NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you extra points in the form of background information.
General Studies – 1
Topic: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
Despite a Supreme Court directive, only Delhi, Haryana and Punjab have proper shelters for inter-caste, inter-faith couples facing opposition from families and community
Key Demand of the question:
To write about ways to end opposition to inter-caste marriages.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, mention that issues faced by inter-caste couples pre and post marriage – opposition, social boycott, harassment, honour killings etc.
Next, write about the measures that are needed to be taken before the marriage in order to promote acceptance.
Next, write about the measures that must be taken after the marriage to ensure protection of the couple.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
Traditionally, marriage in Hindu society was a sacrament but after the passage of Hindu Marriage Act 1955 it can be treated as a contract. However, still marriages primarily take place on the traditional grounds of Jatis (caste) and up-jati (sub-caste). That means marriage is inextricably linked to Jati Vyavastha (caste system) with its roots in the religion.
Inter-caste marriages can be one of the significant steps to reduce the caste-prejudices, abolish ‘untouchability’ and spread the values of liberty, equality, fraternity etc in the society.
Body
Issues faced by inter-caste couples pre and post marriage
- Honor killings: Extreme caste attachment is main reason for these crimes and is a result of people marrying without their family’s acceptance, especially when it is between members of two different castes or religious groups.
- The killers justify their actions by claiming that the victim has brought dishonor upon the family name or prestige
- Opposition: In Indian society caste is given high importance and it is generally expected that children marry within their own caste to those selected by their parents. The idea of young people finding their life partners on their own is frowned upon even today. It is still seen as a matter of shame.
- Social boycott: There have been many cases of inter-caste couples facing social boycott. For eg :A newly married couple in East Sikkim were allegedly socially boycotted by their own community in the Dalapchand village of East Sikkim allegedly over their inter-caste marraige.
- Familial boycott: Parents themselves disown their children and disband them from family and property on marrying outside caste.
- Harassment: The intercaste couple faces harassment on daily basis especially in rural India. The existence of Jaat Panchayats add to this nuisance.
Measures needed to promote acceptance of inter-caste marriage
- Government schemes:For instance, Ambedkar Scheme for Social Integration through Inter-Caste Marriages is a case in point.
- The objective of the scheme is to appreciate the socially bold step, of an Inter-caste marriage, taken by the newly married couple and to extend financial incentive to the couple to enable them to settle down in the initial phase of their married life.
- Normalising inter-caste marriage: We live in 21 st century and it is high time there is more acceptance of inter-caste marriage. Behavioural nudge is required by people in power and having influence.
- Promoting inter-caste marriageis the most ethical thing to do as it would dilute the poison of casteism that has gripped the Indian society for centuries.
- Encouragement: Such marriages should be encouraged because they help in narrowing religious and caste-based biases, and reducing cultural differences. These marriages promote economic equality as diffusing caste/community lines will open new avenues and opportunities for all castes.
Conclusion
Inter-caste and inter-religious marriages would help to reduce the differences between castes and religions, promote harmony, and tolerance would increase. Next generation might almost be free from hatred. Different castes and religions coming together, brings various cultures together as well. It will promote harmony among people and reduce cases of communal riots, lynching, exploitation based on caste and religion. Most importantly, this would reduce human loss.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resource.
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Reference: India Times , Insights on India
Why the question:
World Mental Health Day is here. The day is observed around the world to raise awareness about the significance of mental wellness.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the various efforts at improving mental health in the country.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving an overview of mental health set up in India and trends in mental health disorders.
Body:
First, write about the various initiatives taken in this regard such as – national tele-mental health programme, its features and the potential benefits from it. Write about the various efforts of private organisations.
Next, write about the need to reach masses and destigmatise mental disorders in the society – mention the steps that must be taken in this regard – creating awareness, accessible treatment, promoting well-being, harnessing AYUSH etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward of measures needed to further strengthen mental health in India.
Introduction
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.’
Like Physical health, Mental health is also important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood.
Body
Mental health: India
- Recent reports published in Lancetrevealed that one in seven people in India had a mental disorder ranging from mild to severe in 2017.
- Also, the proportional contribution of mental disorders to the total disease burden had doubled between 1990 and 2017.
- Mental disorders include depressive and anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
- This situation was generally worse in the southern Statescompared to the northern States due to the nature of development, modernisation, urbanisation and other factors not understood yet.
