Tribes (STs) and do not receive benefit from these projects.
• Impact of developmental projects: In 2002, a Standing Committee formed by the MoTA to review the ‘Development of Primitive Tribal Groups,’ shared that the tribal people, especially PVTGs, are worst affected by developmental projects like dams, industries and mines.
• Denial of land rights: PVTGs have faced systematic alienation from their resources due to conservation purposes-declaration of Reserved Forests and Protected Forests. For example: In 2009, 245 Baiga families were forced out from the Achanakmar Tiger Reserve, when it was notified so under the Project Tiger
• Livelihood issues: Due to shrinking forests, environmental changes and forest conservation policies, their Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) collection is affected. They lack awareness about market value of NTFP and are exploited by middle men.
• Health Issues: PVTGs suffer from many health problems like anaemia, malaria; gastro-intestinal disorders; micro nutrient deficiency and skin diseases due to poverty, lack of safe drinking water, bad sanitation, lack of health services, superstition and deforestation. Uncontacted tribal group such as the Sentinelese tribe of Andaman are also at the very high risk of contracting diseases in case of contact with outsiders
• Illiteracy: Though literacy rate among many PVTGs have increased over the past years, it still remains low at 30-40%. Further, poor female literacy is a major concern
• Vulnerabilities of tribes in Andaman and Nicobar: The fragile tribal communities have been facing expropriation of their ecosystem by outsiders. The outside influences are impacting their land use patterns, use of the sea, overall biodiversity leading to material and non-material changes.

Various measures undertaken for the welfare of PVTG:

• The Scheme for Development of Primitive Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs):It is a flexible scheme and covers funding for activities like housing, land distribution, land development, agricultural development, animal husbandry, construction of link roads, installation of non-conventional sources of energy for lighting purpose, social security including Janshree Bima Yojana or any other innovative activity meant for the comprehensive socio-economic development of PVTGs.
• Priority is also assigned to PVTGs under the schemes of Special Central Assistance (SCA) to Tribal Sub-Scheme (TSS),Grants under Article 275(1) of the Constitution, and Grants-in-aid to Voluntary Organisations working for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
• Each state and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands’ administration, is required to prepare a long term Conservation-cum-Development (CCD) plan, valid for a period of five years for each PVTG within its territory, outlining the initiatives it will undertake, financial planning for the same and the agencies charged with the responsibility of undertaking the same.
• The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 (FRA)recognizes the forest and habitat rights of the PVTGs.

Protection and Statutory rights given to them are:

• The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA) has a special section regarding the 75 PVGTs and the Act recognises forest and habitat rights of PVTGs.
• Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA): It extends Scheduled Areas of India under the purview of national framework of Panchayat. However, this act is not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram and certain other areas including scheduled and tribal areas.
• The Sentinelese and other aboriginal tribes of the Andaman& Nicobar Islands are protected under The Andaman and Nicobar (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956
• Under the Foreigners (Restricted Areas) Order, 1963, the Andaman & Nicobar Islands are a “Restricted Area” in which foreigners with a restricted area permit (RAP) can stay.
• The habitats of the PVTGs of Andaman and Nicobar Island is protected Tribal Reserve under the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956

Way forward:

• Along with the Census, a proper survey should be conducted to comprehensively capture the data on PVTGs- population enumeration, health status, nutritional level, education, vulnerabilities etc. This would help implement welfare measures better
• Of the 75 PVTGs, those groups whose population is declining should be clearly identified and survival strategy should be devised
• PVTGs threatened with relocation of wildlife areas or development projects should be identified and actionable strategies should be devised to prevent the same
• It is important to recognise the innate connection between PVTGs and their lands and habitats. Therefore, a rights-based approach for development of PVTGs should be adopted
• Effective, preventive and curative health systems should be developed to address the health issues plaguing PVTGs
• A massive exercise in creating awareness about PVTG Rights, amongst communities, officials and civil society groups, is needed. It is important to respect their culture, traditions, beliefs and sustainable livelihoods.
• The government needs to revamp its priorities towards protecting the indigenous tribes of A&N islands from outside influence. India needs to sign the 1989 convention of the ILO, and implement its various policies to protect the rights of the indigenous population.
• The Government must make efforts to sensitise settlers and outsiders about PVTGs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Conclusion

The principles of Tribal Panchsheel must be followed while working for the welfare of PVTGs and they must be allowed to catch up with the mainstream at their own pace. An enabling environment must be created in which communities are empowered to make their own life and livelihood choices and choose their path of development.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Government Budgeting.

4. Enumerate the major announcements in the Union Budget for 2023-24. Do you think the budget balances its objectives of accelerating growth by increasing public investment while containing the fiscal deficit? State your opinion.  (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: The Hindu , Live Mint

Why the question:

Even though the economy has staged a recovery and surpassed the pre-pandemic income level, it is still 7% below the pre-pandemic GDP trend; growth has to be fuelled by increasing public investment. At the same time, with inflation still beyond the upper tolerance limit and aggregate fiscal deficit (Centre and States) still in the range of 9% to 10% of GDP, ensuring macroeconomic stability requires continued fiscal consolidation.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the major announcements and potential of budget in balancing growth and fiscal stability.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin giving context of Union Budget of 2023-24.

