[Mission 2023] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 5 January 2023

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

1. All major classical Indian dance forms include in repertoire, three categories of performance in the Natya Shastra. These are Nritta, Nritya and Natya. Elaborate. (250 words).

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2023 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the classical Indian dance forms and the Natya, Nritya and Natya aspects of it.

Directive word: 

Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by giving context regarding the classical dance forms and list of the dances.

Body:

In the first part, write about the Nritta aspects of classical dance – an abstract, fast and rhythmic aspect of the dance.

Next, write about Nritya – slower and expressive aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate feelings, storyline particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions.

Next, write about Natyam – a play, typically a team performance but can be acted out by a solo performer where the dancer uses certain standardized body movements.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Dance in India has a rich and vital tradition dating back to ancient times. Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculpture and painting of different periods provide extensive evidence on dance. Myths and legends also support the view that dance had a significant place in the religious and social life of the Indian people. Excavations have brought to light a bronze statuette from Mohenjo-Daro and a broken torso from Harappa (dating back to 2500-1500 B.C.E.) are suggestive of dance poses.

Body

Aspects of Indian classical dances

• Dance is considered as having three aspects: natya, nritya and nritta.
• Natya highlights the dramatic element and most dance forms do not give emphasis to this aspect today with the exception of dance-drama forms like Kathakali.
• Nritya is essentially expressional, performed specifically to convey the meaning of a theme or idea.
• Nritta is pure dance where body movements do not express any mood (bhava), nor do they convey any meaning.
• To present nritya and natya effectively, a dancer should be trained to communicate the navarasas. These are: love (shringaara), mirth (haasya), compassion (karuna), valour(veera), anger (roudra), fear (bhayanak), disgust (bibhatsa), wonder (adbhuta) and peace (shaanta).
• An ancient classification followed in all styles is of Tandava and Lasya.
• Tandava the masculine, is heroic bold and vigorous. Lasya the feminine is soft, lyrical and graceful.
• Bharata and Nandikesvara, the main authorities conceive of dance as an art which uses the human body as a vehicle of expression.
• The major human units of the body (anga) are identified as the head, torso, the upper and lower limbs and the minor human parts (upangas), as all parts of the face ranging from the eyebrow to the chin and the minor joints.
• Two further aspects of natya are the modes of presentation and the style.
• There are two modes of presentation, namely the Natyadharmi, which is the formalised presentation of theatre, and the Lokadharmi sometimes translated as folk, realistic, naturalistic or regional.
• The style or vrittis are classified into Kaishiki, the deft lyrical more suited to convey the lasya aspects, the Arbati, the energetic masculine, the Satvati often used while depicting the rasas and the Bharati, the literary content.

Conclusion

Nurtured for centuries, dance in India has evolved in different parts of the country its own distinct style taking on the culture of that particular region, each acquiring its own flavour. Today there is also a whole new body of modern experimental dance

Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

2. The difference between Hindustani and Carnatic is how the two traditions engage with composition and improvisation in their own distinct ways. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2023 Secure timetable.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the evolution of music and compare Hindustani and Carnatic music.

Directive word: 

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Give a brief introduction about Indian music. One can state facts, historical genesis of Indian music.

Body:

First, Hindustani and Carnatic music are the two main sub-genres of Indian classical music. While Hindustani music originated in the Vedic period, Carnatic music originated during the Bhakti Movement. Give the detailed differences between the two.

Next, Highlight similarities between Hindustani classical and Carnatic music.

Conclusion:

Conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Music has always been an important part of Indian life. The range of musical phenomenon in India extends from simple melodies to what is one of the most well- developed “systems” of classical music in the world. There are references to various string and wind instruments, as well as several kinds of drums and cymbals, in the Vedas. Some date the advent of the system of classical Indian music to Amir Khusro. Muslim rulers and noblemen freely extended their patronage to music. In the courts of the Mughal emperors, music is said to have flourished, and the Tansen was one of the jewels of Akbar’s court.

The great poet-saints who chose to communicate in the vernacular tongues brought forth a great upheaval in north India and the Bhakti or devotional movements they led gained many adherents. The lyrics of Surdas, Tulsidas, and most particularly Kabir and Mirabai continue to be immensely popular. By the sixteenth century, the division between North Indian (Hindustani) and South Indian (Carnatic) music was also being more sharply delineated.