- Depressive disorders were more prevalent among females than maleswhich could be due to sexual abuse, gender discrimination, stress due to antenatal and postnatal issues and other reasons.
Various measures to address issue of mental health in India
- Constitutional Provision: SC has held healthcare to be a fundamental right under Article 21of the Constitution.
- National Mental Health Program (NMHP):To address the huge burden of mental disorders and shortage of qualified professionals in the field of mental health, the government has been implementing the National Mental Health Program (NMHP) since 1982.
- The Program wasre-strategize in 2003 to include two schemes, viz. Modernization of State Mental Hospitals and Up-gradation of Psychiatric Wings of Medical Colleges/General Hospitals.
- Mental HealthCare Act 2017: It guarantees every affected person access to mental healthcareand treatment from services run or funded by the government.
- It has significantly reduced the scope for the use of Section 309 IPC and made the attempt to commit suicide punishable only as an exception.
- Kiran Helpline: In 2020, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment launched a 24/7 toll-free helpline ‘Kiran’to provide support to people facing anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal thoughts and other mental health concerns.
Conclusion and way forward
- Mental health situation in Indiademands active policy interventions and resource allocation by the government.
- To reduce the stigma around mental health,we need measures to train and sensitize the community/society.
- When it comes to providing the right care to patientswith mental illness, we need mental health care intervention to the patients, we need innovative models to deepen the penetration of services and staff.
- One such model is Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)by the ministry of health and family welfare.
- India needs a constant stream of funds for educating and creating awarenessabout mental health and chronic issues around it.
- The need of the hour is to provoke masses to learn about mental health through campaigns like Swach Mansikta Abhiyan.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Effects of liberalization on the economy
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2023 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write roles and responsibilities of World Bank and its efforts towards addressing climate change.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of role of World Bank.
Body:
First, write in detail about its 5 organisations and their purposes.
Next, write about the various roles and responsibilities of world bank – Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger, Promote Gender Equality, Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases: etc.
Next, write about the efforts of Word Bank in combatting climate change.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
The World Bank is an international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice, and research to developing nations to aid their economic advancement. The bank predominantly acts as an organization that attempts to fight poverty by offering developmental assistance to middle- and low-income countries.
The World Bank was created in 1944 out of the Bretton Woods Agreement, which was secured under the auspices of the United Nations in the latter days of World War II
Body
The World Bank Group : Roles and Responsibilities
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)provides loans, credits, and grants.
- International Development Association (IDA)provides low- or no-interest loans to low-income countries.
- TheInternational Finance Corporation (IFC) provides investment, advice, and asset management to companies and governments.
- The Multilateral Guarantee Agency (MIGA)insures lenders and investors against political risk such as war.
- The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)settles investment-disputes between investors and countries.
- Responsibilities
- The purpose of its creation is to provide grants and loans to the governments of Low income countries for developmental purposes to harness capital projects.
The main function of the WBG is to provide long term financial assistance to developmental projects like irrigation, agriculture, water supply, health and education. - It stands for war devastating countries as the key source of financial aid for reconstruction activities.
- It also provides economic, monetary and technical advice to its member countries.
World Bank efforts towards Climate Change
- The World Bank Group has been ramping up its finance for renewable energy for several years. In fiscal year 2021, the World Bank (IBRD/IDA) did zero new fossil fuel financing. The World Bank Group stopped investing in upstream oil and gas in 2019.
- From 2016 to 2020, the Bank financed 34 gigawatts of renewable energy to help communities, businesses and economies thrive.
- In 2020, the World Bank Group accounted for over half of all multilateral climate finance to developing countries and over two-thirds of adaptation finance.
- World Bank analysis finds that climate change may push over 130 million into poverty by 2030 and cause over 200 million people to migrate within their own countries by 2050. Investing in adaptation to help countries and companies become more resilient is therefore critical. The World Bank boosted climate adaptation support from 40% of climate finance in 2016 to 52% in 2020.
Conclusion
As of 2022, the World Bank identified 17 goals that it aims to achieve by 2030. The top two are stated in their mission statement. The first is to end extreme poverty by decreasing the number of people living on less than $1.90 a day to below 3% of the world population. The second is to increase overall prosperity by increasing income growth in the bottom 40% of every country in the world.
Topic: Effects of liberalization on the economy.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2023 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To write a critique of IMF and suggest possible reforms in it.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving a brief about aims of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Body:
First, in brief, write about the major aspects of global economy that IMF deals with.
