NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you extra points in the form of background information.
General Studies – 1
Topic: Communalism
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The New Indian Express
Key Demand of the question:
To write about how constitutionalism is key to tackle communalism prevailing in the society.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining constitutionalism and incidences of communal tensions in India.
Body:
First, giving statistics and examples, give a context about how constitutionalism helps in promoting equality and fraternity in India.
Next, write about how various provisions are present that go against these values thereby inciting communal tensions by giving examples.
Next, suggest measures to overcome the same.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
Communalism is basically an ideology which consists of three elements:
- A belief that people who follow the same religion have common secular interests i.e. they have same political, economic and social interests. So, here socio- political communalities arise.
- A notion that, in a multi-religious society like India, these common secular interests of one religion is dissimilar and divergent from the interests of the follower of another religion.
- The interests of the follower of the different religion or of different ‘communities’ are seen to be completely incompatible, antagonist and hostile.
Body
Constitutionalism promoting equality and fraternity
The concept of constitutionalism is a mechanism that provides legitimacy to a democratic government. It cannot and should not be confused with the legality of the acts of the officials in a government setup. Constitutionalism is far more important than having a written Constitution.
- The principles of liberty, equality and fraternity formed the core of Ambedkar’s constitutionalism. He considered fraternity to be “only another name for democracy”.
- He considered fraternity to be “only another name for democracy”.
- According to him, democracy was not “merely a form of Government”, but “essentially an attitude of respect and reverence towards fellowmen.”
Provisions in Indian constitution to promote equality and fraternity
- Article 15 (1) prohibits the state from the discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of religion, caste, race, place of birth and sex.
- Article 15 (2) states that no citizen shall be subjected to any disability, restriction, or condition regarding the access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and place of public entertainment or the use of wells, tanks, bathing Ghats, roads and places of public resort, maintained wholly or partially out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
- Article 25: This article refers to the freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. The sub clause (1) of this article states that: “subject to public order, morality and health and to other provisions of this part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice ad propagate a religion”.
- Article 28: Under the article it is stated that the freedom as to the attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.
- These articles from Article 25-28 states about religious rights of every individual who is a citizen of India.
- But these articles are quite relevant in this era where religious persecutions towards minorities takes place.
- Article 30: This article states that the minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutes of their choice. Unlike article 29, this article is only applicable to linguistic or religious minorities.
- Article 350-B: This article was inserted for the appointment of special officer for minorities by the president to investigate and carry out activities related to safeguarding the rights of linguistic minorities.
Steps to be taken to prevent communalism
- Economic:
- Poverty is one of the major factors for communal violence. Poverty alleviation measures are thus important for promoting communal harmony.
- Eradicating the problem of unemployment among the youths, illiteracy and poverty and that too with honesty and without any discrimination.
- Reducing educational and economic backwardness of minorities like Muslims.
- This can uplift their socio-economic status and reduce their deprivation compared to Hindus
- Social:
- The religious leaders and preachers should promote rational and practical things through religion promoting peace and security.
- Children in schools must be taught through textbooks and pamphlets to maintain brotherhood and respect for all religions
- Creating awareness in the society about the ill effects of communism through mass media
- Political:
- Political communism should be avoided recent Supreme court’s directives
- Identification and mapping of riot prone areas. For Example, Delhi police used drones to monitor to maintain vigil during communal festivals
- Media, movies and other cultural platforms can be influential in promoting peace and harmony.
- Social Media should be monitored for violent and repulsive content and taken off immediately.