Body:

In the first part, write about the major initiatives proposed in the Union Budget for 2023-24 – Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Program, Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF), Entity DigiLocker and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0 etc.

Next, write the measures enumerated in the budget in order to promote growth.

Next, write about the measures proposed in order to contain deficit and achieve fiscal stability.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a balanced opinion on the overall nature of the budget.

Introduction

The Union Budget 2023-24 presented by Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman, Union Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs in the Parliament recently outlined the vision of Amrit Kaal which shall reflect an empowered and inclusive economy.

Body

Major Announcements of Union Budget 2023-24

• Resilience amidst multiple crises: The economic growth is estimated at 7%, which is the highest among all major economies, despite the massive global slowdown caused by COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War.
• G20 Presidency: With the theme of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’, India is steering an ambitious, people-centric agenda to address global challenges and facilitate sustainable economic development.
• Achievements since 2014 – Leaving no one behind:

• Vision for Amrit Kaal – An empowered and inclusive economy:
  • The term ‘Amrit Kaal’ comes from Vedic astrology and indicates a sort ofgolden era.
  • It signifies that the coming period in India is going to be its most prosperous, with economic growth andsocial justice.
  • ‘Amrit Kaal’ also describes the hope for a better future, where India would be self-reliant and fulfil all of its humanitarian obligations.
• Future prospects: This Budget hopes to build on the foundation laid in the previous Budget, and the blueprint drawn for India@100, which envisions a prosperous and inclusive India.

The Budget Estimates 2023-24:

• The total receiptsother than borrowings and the total expenditure are estimated at Rs 27.2 lakh crore and Rs 45 lakh crore respectively.
• The net tax receiptsare estimated at Rs 23.3 lakh crore and the fiscal deficit is estimated to be 9% of GDP.
  • Set to benefit the economy because it means more funds available for private players.
  • The government has decided to continue the path of fiscal consolidation, reaching a fiscal deficit of below 4.5% by 2025-26.
• To finance the fiscal deficit in 2023-24, the net market borrowings from dated securities are estimated at Rs 11.8 lakh crore.
  • The balance financing is expected to come from small savings and other sources.
  • The gross market borrowings are estimated at Rs 15.4 lakh crore.
• The capital expenditureby the government has been raised to Rs 10 lakh crore. This is more than double the amount of money allocated when compared to 2020-21.
  • Capital expenditureis the money that is spent on building productive assets such as roads and bridges and ports.
  • This has a greater return to the economyand every Rs 100 spent leads to a Rs 250 gain for the economy. Revenue expenditure returns less than Rs 100.

Opinion on Budget

• Keeping the fiscal deficit limited to 6.4(six point four)% of GDP in the current fiscal despite a sharp increase in food and fertilizer subsidies, by ₹2 lakh crore.
• Despite the revenue deficit increasing in absolute terms, from ₹9.9(nine point nine)lakh crorein the Budget estimate to ₹11.1(eleven point one) lakh crore in the revised estimate
  • As a percentage of GDP, it was from 3.8(three point eight)% of GDP to 4.1(four point one)%.
• Case of fiscal deficit:The increase was by ₹1 lakh crore — from ₹16.6(sixteen point six) lakh crore to ₹17.6(seventeen point six)lakh crore, but it was contained at 4(six point four)% of GDP mainly due to the increase in the nominal value of GDP and also the increase in tax collections.
• Greater allocation to infrastructure spending
• Capital expenditure is budgeted to increase from 7(two point seven)% of GDP to3(three point three)%.

• The Reserve Bank of India has estimations:the multiplier effect of capital expenditure at 1.2(one point two).
  • It should help revive the sagging investment climate.
• The continuation of the interest-free loan to States to augment their capital expenditures should help in increasing States’ capital expenditures as well.
• The 6.5(six point five)% growth rate for 2023-24 estimated in the Economic Survey: It could indeed materialize with the budgeted increase in infrastructure spending.

Way forward

• Capital expenditure has a significant ‘crowding in’ effect: It should help to increase private capital expenditures as well.
  • This comes after the 25% increase in capital expenditures in the last Budget.
• The increased capital spending should help revive the investment climate further and arrest the declining trend in the overall investment-GDP ratio in the country.
• The Finance Minister in the 2020-21 Budgethad stated that the government would bring down the fiscal deficit to 4.5(four point five)% by 2025-26.
  • In the next three years, the deficit will have to be reduced by 9(one point nine)percentage points.
• Overall this is a well-crafted Budget,but its success will depend on its implementation.

Topic: Government Budgeting.