Next, using facts and figures to substantiate, give the successes and limitations of IMF in regards to – foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world etc.
Next, suggest possible reforms that are needed in the IMF.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution, headquartered in Washington, D.C. Its stated mission is “working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.” IMF was formed in 1944, at the Bretton Woods Conference and came into formal existence in 1945 with the goal of reconstructing the International Monetary system. India became a founder member of IMF in December 1945 even before Independence.
Body
Critique of IMF in fostering global monetary cooperation
- Structural under-representation of the Global South
- One of the central criticisms of the IMF relates to the political power imbalances intheir governance structures where, as a result of voting shares being based principally on the size and ‘openness’ of countries’ economies, poorer countries – often those receiving assistance from IMF – are structurally under-represented in decision-making processes
- Undermining democratic ownership
- The issue of political power imbalances is exacerbated by another long-standing critique of IMF is that the economic policy conditions they promote – often attached or ‘recommended’ as part of loans – undermine the sovereigntyof borrower nations, limiting their ability to make policy decisions and eroding their ownership of national development strategies
- Weak ability to learn from past mistakes
- The IMF’s Independent Evaluation Office (IEO)was set up in 2001 to conduct evaluations of the policies and functionalities of the institution with the aim of enhancing the learning culture, strengthening credibility, and supporting institutional governance and oversight
- However, the IMF has been criticised for failing to implement the recommendations
- Neo-Liberal Criticisms
- IMF conditionalities havealso been widely debated.
- Critics contend that IMF policy prescriptions provide uniform remedies that are not adequately tailored to each country’s unique circumstances.
- These standard, austere loan conditions reduce economic growth and deepen and prolong financial crises, creating severe hardships for the poorest people in borrowing countries and strengthening local opposition to the IMF.
Other issues in IMF
The present structure and power dynamics in IMF is not reflective of the current economic architecture and it is this systemic issue that castes shadows on its relevance because of
- Quotas: The rising clout of developing countries today vis-à-vis the developed ones is not commensurate with their quotas. Moreover the recent announcement of deferring the next round amendments in quota till 2019 could be dampener.
- Appointment:The heads have historically been appointed from a coterie of developed nations leading to discrimination of developing countries tries
- Rise of alternative institutions:Like NDB,AIIB have come up as an alternative to IMF. They look to provide greater credit with more creditor-friendly terms
Conclusion and wayforward
- While reforms in countries are happening in different stages, the global institutions have remained the way they have been for the last several decades
- Going further, there is a desperate need for all IMF to be more transparent, representativeand speak for countries which don’t get adequate representation
- The IMF should focus on lower income countries and support other developing countries’ market funds raising activities, as its Article IV consultation reports are utilised by credit rating agencies, impacting the fund raising capacity of countries like India
- With a continuing trend of emerging markets increasing their share in global output or GDP over the years, many experts have called for alignment of quotas and the accompanying lending windows of the IMF to reflect the changed economic positions of countries.
IMF definitely will have strong competition from emerging institutions in coming days and it needs to be nimble-footed to adapt to current dynamics.
Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
In his Independence Day address, Prime Minister Narendra Modi exhorted the country to pursue aatmanirbharta in energy by focusing on clean energy technologies. Concerns over the pricing and availability of oil and gas in the wake of the Ukraine crisis continue to fuel global policy debates on energy security. However, the fragility of clean energy supply chains obscures pathways for countries to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the ways to ensure resilient supply chains of key minerals.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context of key minerals and rare earths.
Body:
Firstly, in detail, mention the various threats and impediments to supply of key minerals and rare earths and how any disruption in their supply will affect India.
Next, write about the measures that are needed to ensure their seamless supply and for India to get self-reliant in supply chain.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
The rare earth minerals (REM) are a set of seventeen metallic elements. These include the fifteen lanthanides on the periodic table in addition to scandium and yttrium that show similar physical and chemical properties to the lanthanides. The REMs have unique catalytic, metallurgical, nuclear, electrical, magnetic and luminescent properties. While named ‘rare earth’, they are in fact not that rare and are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust
Body
Various threats and impediments to supply of key minerals and rare earths
- Mineral reserves are often concentrated in regions that are geopoliticallysensitive.
- Thegeographic concentration of mining and processing of the minerals may also adversely impact their availability.
- A portion of existing production is controlled by geostrategic competitors.
- China wields considerable influencein cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo through direct equity investments and its Belt and Road Initiative.