- Recommendations of Committee on National Integration
- Joint celebration of community festivals
- Observing restraint by Hindus while taking processions before the mosques
- Formation of peace and brotherhood communities at local level to prevent anti-social elements from engaging in communal riots
- Respect for religious customs, rituals and practices
Conclusion
In a vast country like India which is made up of diverse cultures, backgrounds, religions, identities etc. it really requires to maintain a sense of equality among its citizen to provide a meaning to the term democracy. The core reason behind all these discrimination are based on the nature of unacceptance of diversities. We tend to commit heinous crimes to eradicate the population which chooses a different set of traditions to follow. But these intolerance can lead India to get collapsed from being a secular country to communal. And India is known to the world by the term “diversity”. It is beautiful when the people irrespective of their differences are co-existing.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Structure, Organization and Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government
2. Elaborate on the Powers and Position of President of India. (150 Words)
Difficulty Level: Easy
Reference: Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2 and mentioned as part of Mission-2022 Secure timetable
Key Demand of the question:
The importance of Presidential Powers, as in the Indian Constitution
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account of the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate them with relevant associated facts
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Brief on the Articles related to Presidential powers
Body:
First, mention the powers of the President, classifying them under various sub-headings
Then, mention the position of President, by mentioning his defining key roles, special powers, discretionary powers
Conclusion:
A relevant summarising statement
Introduction
The President is the de jure head of the Indian State. He is the first citizen of India and acts as the symbol of unity, integrity and solidarity of the nation. Article 52 says that President is the elected head of the state. As a result, India became a republic as we chose to transition from monarchy after withdrawal of British.
Body
Powers of the President
The powers enjoyed and the functions performed by the President can be studied under the following heads.
- Executive powers
- For every executive action that the Indian government takes, is to be taken in his name
- He may/may not make rules to simplify the transaction of business of the central government
- He appoints the attorney general of India and determines his remuneration
- He appoints the following people:
- Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)
- Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners
- Chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission
- State Governors
- Finance Commission of India chairman and members
- He seeks administrative information from the Union government
- He requires PM to submit, for consideration of the council of ministers, any matter on which a decision has been taken by a minister but, which has not been considered by the council
- He appoints National Commissions of:
- Scheduled Castes (Read about National Commission for Scheduled Castes in the linked article.)
- Scheduled Tribes Read about (National Commission for Scheduled Tribes in the linked article.)
- Other Backward Classes (Read about National Commission for Backward Classes in the linked article.)
- He appoints inter-state council
- He appoints administrators of union territories
- He can declare any area as a scheduled area and has powers with respect to the administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas
- Legislative powers
- He summons or prorogues Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha.
- He summons a joint sitting of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in case of deadlock.
- He addresses the Indian Parliament at the commencement of the first session after every general election.
- He appoints speaker, deputy speaker of Lok Sabha, and chairman/deputy chairman of Rajya Sabha when the seats fall vacant (to know the difference between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha check the linked article.)
- He nominates 12 members of the Rajya Sabha.
- He can nominate two members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-Indian Community
- He consults the Election Commission of India on questions of disqualifications of MPs.
- He recommends/ permits the introduction of certain types of bills (to read on how a bill is passed in the Indian Parliament, check the linked article.)
- He promulgates ordinances.
- He lays the following reports before the Parliament:
- Comptroller and Auditor General
- Union Public Service Commission
- Finance Commission, etc.
- Financial powers
- To introduce the money bill, his prior recommendation is a must
- He causes Union Budget to be laid before the Parliament
- To make a demand for grants, his recommendation is a pre-requisite
- Contingency Fund of India is under his control
- He constitutes the Finance Commission every five years
- Judicial powers
- Appointment of Chief Justice and Supreme Court/High Court Judges are on him.
- He takes advice from the Supreme Court, however, the advice is not binding on him.
- He has pardoning power: Under Article 72, he has been conferred with power to grant pardon against punishment for an offence against union law, punishment by a martial court, or death sentence.
- Diplomatic powers
- International Treaties and agreements that are approved by the Parliament are negotiated and concluded in his name
- He is the representative of India in international forums and affairs
- Military powers: He is the commander of the defence forces of India. He appoints: –
- Chief of the Army
- Chief of the Navy
- Chief of the Air Force
- Emergency powers: He deals with three types of emergencies given in the Indian Constitution:
- National Emergency (Article 352)
- President’s Rule (Article 356 & 365)
- Financial Emergency (Article 360)
Position of the President in India
- In the Indian Constitution, there is placed at the head of the Indian Union a functionary who is called the President of the Union.