5. What are the ‘Saptarishi’ initiatives for Amrit Kaal announced in the Union Budget 2023-24? Discuss the ways in which the country can achieve ‘Green Growth’ as it moves towards net zero emissions? (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Live Mint , Indian Express

Why the question:

While presenting the Budget, the FM said this is the first Budget in Amrit Kaal and the government hopes to build on foundation of previous Budget and blue print for India@100.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the Saptarishi’ initiatives and ways to achieve green growth in the country.

Directive word: 

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by giving context.

Body:

First, write about the Saptarishi’ initiatives as announced in the Union Budget- Inclusive development, Last mile delivery, Infrastructure, Green growth, Youth power, Financial inclusion and Unleashing potential etc.

Next, write about the major steps that have been taken as a part of Green growth and measures that are needed to promote it and harness its full potential.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

The Union Budget 2023-24 presented by Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman, Union Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs in the Parliament recently outlined the vision of Amrit Kaal which shall reflect an empowered and inclusive economy.  The Budget has laid emphasis on the government’s commitment to move towards net-zero carbon emission by 2070.

Body

Union Finance Minister announced the first budget in Amrit Kaal will be guided by seven priorities that complement each other and act as the ‘Saptarishi’.

1) Inclusive Development

2) Reaching the Last Mile

3) Infrastructure and Investment

4) Unleashing the Potential

5) Green Growth

6) Youth Power

7) Financial Sector

Green growth

• It is one of the 7 priorities (Saptarishiof Amrit Kaal) the Budget. India is implementing many programmes for –
  • Green fuel, green energy, green farming, green mobility, green buildings, green equipment and policies for efficient use of energy across various economic sectors.
• These green growth efforts help in reducing the carbon intensity of the economy and provide for large-scale green job opportunities.

Ways to achieve Green Growth

• Green Hydrogen Mission: The recently launched National Green Hydrogen Mission, with an outlay of Rs 19,700 crores, will facilitate transition of the economy to low carbon intensity, reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports, and make the country assume technology and market leadership in this sunrise sector. India aims to reach a target of an annual production of 5 MMT of green hydrogen by 2030, the FM said.
• Energy Transition: The Budget has provided Rs 35,000 crore for priority capital investments towards energy transition and net zero objectives, and energy security by Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas.
• Energy Storage Projects: To steer the economy on the sustainable development path, Battery Energy Storage Systems with capacity of 4,000 MWH will be supported with Viability Gap Funding. A detailed framework for Pumped Storage Projects will also be formulated.
• Renewable Energy Evacuation: The Inter-state transmission system for evacuation and grid integration of 13 GW renewable energy from Ladakh will be constructed with investment of Rs 20,700 crore including central support of ` 8,300 crore.
• Green Credit Programme: For encouraging behavioural change, a Green Credit Programme will be notified under the Environment (Protection) Act. This will incentivize environmentally sustainable and responsive actions by companies, individuals and local bodies, and help mobilize additional resources for such activities.
• PM-PRANAM: A new “PM Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment and Amelioration of Mother Earth” will be launched to incentivize States and Union Territories to promote alternative fertilizers and balanced use of chemical fertilizers.
• GOBARdhan scheme: 500 new ‘waste to wealth’ plants under GOBARdhan (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan) scheme will be established for promoting circular economy. These will include 200 compressed biogas (CBG) plants, including 75 plants in urban areas, and 300 community or cluster-based plants at total investment of Rs 10,000 crore, the FM said.
• Bhartiya Prakritik Kheti Bio-Input Resource Centres: The FM has proposed to facilitate over the next three years 1 crore farmers to adopt natural farming. For this, 10,000 Bio-Input Resource Centres will be set-up, creating a national-level distributed micro-fertilizer and pesticide manufacturing network.
• MISHTI: Building on India’s success in afforestation, ‘Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes’, MISHTI, will be taken up for mangrove plantation along the coastline and on salt pan lands, wherever feasible, through convergence between MGNREGS, CAMPA Fund and other sources.
• Amrit Dharohar: Wetlands are vital ecosystems which sustain biological diversity, the FM said. The government will promote their unique conservation values through Amrit Dharohar, a scheme that will be implemented over the next three years to encourage optimal use of wetlands, and enhance bio-diversity, carbon stock, eco-tourism opportunities and income generation for local communities.
• Coastal Shipping: Coastal shipping will be promoted as the energy efficient and lower cost mode of transport, both for passengers and freight, through PPP mode with viability gap funding.
• Vehicle Replacement: Replacing old polluting vehicles is an important part of greening our economy. In furtherance of the vehicle scrapping policy mentioned in Budget 2021-22, I have allocated adequate funds to scrap old vehicles of the Central Government. States will also be supported in replacing old vehicles and ambulances.

Conclusion

With a vision for a Lifestyle for the Environment (LiFE), India is committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, catalyzing a green industrial and economic transformation.

Value addition:

Saptarishi in detail

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