[Mission 2022] QUIZ – 2021: Insights Current Affairs Quiz , 27 December 2021

Solution: c)

DNA is a linear chain of nucleotides, portions of which are faithfully transcribed into linear messenger RNA. The message in this RNA is translated into strings of amino acids – proteins. Proteins need to take a precise three-dimensional shape to become functional entities. This protein folding does not happen all by itself, at least most of the time. A special bunch of proteins called molecular chaperones assist in correctly folding the protein.

Misfolding of proteins can cause a number of diseases. Alpha-synuclein protein, present in neurons, is wrongly folded in Parkinson’s disease. 

Aberrant folding of crystallins of the eye lens leads to cataract. In the eye lens, an abundant subset of proteins called alpha-crystallins themselves serve as chaperones.

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Solution: c)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras researchers use a combination of deep learning techniques and traditional machine learning to develop a tool that can diagnose cancer by looking at whole slide images of the tumour. The tool has been tested on datasets of breast, liver and colon cancer tissue images. It is economical in terms of the time required to process the images and analyse them.

Digital histopathology:

Traditionally, histopathologists slice the tumour tissue into approximately 20-micron-thick slices which they put on slides. They look at enlarged images of the slides and go over it cell by cell to manually classify it as cancerous or otherwise. This is highly time-consuming, and it is to alleviate this burden that digital histopathology developed. In this, after preparing the slides, the entire slide is scanned using a high-resolution microscope and digitised. This is then analysed using computerised tools.

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Solution: b)

Nigeen Lake is a mildly eutrophic lake located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.

Solution: d)

The fullerenes are a large class of allotropes of carbon and are made of balls, ‘cages’ or tubes of carbon atoms.

Nanotubes are nano-structures made of fullerenes with properties including high tensile strength, high electrical conductivity, high ductility, high heat conductivity, and relative chemical inactivity.

Nanotubes can be used to reinforce graphite in tennis rackets because they are very strong. Due to the above-mentioned properties, they are also used as semiconductors in electrical circuits.

The nanotube’s structure allows it to be used as a container for transporting a drug in the body. A molecule of the drug can be placed inside the nanotube cage. This keeps the drug ‘wrapped up’ until it reaches the site where it is needed. In this way, a dose that might be damaging to other parts of the body can be delivered safely to, for example, a tumour.

Solution: c)

Parliamentary privileges are certain rights and immunities enjoyed by members of Parliament, individually and collectively, so that they can “effectively discharge their functions”. When any of these rights and

immunities are disregarded, the offence is called a breach of privilege and is punishable under law of Parliament.

• A notice is moved in the form of a motion by any member of either House against those being held guilty of breach of privilege.
• A member may, with the consent of the Speaker or the Chairperson, raise a question involving a breach of privilege either of a member or of the House or of a committee thereof. The rules however mandate that any notice should be relating to an incident of recent occurrence and should need the intervention of the House.
• The Speaker/RS chairman is the first level of scrutiny of a privilege motion. The Speaker/Chairman can decide on the privilege motion himself or herself or refer it to the privileges committee of Parliament.