- Three-fifths of rare earth minerals, essential for clean energy, electronics, and defence technologies, are mined in China.
- Some of the required critical mineral assets for India’s manufacturing sectors (particularly of green technologies) are not yet ready to be mined.
- There are also some critical minerals of which there exists no known resources within India.
- Recent global geo-political factors adversely affecting critical minerals supply chains, starting with the Covid-19 pandemic and followed by the Russia-Ukraine war.
- Indonesia, that has world’s largest nickel reserves – has banned the export of raw nickel ore, as they seek to develop a domestic nickel processing industry.
- China has recently explored reducing the exports of certain rare earth minerals.
Strategic importance of rare earth minerals
- They have distinctive electrical, metallurgical, catalytic, nuclear, magnetic and luminescent
- They are strategically very important due to their use of emerging and diverse technologieswhich cater to the needs of current society.
- Its usage range from daily use (e.g., lighter flints, glass polishing mediums, car alternators) to high-end technology (lasers, magnets, batteries, fibre-optic telecommunication cables).
- Even futuristic technologies need these REMs (For example high-temperature superconductivity, safe storage and transport of hydrogen for a post-hydrocarbon economy,environmental global warming and energy efficiency issues).
- The global demand for REMs has increased significantly in line with their expansion into high-end technology, environment, and economic areas.
- They are extremely important for many modern technologies, including consumer electronics, computers, and networks, communications, clean energy, advanced transportation, health care, environmental mitigation, national defense etc.
- Due to their unique magnetic, luminescent, and electrochemical properties, they help in technologies perform with reduced weight, reduced emissions, and energy consumption; therefore give them greater efficiency, performance, miniaturization, speed, durability, and thermal stability.
Challenges for India
- Dependence on China: If India is not able to explore and produce these minerals, it will have to depend on a handful of countries, including China, to power its energy transition plans to electric vehicles.
- Lack of expertise: Industry watchers say that the reason India would not have found a place in the MSP grouping is because the country does not bring any expertise to the table.
- Reserves and technology: In the group, countries like Australia and Canada have reserves and also the technology to extract them, and countries like Japan have the technology to process REEs.
Conclusion
The ‘Make in India’ program whose goal is to make India a manufacturing economy will need REMs in huge amount. Although India is among the top five nations with reserves of rare-earth minerals, there is no required technology to extract in environmentally sustainable way. Thus, India will need to firm up diplomatic trade channels and long-term supply contracts. There is also a need to develop suitable technologies, promote Research and Development to tap the REM.
Value addition
Minerals Security Partnership (MSP):
- The US and 10 partners — Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea (South Korea), Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the European Commission have come together to form the MSP.
- Catalyzing investment from governments and the private sector: The new grouping is aimed at catalyzing investment from governments and the private sector to develop strategic opportunities.
- Focus on the supply chains of minerals: The new grouping, industry insiders say, could focus on the supply chains of minerals such as Cobalt, Nickel, Lithium, and also the 17 ‘rare earth’ minerals.
General Studies – 4
Topic: Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Conceptual Tuesdays’ in Mission-2023 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about emotional integrity and its importance.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by defining emotional integrity.
Body:
Write about the importance of emotional integrity – Emotional integrity is essentially integrity, specifically applied to our own emotional life. Emotional integrity then is knowing what we feel and why. It’s being able and willing to face it and share it, even if it’s painful, difficult, or embarrassing.
Conclusion:
Conclude the answer by summarising.
Introduction
Emotional integrity is the personal achievement of emotional strength, discipline, and completeness that remains constant no matter what others say or do. It includes both a control of emotions and an honest acknowledgement of them—pleasant or unpleasant. When we achieve emotional integrity, we are steady, consistent, and resilient. Our actions are not determined by the actions of our companions.
Body
Emotional integrity: Background
Emotional integrity is the courage to acknowledge one’s true feelings, wants and desires without judging them with the societal lens. In essence, it is about being 100% honest with oneself. If one is just emotionally intelligent without being emotionally honest, the benefit will at best be temporary and skin deep.
A life full of compromise and sacrifice does not do justice to any of the varied roles one plays in life. When at work, we feel guilty about not spending enough time with the family.
Life becomes a lot more fulfilling and satisfying if one can change his mindset from sacrifices to choices. This transition (from sacrifices to choices) is one of life’s most liberating experiences because one moves from forever feeling like a victim to being empowered.