Body

Hindustani music: Features

• The six primary ragas in Hindustani classic are- Bhairava, Kausika, Hindola, dipak, sriraga and Megh
• Ragas in Hindustani classic music used to strictly observe the time theory. Ex: Bhairavi at dawn, Megh in the morning
• Ragas in Hindustani music are also associated with feelings and moods. Ex: Bhairavi with awe and fear, Kausika with joy
• It has a highly formalized grammar, dictated by textual as well as oral tradition.
• Hindustani music places more emphasis on improvisation and exploring all aspects of a raga
• Slow and sometimes even leisurely introductory section (alap) followed by solfege and fast section with fast melodic phrases and rhythmic play
• There is significant emphasis on space between the notes
• Hindustani classical music has been influenced considerably by Persian traditions
• Musical instruments used in Hindustani are Tabla, Sarangi, Sitar, Santoor, Flute and violin.
• Main styles in Hindustani music– Dhrupad, Khayal, Tappa, Chaturanga, Tarana, Sargam, Thumri and Ragasagar, Hori and Dhamar.

Carnatic music: Features

• It is an indigenously developed style of classical music
• The Melakarta scheme is a highly comprehensive and systematic formula which includes within its fold all the modes used in ancient as well as modern systems of music of the different parts of the world.
• It is strongly Kriti-based
• Unity of raga, tala and shruti in every piece
• The system gives equal importance to melody and rhythm.
• Mixing the three degrees of speeds
• Fewer instruments are used in Karnataka than in northern Indian music, and there are no exclusively instrumental forms.
• There is an even balance between re-creativity (soulful interpretation of the compositions of great masters) and creativity (on the spot improvisations).
• Some of the important Carnatic music compositions are- Gitam, suladi, svarajati, Jatisvaram, varnam, kritanam, kriti, pada, javali, pallavi etc

Similarities:

• Although there are stylistic differences, the basic elements of swara, raga and tala as foundation of both Carnatic and Hindustani are same.
• Hindustani music originated in the Vedic period, while Carnatic music originated during the Bhakti
• Thus both are having great association with religion.
• Carnatic is one of two main sub-genres of India classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, the other sub-genre being Hindustani music, which emerged as a distinct form due to Persian and Islamic influences in North India.
• Both the music evolved with Sanskrit language scripts in itself and through Vedic traditions.
• The central notions in both these system is that of a melodic mode or raga or tala.
• Both the styles have a history dating back to 1000s of years and over this long period both have undergone various changes
• The Ragas pertain to definite scales like in Western music, but they have a floating starting point or Sam etc
• Both the Carnatic and Hindustani styles give principal prominence to the melody.
• Both has one leading swara or Vadi swar in every Raga
• Both use Sampoorna Scale (with all 7 notes) to describe Janak Thaat or Raga to make Janya Raga.
• Both use a Tanpura or Drone with one or two notes to signify Pitch and base in Raga version.

Differences:

• Main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music and most compositions are to be sung, involving gayaki style. In Hindustani music vocal- centric group is required. Many instruments are designed to accompany the singer
• Rules of Practice: Carnatic is more rigid than Hindustani to practise. While Hindustani music has had a Persian influence in the vast Northern Geography of India, Carnatic music did not undergo much change. Hindustani music ended up creating Gharanas/Clubs based on Styles of Singing.

Conclusion

Hindustani and Carnatic music played an important role in uniting Indians by generating the feeling of oneness and nationalism during national movement. Even today it is practiced during festivals, as a stage performance, in cinema’s and bringing fame for Indian culture by reaching wider in western world.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.

3. As India is undergoing a centralising shift in its politics, there’s also been a renewed assertion of federalism. Understanding the normative basis of local self-governance is important as it promotes deeper democracy since governments that are closer to the people allow citizens to engage with public affairs more easily. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question:

Debates on federalism should include larger discussions on how power should be divided and shared between governments at the Union, State, and local level.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about steps that are needed to improve the performances of local bodies amidst centralising tendencies.

Directive word: 

Structure of the answer:

Begin by giving context of centralising tendencies witnessed in the Indian polity.

Body:

First, discuss the importance of local governance in India. Explain then why adequate importance to this subject was not given at the inception of the constitution.