- The Constitution of India has provided for a parliamentary form of government. Consequently, the President has been made only a nominal executive; the real executive being the council of ministers headed by the prime minister.
- In other words, the President has to exercise his powers and functions with the aid and advise of the council of ministers headed by the prime minister
- Discretionary powers: The President can act on his discretion (that is, without the advice of the ministers) under the following situations:
- Appointment of Prime Minister when no party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha or when the Prime Minister in office dies suddenly and there is no obvious successor.
- Dismissal of the council of ministers when it cannot prove the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
- Dissolution of the Lok Sabha if the council of ministers has lost its majority.
Conclusion
As per Dr B.R Ambedkar, “President is the head of the State but not of the Executive. He represents the nation but does not rule the nation. He is the symbol of the nation. His place in administration is that of a ceremonial device or a seal by which the nation’s decisions are made known. He is generally bound by the advice of his ministers. He can do nothing contrary to their advice nor can he do anything without their advice.”
Topic: Structure, Organization and Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Reference: Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2 and mentioned as part of Mission-2022 Secure timetable
Key Demand of the question:
The importance of Clemency powers under the Indian Constitution
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Brief on Clemency powers in Indian Constitution, detailing the Articles related to it
Body:
First, mention the scope and purpose of Clemency powers under Indian Constitution.
Then, mention the differences that exists between the powers of President and Governor
Conclusion:
A relevant closing statement
Introduction
Article 72 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to grant pardons to persons who have been tried and convicted of any offence in all cases where the:-
- Punishment or sentence for an offence against a Union Law,
- Punishment or sentence is by a court-martial (military court), and
- Punishment is a Death sentence
Body
Clemency powers in Indian Constitution and reasons
- The pardoning power of the President is independent of the Judiciary; it is an executive power. But, the President while exercising this power, does not sit as a court of appeal.
- The object of conferring this power on the President is two-fold:
- i) to keep the door open for correcting any judicial errors in the operation of law; and,
- ii) to afford relief from a sentence, which the President regards as unduly harsh.
- Pardon: It removes both the sentence and the conviction and completely absolves the convict from all sentences, punishments and disqualifications.
- Commutation: It denotes the substitution of one form of punishment for a lighter form. For example, a death sentence may be commuted to rigorous imprisonment, which in turn may be commuted to a simple imprisonment.
- Remission: It implies reducing the period of sentence without changing its character. For example, a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for two years may be remitted to rigorous imprisonment for one year.
- Respite: It denotes awarding a lesser sentence in place of one originally awarded due to some special fact, such as the physical disability of a convict or the pregnancy of a woman offender.
- Reprieve It implies a stay of the execution of a sentence (especially that of death) for a temporary period. Its purpose is to enable the convict to have time to seek pardon or commutation from the President.
Differences between the Clemency powers of ‘President and Governor’
- Under Article 161 of the Constitution, the governor of a state also possesses the pardoning power.
- Hence, the governor can also grant pardons, reprieves, respites and remissions of punishment or suspend, remit and commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against a state law.
- But, the pardoning power of the governor differs from that of the President in following two respects:
- The President can pardon sentences inflicted by court martial (military courts) while the governor cannot.
- The President can pardon death sentence while governor cannot. Even if a state law prescribes death sentence, the power to grant pardon lies with the President and not the governor.
Conclusion
However, the governor can suspend, remit or commute a death sentence. In other words, both the governor and the President have concurrent power in respect of suspension, remission and commutation of death sentence.
Topics : Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The question was asked as the statement was given by the minister in the context of the rising need for healthcare solutions, especially during this pandemic time.