Having this clarity is having emotional integrity.
Importance of having emotional integrity to live a meaningful life
- An ability to feel secure and confident in our abilitiesand in the direction of our lives is a must.
- Robert Solomon stated that emotional integrity implies living fully, in full color. For this philosopher, life contains both the red of fury and the yellow of joy, the light blue of moments of happiness and the green of disgust.
- A life worth living is colorful, which not only implies experiencing and accepting emotions of different colors, but also of different shades and with various intensities.
- Solomon believed that the opposite of emotional integrity is precisely a monotonous and monochromatic life.
Conclusion
Applying emotional integrity also implies rethinking your daily work to make room for those things that are most important to you and give you authentic satisfaction because they are in tune with your dreams and desires.
Topic: ethical issues in international relations and funding;
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Conceptual Tuesdays’ in Mission-2023 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To explain environmental ethics and how it has become an important dimension of ethics in the twenty first century.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by describing the ethical issues in international relations.
Body:
Write about as to how ethics in international relations remain a theory as they are seldom implemented in practice. Substantiate with examples.
Next, write about how pluralism, responsibility and fairness can make a difference in transforming ethic in international relations. Link these to recent happenings across the world.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning the need of uphold ethics in international relations.
Introduction
Ethical questions are central to the study of international relations, as it is a field of study concerned with war and peace, trade and production, and law and rights. Yet, a persistent conventional wisdom suggests ethics are marginal to international relations.
Realism, the dominant perspective in global politics, assumes that international relations are fundamentally conflictual and guided by national self-interest rooted in power. According to this tradition, morality is not an essential consideration in governmental action. Rather, what motivates and guides diplomats are the vital interests of states. Eg: Chinese conduct in South-China Sea, Galwan valley clash, and the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine are guided by narrow self-interest rather than fairness or morality.
Body
According to Thucydides, “Strong do what they can and weak suffer what they must”. This quote summarizes the relation between states in the international context. Hans Morgenthau, a noted Realist scholar said that nations do not give heed to universal acceptance of their action or judge their moves through a moral lens. National interest reigns supreme. Like, how man is a self-centric being, even nations are inward looking. Ultimately all nations look for national interest.
Eg: USA-China Trade war was detrimental to global trade, but the two nations still retaliated economically to show their hegemonic tendencies and power.
Another example is China’s policy of aggression against its smaller neighbours like Vietnam, Philippines, Taiwan. Its claim to south china sea is refuted by all, yet China’s heft had subdued them all. Pakistan’s policy of state sponsored terrorism against India tells us that there is no morality in international relations.
The United Nations failed to intervene effectively in the Syrian war and Yemen civil war because the nations involved, especially the P5 had divergent interest. And neither of them thought from humanitarian perspective or moral perspective with respect to human rights. This shows that, nations were acting selfishly for materialist gains in middle-east.
Ensuring pluralism, responsibility and fairness
- Rights and Responsibilities:The UN Peackeeping mission is based on the principle of universal peace. This is the responsibility of the Security Council and all the nations to maintain universal peace. India believes in this ideology and has been the largest cumulative troop contributing nation.
- Equality: Ethics aim at “Peaceful World”, “Respect for All” & “Equality” while forming international organizations, declarations & forums. E.g.: The demand for equality in IMF & UNO shows the demand of adhering to ethics in a way.
- Resolving Tensions:Ethics helps to avoid the “Ego Clash” & “Ideological Clash” between two or more nations. For instance, the disruption between India & Pakistan relations can be avoided if both take a decision based on ethics.
- Solidarity: Natural disasters and refugee crisis situations require a more compassionate view of the global community. These are not isolated events and rather, the duty of every global citizen to help in the times of crisis. g.- Aid during natural disasters (Nepal earthquake)
- Human rights:Adherence to human rights is vital after the Decalaration of Human Rights in the UN Charter. Eg- lack of ethics in the international relation has been the cause of wars & genocide many times in history (Rwanda and Burundi) and also like the first world war.
Conclusion
Nations view their foreign policy as zero-sum game which leads to narrow thinking and destructive consequences. Morality must play a role in every aspect of human life, including international relations. International ethic is not just an ethic of some leading country, it is not simply an ethic of a powerful country having obligations towards others, because of the power they have over others. International ethics may be elaborated as, that which enables one to participate more actively in shaping and building good international community. Human rights and their dignity can be protected only when relations between nations become ethical and moral.
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