Next, write about the appointment of various committees and experiences of planning over the years, governments recognized the importance of local self-government in the post-independence era.

Net, write about the principles of local self-government that must be stressed in order to promote social and economic development in a holistic manner. Cite measures that are needed to be taken.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

In December 1992, Parliament passed the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments, which instituted panchayats and municipalities, respectively. These amendments mandated that State governments constitute panchayats (at the village, block and district levels) and municipalities (in the form of municipal corporations, municipal councils and nagar panchayats) in every region. They sought to institute a third-tier of governance in the federal framework through the devolution of functions, funds, and functionaries to local governments.

However even today governance is highly centralized and not many state’s have devolved functions as intended under local self-governance.

Body

Importance of local governance in India

• Economic Development And Social Justice: First and foremost, the concept of self-governance or decentralization has been an important principle of democracy. The idea behind decentralization was the wide scope of economic development and social justice from ground zero. The local institutions, people of the region, and private sector cooperatively work towards improving the local economy.
• Varied solutions: It is a well-known fact that people of a region are more aware of the problems faced by them. These people, therefore, may find better solutions to break away from the socio-economic, cultural, and political problems they face. Judicious and efficient use of available resources is the first step towards solving the existing problems.
• Increasing The Prospects of Community Development: A high level of community participation improves the overall community development of different regions. Community development is a prerequisite for removing obstacles in the implementation of policies and renewing democracy.
• Better Civic Amenities: A sort of cooperation between the locals and the local government helps in providing better services to the citizens. National development depends upon the development fragmented at local levels. Thus, an improvement in the civic amenities available to people at the local level results in the overall development of a nation.
• More Participatory: Local bodies help citizens to directly participate in democratic decision-making by allowing the constituent representatives elected at the local level. It encourages the idea of a strong democratic society consisting of vigilant and vibrant citizens. It is important to note that different marginalized groups should be given equal opportunities to express their political opinions or dissent.
• Women Politicians And Leaders: Local governments have the potential to promote women participants as political actors and candidates through the reservation of seats. Some proportion of seats is also reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. This way, the third tier of our system can safeguard the interest of minorities.
• More Transparent Working of the Centre: Local governments are often considered as an intermediary between different communities and the central government. The institution serves as a link between the two ends. Ordinary citizens are made aware of the policies and programs of the government. The Union government, on the other hand, are made aware of the demands of citizens.
• Better Infrastructural Facilities: Local governments are not only a subsidiary to the central government, but also provide a space to articulate the political demands on the society. Existing at grassroot level, it is also responsible for looking after the day-to-day needs of people such as adequate water supply, sanitation, and electricity.
• Greater Accountability: Delayed responsiveness and poor accountability on the part of state governments often make the local people feel politically alienated. Devolution of power to regional and district levels encourages inclusiveness and greater accountability to the government authorities.

Committees over the years

• Ashok Mehta Committee (1977): Recommended a two-tier Panchayat Raj institutional structure consisting of Zilla Parishad and Mandal Panchayat.
• K. Rao Committee (1985): Recommended making the “district” as the basic unit of planning and also holding regular elections
• Singhvi Committee (1986): Recommended providing more financial resources and constitutional status to the panchayats to strengthen them
• 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments were passed by Parliament in December, 1992. Through these amendments local self-governance was introduced in rural and urban India.

Principles of local self-government  that must be upheld

• The recommendations of the 6^th report of the 2^nd Administrative Reform Commission (ARC) can be implemented for a better and effective functioning of the Panchayati Raj institutions.
• Genuine fiscal federalisme., fiscal autonomy accompanied by fiscal accountability can provide a long term solution.
  • The 2^nd ARC had recommended that there should be a clear-cut demarcation of functions of each tier of the government.
• The 2^nd ARC also recommended that state Governments should encourage local bodies to outsource specific functions to public or private agencies, as may be appropriate, through enabling guidelines and support
• Comprehensive and holistic training requires expertise and resources from various subject matter specific training institutes.
  • This can be best achieved by ‘networking’ of institutions concerned with various subjects such as financial management, rural development, disaster management and general management.
• Audit committees may be constituted by the State Governments at the district level to exercise oversight of the integrity of financial information, adequacy of internal controls, compliance with the applicable laws and ethical conduct of all persons involved in local bodies.