Key Demand of the question:
Highlight how start-ups can democratise healthcare in India
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving the status and need of start-ups in the healthcare sector
Body:
Show by giving examples of how start-ups are making healthcare affordable and reachable to masses e.g. Pharmeasy has reduced the cost of medical tests and reached out to even remote locations to take samples. Emphasize how rural masses are being connected to best medical care using telemedicine, tele consultations.
Briefly enumerate some issues which restrict the democratization of healthcare e.g. digital divide, lack of awareness
Conclusion:
Conclude with a relevant way forward
Introduction
As the healthcare industry is poised to confront many challenges, even in the face of COVID, startups become a valid and vital part of the industry conversations and movements.
Body
Role of start-ups to socialise and democratise availability of healthcare
- Access to affordable diagnostics: Pharmeasy has reduced the cost of medical tests and reached out to even remote locations to take samples.
- Telemedicine & Telenursing: With revolutionized use of technology, Telemedicine & Telenursing is growing at a rapid pace.
- This has increased the accessibility of healthcare to the customers at the finger tips by saving the energy and time in visiting the doctors at their office.
- Also, this is a strategy in delivering accessible healthcare to rural public.
- Medical equipment: A year ago, covid tests costed nearly 2000 while today it is possible to get hold of a Rapid Antigen Test kit for 500 rupees.
- Low-cost nutritionist: AI based recommendations on nutrition and calorie intake to consumers on smart phone. Eg: HealthifyMe, tracks calorie intake and provides suitable healthy recipes and tips.
- Interpreting diagnostic results: Specialists such as Radiologists or Nuclear medicine experts are rare in tier 2 cities and rural areas. Image processing based has interpretations have become common these days using AI and Machine Learning. Eg: Tricog has InstaECG, the flagship product is a cloud-connected device that helps interpret and analyse ECG reports within just 10 minutes.
Way forward
- There is a drastic need of providing low-cost health care delivery to the public, considering the socio-economic status, geographical landmark, skilled man-power.
- The government has taken several steps to encourage start-ups, including reduction in patent filing fees, relaxation in the public procurement norms, fund of funds, and seed fund scheme. This must be further improvised.
- Make in India and Startup India can have healthcare component with better incentives to encourage more innovation and progress.
Conclusion
Startups have been part of healthcare innovations for decades. It’s important that they remain part of the conversation, and that we encourage smaller, nimbler organizations to continue to innovate in the ways that they do best. The spirit of the startup is to re-think and embrace their disruptive nature to challenge norms and seek more efficient and higher quality outcomes. This needs to be nurtured thorugh governemnt policies.
General Studies – 3
Topic : Indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why this question
India is the world’s largest arms importer and given our economic size and talent pool, this is a matter of grave concern for us. In this context, the induction of LCA Tejas has been seen as a significant step towards the indigenisation of defence technology.
Directive word
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and presenting them in a summary
Key demand of the question.
The question wants us to trace the development of LCA Tejas and analyse whether its induction will give India a significant advantage.
Structure of the answer
Introduction– write a few introductory lines about LCA Tejas and the Indian defence imports. E.g. mention that India is the world’s largest defence importer etc.
Body-
Highlight some of the features of LCA Tejas and its state of the art technology. Then, enumerate the significant advantages that LCA Tejas will bring to India’s defence capability vis-à-vis Pakistan and China.
Then list down some of the issues and constraints that still hamper India’s LCA programme and defence indigenization in general.For further reference you can refer to The week, News18
Conclusion–
Based on your analysis, form a fair and balanced conclusion.
Introduction
The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)-Tejas was conceptualised in the year 1984. Since the first flight of the LCA technology demonstrator in January 2001, the indigenous single engine 4.5 generation multi-role fighter jet christened as ‘Tejas’ by then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in May 2003, has come a long way both in terms of the maturity of the platform as well as the overall aircraft development programme despite repeated delays and cost overruns. In all, 123 LCA aircraft of various configurations are on order so far.