Conclusion and way forward

• The need of the hour is to bring about a holistic change in the lives of beneficiaries among the villagers by uplifting their socioeconomic and health status through effective linkages through community, governmental and other developmental agencies.
• People’s demands for the sustainable decentralization and advocacy should focus on a decentralization agenda. The framework needs to be evolved to accommodate the demand for decentralization.
• It is important to have clarity in the assignment of functions and the local governments should have clear and independent sources of finance.

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

4. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds can be a key instrument of funding to bridge gap in the developmental aspects of India’s north eastern region. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Indian Express

Why the question:

CSR funds worth Rs 1 trillion were accumulated in 2020-21. Of this, the eight NE states received less than one per cent.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the potential of CSR fund in development of North East India.

Directive word: 

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Begin by giving context of under-development in North East India.

Body:

First, write about the reasons for backwardness and under-development in the north east regions with a special emphasis on the lack of funds.

Next, write about the potential of CSR funds in bridging gaps in the funding leading to development. Mention the sectors it can be utilised and cite examples to substantiate.

Next, write about the limitations of the above.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

The term “Corporate Social Responsibility” in general can be referred to as a corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company’s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare.

In India, the concept of CSR is governed by clause 135 of the Companies Act, 2013. India is the first country in the world to mandate CSR spending along with a framework to identify potential CSR activities.

Body

Situation in North East India

• There are over a hundred of ethnic groups in the Northeast each having a strong sense of identity and their uniqueness.
• They want to retain this uniqueness in their political and social and orientations as well.
• Insurgency is essentially a violent rebellion against the political organisation when the ethnic communities feel that their interests have been neglected and they are not properly represented.
• The large prevalence of insurgency has negatively impacted the prevalence of Peace in the Northeast.
• This not only affects the socio-economic development of the region but has a negative effect on the country as well.

CSR & North East India

• CSR funds worth Rs 1 trillion were accumulated in 2020-21. Of this, the eight NE states received less than one per cent.
• According to a brochure released by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) at a recent workshop in New Delhi, the accumulated funds under the CSR in 2020-21 is a whopping Rs 1 trillion or Rs. 1 lakh crore.
• The brochure also notes that the eight northeastern states (Sikkim included) received only Rs. 196.39 crore of this amount, which is much less than one per cent.
• According to the Government of India CSR website, of this amount, a state like Manipur received only Rs. 10.3 crore from 42 different companies during the financial year.

Benefits of CSR

• Corporate Social Responsibility links Corporate Sector to Social Sector
• Upholds Trusteeship: Corporate social responsibility gives a chance to the organization to contribute towards the society, environment, country and so on.
• Promote Relationship: Relationship is the oxygen of life. It enhances the “social quotient” of the company hence help in getting appeal for its product from people. Ex Lifebuoy soap success story
• It imparts an ethical, responsible character to company’s profile, helps it to justify its product, growth and create a distinct aura of company in public sphere. E.g.: Nanhi Kali project of Godrej group.
• Competitive advantage: Businesses that show how they are more socially responsible than their competitors tend to stand out. Research shows that a strong record of CSR improves customers’ attitude towards the company. TATA group enjoys much social appeal when compared with fellow competitors. The Classmate notebooks which contributed Rs. 1 towards social welfare gained appeal over other brands.
• Boosts employee morale: CSR practices have a significant impact on employee morale, as it reinforces his confidence on Company’s empathy.
• Presence and involvement of company in CSR activity will provide a soft corner to it in government’s approval, preferences. Its active involvement to implement government flagship program like Swaccha Bharat Mission enhances company’s credibility in government’s eyes.
• Promotes Socio-Economic Development: If the company is engaged in CSR programs it attracts foreign investment and helps the country to get valuable foreign exchange. This in turn leads to socio-economic developmental activities.
• Attracts FDI: If the company is engaged in CSR programs it attracts foreign investment and helps the country to get valuable foreign exchange

Issues pertaining to CSR

• Finding Right Partners: Despite growing awareness about the significance of CSR compliance, the challenges remain inidentifying the right partners and projects, as well as in selecting projects that are long-term impactful, scalable, and are self-sustaining.
• Lack of Community Participation in CSR Activities:There is a lack of interest of the local community in participating and contributing to CSR activities of companies.
  • This is largely attributable to the fact that there exists little or no knowledge about CSR within the local communitiesas no serious efforts have been made to spread awareness about CSR.
  • The situation is further aggravated by a lack of communication between the company and the communityat the grassroots.
• Issues of Transparency:There is an expression by the companies that there exists lack of transparency on the part of the local implementing agencies as they do not make adequate efforts to disclose information on their programs, audit issues, impact assessment and utilisation of funds.
  • This reported lack of transparencynegatively impacts the process of trust building between companies and local communities, which is a key to the success of any CSR initiative at the local level.
• Non-availability of Well Organised NGOs:There is non-availability of well organised NGOs in remote and rural areas that can assess and identify real needs of the community and work along with companies to ensure successful implementation of CSR activities.

Way forward

• Beyond just allocating funds, the companies shall conduct regular reviews on progress of CSR complianceand put in place some measures for a more professional approach towards the same. Also, they should set clear objectives and align all the stakeholders with them.
• It is equally important to let their NGO partners know of their business needs.
  • The latter should know that companies which award money from their CSR budgets are sincere about the causes they pick.
• The Companies must alsorefresh the roles of Board, CSR Committee, CFO and set-up new SOPs including a defined process for fund utilisation, determine applicability of impact assessment, prepare a detailed checklist of processes with the owners and timelines and formulate an annual action plan.
• The government must ensure that the activities included in the CSR Policy of a company are implemented by it.
• It is also the responsibility of the government toaddress the issues of non availability of the NGOs and create awareness in the society about the significance of the CSR and its activities.
• The government plans to use technology tools such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to do data mining of the mandated reports to bring changes to its policy on CSR.
  • Leveraging technology to improve the oversight of India Inc is welcome, but this should be applied to the financial and governance aspects of companies before moving on to their social obligations.

Value addition

Background: CSR in India

• The CSR provisions within the Act is applicable to companies with an annual turnover of 1,000 crore and more, or a net worth of Rs. 500 crore and more, or a net profit of Rs. 5 crore and more.
• The Act requires companies to set up a CSR committeewhich shall recommend a Corporate Social Responsibility Policy to the Board of Directors and also monitor the same from time to time.
• The Act encourages companies to spend 2% of their average net profit in the previous three yearson CSR activities.
• The indicative activities, which can be undertaken by a company under CSR, have been specified under Schedule VII of the Act.The activities include:
  • Eradicating extreme hunger and poverty,
  • Promotion of education, gender equality and empowering women,
  • Combating Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and other diseases,
  • Ensuring environmental sustainability;
  • Contribution to the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund or any other fund set up by the Central Government for socio-economic development and relief and funds for the welfare of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, other backward classes, minorities and women etc.

Benefits of Corporate social responsibility to the firms

• CSR increases employee engagement: Giving back to the community is a virtuous circle in which engaged employees are enriched by volunteering opportunities that further engage and encourage them.
• Contributes to the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals
• Presents press opportunities: It provides more marketing for firms and increases brand engagement with the public.
• Increases customer retention and loyalty: CSR gives a company a chance to showcase consistency and win loyalty, which ultimately converts into customer retention and increased sales.
• CSR improves employer branding: It’s increasingly important for companies to have a socially conscious image. Consumers, employees, and stakeholders prioritize CSR when choosing a brand or company, and they hold corporations accountable for effecting social change with their beliefs, practices, and profits. 

General Studies – 3

Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

5. What is green hydrogen? what advantages does it have? Evaluate the potential of Green Hydrogen Mission in ensuring energy security as well as giving impetus to our battle against climate change. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Indian Express

Why the question:

The Cabinet has cleared India’s Rs 20,000 cr National Green Hydrogen Mission to make the country a global green hydrogen hub.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the green hydrogen, its advantages, potential of Hydrogen as an eco-friendly fuel and steps India has taken in this regard.

Directive word: 

Evaluate – When you are asked to evaluate, you have to pass a sound judgement about the truth of the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence.  You must appraise the worth of the statement in question. There is scope for forming an opinion here.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining green hydrogen.