Body
Features of LCA Tejas
- The lightest, smallest and tailless multi-role supersonic fighter aircraft in its class.
- Designed to carry a range of air-to-air, air-to-surface, precision-guided, weapons.
- Air to air refuelling capability.
- Maximum payload capacity of 4000 kg.
- It can attend the maximum speed of Mach 1.8.
- The range of the aircraft is 3,000km.
- Aerial refuelling probe compatible with Russian & US tankers
- Drop tanks for ferry flight/extended range/loitering time
LCA Tejas: Enhancing the strength of Indian Airforce
- The Cabinet Committee on Security has recently cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of 83 Tejas Light Combat Aircraft for the Indian Air Force.
- 83 Tejas includes 73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter aircraft and 10 LCA Tejas Mk-1 trainer aircraft.
- MK-1A variant is an improved version of MK-1 with an electronic warfare system, advanced electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, beyond visual range (BVR) missiles and a network warfare system comprising software defined radio (SDR).
- In a step towards further strengthening the capabilities of the indigenous LCA Tejas fighter aircraft, the Indian Air Force has placed orders for HAMMER missiles from France which would allow it to take out any hardened bunkers or ground targets at stand-off ranges of more than 70 kilometres.
- The Indian Air Force is strongly supporting the indigenous LCA Tejas fighter aircraft programme by adding more and more capabilities of the aircraft.
- The IAF has already operationalised two of its squadrons in the initial operational clearance and final operational clearance versions while a contract has been signed for the 83 Mark1As set to be delivered a couple of years from now.
- The Indian plane is already considered to be far more capable than the Pakistani and Chinese joint venture JF-17 fighter jet and with additions like the HAMMER, the Indian plane would be in a much higher category than them
Conclusion
The Light Combat Aircraft Tejas is an indigenous supersonic aircraft used by the Indian military. The induction of this state of art combat aircraft not only increases the capacity of Air force, it will also reduce our dependency on foreign aircrafts. It will spur defence innovation and start-ups, nurturing an ecosystem that will make India an exporter of defence products in the near future.
General Studies – 4
Topic: Codes of Ethics and Citizen’s Charter
Structure of the question
Introduction
Define the terms integrity and accountability
Body
- Highlight the salient features of the code of conduct and citizen’s charter in a brief manner
- Debate whether the above could achieve integrity and accountability in our civil servants.
- Provide a way forward to address the negative challenges associated with the above measures
Conclusion
Conclude in an optimistic manner
Introduction
Ethics is a set of principles of right conduct. It has been defined as a set of values and principles, which helps guide behavior, choice and actions. It helps to decide whether ones’ actions are right or wrong. Organizations as well as individuals have ethical standards. These standards help ensure that individuals belonging to an organization have a consistent approach in carrying out their responsibilities and making decisions.
Civil servants have special obligations because they are responsible for managing resources entrusted to them by the community, because they provide and deliver services to the community and because they take important decisions that affect all aspects of a community’s life. The community has a right to expect that the civil service functions fairly, impartially and efficiently
Body
Code of Conduct
Code of Conduct is principles, values, standards, or rules of behavior that guide the decisions, procedures and systems of an organization in a way that:
- Contributes to the welfare of its key stakeholders
- Respects the rights of all constituents affected by its operations
Role in ensuring accountability and transparency
- Code of Conduct ensures due diligence in public administration.
- It also brings transparency in the business dealings.
- Enforcing appropriate use of official resources, public property and facilities.
- There will be appropriate use and disclosure of official information.
The Citizen’s Charter is a written, voluntary declaration by service providers about their service standards, choice, accessibility, non-discrimination, transparency and accountability. It should be in accord with the expectations of citizens. Therefore, it is a useful way of defining with the stakeholders what service should be and what standards to expect.