Body:

Distinguish between Brown, Blue and Green Hydrogen. Mention how the Hydrogen fuel can secure India’s energy security as well as help cut down carbon footprint.

Next, write about the advantages offered by green hydrogen.

Next, write about the Green Hydrogen Mission and tis potential to harness green hydrogen for tis developmental and clean energy ambitions. Mention that India has a number of obstacles to overcome in terms of technology, storage, transportation, new materials research, safety standards etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward to maximise the benefits of the hydrogen fuel technology.

Introduction

Green hydrogen — also referred to as ‘clean hydrogen’ — is produced by using electricity from renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, to split water into two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom through a process called electrolysis. The Union Government recently notified the green hydrogen and green ammonia policy aimed at boosting the domestic production of green hydrogen to 5 million tonnes by 2030 and making India an export hub for the clean fuel.

Green hydrogen is an emerging option that will help reduce India’s vulnerability to such price shocks. The Cabinet has cleared India’s Rs 20,000 cr National Green Hydrogen Mission to make the country a global green hydrogen hub..

Body

Advantages of Green hydrogen

• It is a clean-burning molecule, which can decarbonize a range of sectors including iron and steel, chemicals, and transportation.
• Renewable energy that cannot be stored or used by the grid can be channelled to produce hydrogen.
• India, being a tropical country,has a significant edge in green hydrogen production due to its favourable geographical conditions and abundant natural resources.
• Producing hydrogen from renewables in India is likely to be cheaper than producing it from natural gas.

Significance of Green Hydrogen in tackling energy challenges

• Green hydrogen energy is vital for India to meet its Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Targets and ensure regional and national energy security, access and availability.
• Green Hydrogen can act as an energy storage option, which would be essential to meet intermittencies (of renewable energy) in the future.
• In terms of mobility, for long distance mobilisations for either urban freight movement within cities and states or for passengers, Green Hydrogen can be used in railways, large ships, buses or trucks, etc.
• India is the world’s fourth largest energy consuming country (behind China, the United States and the European Union), according to the IEA’s forecast, and will overtake the European Union to become the world’s third energy consumer by the year 2030.
• Realising the impending threats to economies, the Summit will see several innovative proposals from all over the world in order to reduce dependence on use of fossil fuels.
• The scale of interest for ‘plucking the low hanging fruit’ can be gauged by the fact that even oil-producing nations such as Saudi Arabia where the day temperature soars to over 50° C in summer, is prioritising plans to manufacture this source of energy by utilising ‘idle-land-banks’ for solar and wind energy generation.
• It is working to establish a mega $5 billion ‘Green hydrogen’ manufacturing unit covering a land-size as large as that of Belgium, in the northern-western part of the country.
• India is also gradually unveiling its plans. The Indian Railways have announced the country’s first experiment of a hydrogen-fuel cell technology-based train by retrofitting an existing diesel engine; this will run under Northern Railway on the 89 km stretch between Sonepat and Jind.
• The project will not only ensure diesel savings to the tune of several lakhs annually but will also prevent the emission of 0.72 kilo tons of particulate matter and 11.12 kilo tons of carbon per annum.

Challenges

• The ‘production cost’ of ‘Green hydrogen’ has been considered to be a prime obstacle.
• According to studies by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA), the production cost of this ‘green source of energy’ is expected to be around $1.5 per kilogram (for nations having perpetual sunshine and vast unused land), by the year 2030; by adopting various conservative measures.
• The global population is growing at a rate of 1.1%, adding about 83 million human heads every year on the planet.
• As a result, the International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts the additional power demand to be to the tune of 25%-30% by the year 2040.
• Thus, power generation by ‘net-zero’ emission will be the best solution to achieve the target of expert guidelines on global warming to remain under 1.5° C.
• This will also be a leap forward in minimising our dependence on conventional fossil fuel; in 2018, 8.7 million people died prematurely as result of air pollution from fossil fuels.
• India has made good progress in decarbonization growing the share of renewable energy, energy efficiency & fuel transition.
• There is growing interest and hype for using hydrogen in multiple applications such as Hydrogen-based Agro vehicles, Hydrogen-powered passenger trains, Hydrogen in aviation etc.

Way forward

• As India is scaling up to the target of having 450 GW of renewable energy by 2030, aligning hydrogen production needs with broader electricity demand in the economy would be critical.
• The industrial sectors like steel, refining, fertilizer & methanol sectors are attractive for Green Hydrogen adoption as Hydrogen is already being generated & consumed either as a chemical feedstock or a process input.
• The public funding will have to lead the way in the development of green hydrogen, but the private sector has significant gains too to be made by securing its energy future.
• India requires a manufacturing strategy that can leverage the existing strengths and mitigate threats by integrating with the global value chain.
• The green hydrogen has been anointed the flag-bearer of India’s low-carbon transition as Hydrogen may be lighter than air, but it will take some heavy lifting to get the ecosystem in place.
• Enforcing time-bound mid- and long-term policies would inspire the private sector to invest more in green hydrogen.
• India should aim to produce 4-6 million tonnes of green hydrogen per annum by the end of the decade and export at least 2 million tonnes per annum.

Topic: Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

6. India’s move towards electric vehicles (EVs) must be in consonance with a broad move towards digitization and overall sustainability. Discuss. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India

Why the question:

Spurred by steadily rising demand and proactive government incentives, India’s electric vehicle (EV) industry has shown exponential growth in the past two years. Domestic four-wheeler EV sales in 2022-23 are set to cross the 60-65,000 mark.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the impact of shifting to electric vehicles on the environment, economy and foreign policy and also to examine India’s preparedness and measures taken so far to achieve the transition to electric vehicles.

Directive word: 

Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Start by describing the electric vehicles (EV) technology vis-à-vis fossil fuel based vehicles.

Body:

Mention the impact the EV can have on India economically in terms of reducing dependence on crude oil and reduced import bill and improved domestic energy independence.

Write about the environmental benefits of shift to EV – Give facts and figures relation to vehicular emission in India, the impact of it and how shifting to EV can be environmentally advantageous as well as sustainable in the long run.

Mention as to how there can be a potential shift in the foreign policy with more progression in EV, as we look beyond West Asia and towards Latin America.

Examine the various measures taken in this regard so far such as FAME-I, FAME-II, Developing domestic battery manufacturing capacity, mining for Lithium and Cobalt etc, Niti Aayog’s recent draft policy.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward to ensure maximisation of potential benefits.

Introduction

An electric vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through self-contained battery, solar panels or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. India is among a handful of countries that supports the global EV30@30 campaign, which aims for at least 30 per cent new vehicle sales to be electric by 2030.

Spurred by steadily rising demand and proactive government incentives, India’s electric vehicle (EV) industry has shown exponential growth in the past two years. Domestic four-wheeler EV sales in 2022-23 are set to cross the 60-65,000 mark.

Body

Potential of EVs in India

• Help tackle Climate change and air pollution:
  • India has committed to cutting its GHG emissions intensity by 33% to 35% percent below 2005 levels by 2030.
  • As per NITI Aayog’s report EVs will help in cutting down as much as 1 Gigatonne (GT) of carbon emissions by 2030.
  • Electric vehicles don’t produce emissions that contribute to climate change and smog than conventional vehicles.
  • All-electric vehicles produce zero direct emissions, which specifically helps improve air quality in urban areas.
  • According to a recent study by WHO, India is home to 14 out of 20 most polluted cities in the world. EVs will help in tackling this problem by reducing local concentrations of pollutants in cities.
  • Cost reduction from better electricity generating technologies. This has introduced the possibility of clean, low-carbon and inexpensive grids.
• Energy security:
  • India imports oil to cover over 80 percent of its transport fuel.
  • Electric mobility will contribute to balancing energy demand, energy storage and environmental sustainability.
  • Electric vehicles could help diversify the energy needed to move people and goods thanks to their reliance on the wide mix of primary energy sources used in power generation, greatly improving energy security.
• Cutting edge Battery Technology:
  • Advances in battery technology have led to higher energy densities, faster charging and reduced battery degradation from charging.
• Innovation:
  • EVs manufacturing capacity will promote global scale and competitiveness.
• Employment:
  • Promotion of EVs will facilitate employment growth in a sun-rise sector.