Role in ensuring accountability and transparency
- To help change the mindset of the public official from someone with power over the public to someone with a care of duty in spending the public’s taxes and in providing them with necessary services.
- An effective tool to ensure transparency and accountability and should help deliver good governance if implemented vigorously.
- Improved service delivery through more responsive attitude from officials towards the public specifying what to expect & how to act if standards are not met.
- Value for the taxpayer: Greater output on every single penny spent on governance programs & greater public satisfaction with the public services.
- Time bound delivery of services to citizens.
Conclusion
The issue of reforms in governance and administration has become the focus of attention in recognition of the fact that good governance is necessary for ensuring success of development schemes, bringing improvements in the quality of life of citizens, eradicating poverty and for realization of the goals of equity and equality enshrined in our Constitution.
With rapid and fundamental changes taking place in the political, economic and technological fields, the need for major reforms in our system of governance and public administration have assumed greater urgency. Principles of public service or values facilitate good governance & if adopted effectively might surely change the image of bureaucracy in the minds of people in times to come.
Topic: Ethics and human interface- Ethics in private and public relationships
Structure of the question
Introduction
Define ethics in a brief manner
Body
- Mention the various differences that exist between professional and personal ethics
- Explain the various factors that influence professional ethics in an enterprise. Ex: role of leadership, history of the company etc.
- You can use examples of companies such as Tata, Infosys, ISRO etc. to justify your arguments.
- Also, highlight how negative factors can have an impact on professional ethics. Ex: Corruption in public enterprises
Conclusion
Conclude in a way so as to suggest what could be done to positively develop professional ethics in an enterprise
Introduction
Personal ethics is viewed as the innate sense of knowing and doing what is right and wrong by conscience. This is cultivated within the individual from childhood and varies as they understand deviance through their culture and customs. In contrast to this, professional ethics is a set commandment to prohibit certain behaviour within a body or group of people.
Body
Factors determining personal and professional ethics
- Personal ethics refer to a person’s personal or self-created values and codes of conduct. From the very beginning, these ethics are instilled in an individual, with a large part having been played by their parents, friends, and family.
- Common examples may include honesty, openness, commitment, unbiased behavior, and sense of responsibility.
- What a person develops regarding fairness or learns during childhood remains with him all through his life and is reflected by his actions and words.
- No matter if he is talking to a friend or his relatives or an elderly, his ethics would be clear from what he says and how he says it.
- A person’s personal ethics are revealed in a professional situation through his behavior.
Professional ethics
- Professional ethics are those values and principles that are introduced to an individual in a professional organization.
- Each employee is meant to strictly follow these principles. They do not have a choice.
- Also, this approach is imperative in professional settings as it brings a sense of discipline in people as well as helps maintain decorum in offices.
- Some examples may include confidentiality, fairness, transparency and proficiency. These ethics make employees responsible.
- Eg: An environmental organization may have professional ethics to not use plastic products in office and everyone must abode by it.
Differences between professional and personal ethics
- The ethics that you adhere to in your personal life and those that you comply with in your professional life are different in certain aspects.
- The biggest difference between personal and professional codes of conduct is perhaps the strictness with which people conform to them.
- The values that you define for yourself are up to you to be followed or not to be followed. However, those defined in a company or by a profession must be followed by you, since breach of these principles or rules may harm your reputation and status.
- But if you do not adhere to your personal ethics, it might hardly make a difference, depending on the circumstances.
- Even then, you must keep in mind that violation of your own rules may harm others around you.
- Time management, punctuality may not be personal ethics but may need to be cultivated as professional ethics.
Conclusion
The above difference can be better understood if one been through certain experiences ourselves. This subject is highly perceptive, since every individual has a different perspective. However, what is more important is that we learn to follow these ethics in your personal as well as professional life. We cannot state that one is better than the other, or one can be followed and the other need not be. Following both is essential, for this is what makes us a better human being―for ourselves as well as the society.