Transition to Green Mobility is quickly picking up in India

Various measures taken by the government to promote electric vehicles

• Most recently, Government think-tank Niti Aayog has prepared a draft battery swapping policy, under which it has proposed offering incentives to electric vehicles (EVs) with swappable batteries, subsidies to companies manufacturing swappable batteries, a new battery-as-a-service business model, and standards for interoperable batteries, among other measures.
• Government has set a target of electric vehicles making up 30 % of new sales of cars and two-wheelers by 2030.
• To build a sustainable EV ecosystem initiative like –National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) and Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric vehicles in India (FAME India) have been launched by India.
• NEMMP was launched with an aim to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country.
• FAME India Scheme was launched with the objective to support hybrid/electric vehicles market development and manufacturing ecosystem.
• The Union power ministry categorized charging of batteries as a service, which will help charging stations operate without licenses.
• Implementation of smart cities would also boost the growth of electric vehicle

Way Forward:

• For EVs to contribute effectively, we need commensurate efforts in developing an entire ecosystem.
• Need to shift the focus from subsidizing vehicles to subsidizing batteries because batteries make up 50% of EV costs.
• Increasing focus on incentivizing electric two-wheelers because two-wheelers account for 76% of the vehicles in the country and consume most of the fuel.
• A wide network of charging stations is imminent for attracting investment.
• Work places in tech parks, Public bus depots, and Multiplexes are the potential places where charging points could be installed. In Bangalore, some malls have charging points in parking lots.
• Corporates could invest in charging stations as Corporate Social Responsibility compliances.
• Addressing technical concerns like AC versus DC charging stations, handling of peak demand, grid stability etc.
• Private investment in battery manufacturing plants and developing low cost production technology is needed.
• India is highly dependent on thermal sources, which account for about 65% of current capacity. As EV adoption increases, so should the contribution of renewables.
• Need for a policy roadmap on electric vehicles so that investments can be planned.
• Acquiring lithium fields in Bolivia, Australia, and Chile could become as important as buying oil fields as India needs raw material to make batteries for electric vehicles.
• Providing waiver of road tax and registration fees, GST refunds and free parking spaces for EVs.

Value addition

General Studies – 4

Topic: moral and political attitudes.

7. In a just society, the economic rights, personal freedoms and social imperatives must be in balance. (150 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Abstract Thursdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: 

Give a simple elaboration on the concept of a just society.

Body:

Write about the various of a just society wherein economic rights, personal freedoms and social imperatives are in a balance. Cite examples to substantiate. Write about the lack of balance can disrupt the justice in the society.

Conclusion:

Conclude by mentioning ways to achieve that balance.

Introduction

Philosophers, politicians, and everyday people have wrestled with this question for as long as society has existed. The term “social justice” first applied only to economic resources. Over time, it has become aligned with human rights. The distribution of resources, how people are treated, and access to services and opportunities all play a role in social justice. Because society is complex, social justice is complex as well.

Body

Just society basis

• Rationality — A rational concept of justice requires an understanding of human nature and society, as well as a logical evaluation of evidence. It also requires an appreciation for the complexity involved in making moral assessments, which can be seen by how many different ethical theories have arisen throughout history.
• Morality — Humans are social creatures who function best when they live together with others who share common goals; therefore, morality can be used to help facilitate cooperation among members while allowing for personal freedom within set boundaries (i.e., laws). This is necessary because humans are not always rational actors; emotions often influence their actions and lead them astray from what they would otherwise want or need to do if left alone without any external interference. Therefore, some form of morality should exist so that people can work together while still preserving individual autonomy.
• Fairness — Fairness is important because it allows people to trust one another and work together for common causes. It also mitigates the effects of bias, which can result in injustice if left unchecked.
• Equality — The distinction between civilized societies and those that are not rests on whether or not they treat all individuals equally before the law. This means that public policy should be evaluated based on how it affects everyone, regardless of their race, sex, religion, ethnicity, etc.

Conclusion

A Just society is one in which each person is socially and economically secure, and where the state is politically, legally, and administratively inclusive and fair. For a society to be just, it must ensure the protection of everyone’s civil, political, economic, cultural, and social rights. These rights include the right to life, the right to free speech, liberty and equality.

Join our Official Telegram Channel HERE

Please subscribe to Our podcast channel HERE

Subscribe to our YouTube ChannelHERE

Follow our Twitter Account HERE

Follow our Instagram ID HERE  

Follow us on LinkedIn : HERE