DAY – 32( INSTA REVISION TEST – 32)INSTA REVISION PLAN 3.0, 2021

Solution: D         

Taxila was a city present in Gandhara Region – Present in Modern day Aghanistan.

Solution: D

A new tool, the plough, was used to dig the earth for turning the soil and planting seeds. While real ploughs, which were probably made of wood, have not survived, toy models have been found. As this region does not receive heavy rainfall, some
form of irrigation may have been used.

Solution: D

All the statements given above are correct.

Solution: C

The Rig Vedic Aryans were pastoral people and their main occupation was cattle rearing. Their wealth was estimated in terms of their cattle. When they permanently settled in North India they began to practice agriculture.

With the knowledge and use of iron they were able to clean forests and bring more lands under cultivation.

Trade was another important economic activity and rivers served as important means of transport. Trade was conducted on barter system. In the later times, gold coins called nishka were used as media of exchange in large transactions.

Solution: B

Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of the Jain tradition.

He married Yasoda and gave birth to a daughter. At the age of thirty he became an ascetic and wandered for twelve years. In the 13th year of his penance, he attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kevala Gnana

After attaining Kevala Jnana, Mahavira taught that observance of the vows of ahimsa (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha (non-attachment) is necessary for spiritual liberation.  He taught the principles of Anekantavada (many-sided reality): syadvada and nayavada.

Mahavira’s teachings were compiled by Indrabhuti Gautama (his chief disciple) as the Jain Agamas.

Solution: B

The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha

The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Asvagosha participated in this council. The new school of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into existence during this council.

Solution: D

A new form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana Buddhism, now developed in fourth Buddhist Council.

Features of Mahayana Buddhism

• Mahayana believes in the heavenliness of Buddha
• Image worship of Buddha
• Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people
• It spread from India to various countries including China and South East Asian nations.

Solution: A

During Bindusara’s reign, the Mauryan empire extended as far south as Mysore and therefore included almost the whole of India.

Bimbisara had marriage alliance with the ruling family of Kosala. Chandra Gupta Maurya had marriage alliance with Seleucus Nicator

Bimbisara was a contemporary of both Vardhamana Mahavira
and Gautama Buddha.

Solution: A

The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum (known to the Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent

In 327 B.C. Alexander crossed the Hindukush Mountains and spent nearly ten months in fighting with the tribes. He crossed the Indus in February 326 B.C. with the help of the bridge of boats. He was warmly received by Ambhi, the ruler of Taxila.

Solution: B

The most important ruler of Chalukyas was Pulakesin II. Notable achievement of Pulakesin II was the defeat of Harshavardhana on the banks of the river Narmada. He put a check to the ambition of Harsha to conquer the south.

Kirtivarman II was the last of the rulers of the Chalukyas. He was defeated by Dantidurga, the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty

Solution: D

Mahendravarman, one of the greatest of the rulers of the Pallava dynasty, was found of painting and is said to have commissioned a scholar at his court to pen down an instruction manual for painters, which is a treatise on south Indian paintings called Dakshinachitra.

Solution: B

The Cholas occupied the delta of the Kaveri River and the adjoining region. Under the Pandyas, the capital Madurai and port city Korkai were great centers of trade and commerce.

Solution: A

The Chalukya administration was highly centralized unlike that of the Pallavas and the Cholas. Village autonomy was absent under
the Chalukyas. The Chalukyas had a great maritime power. Pulakesin II had 100 ships in his navy. They also had a small standing army.

Solution: D

Chhau is a popular folk dance of Orissa/Bihar/Bengal. Chhau means mask. All the Chhau performers hold swords and shields while performing. The stages are decorated and brightly lit by torches, lanterns and flickering oil lamps.

Dumhal is a dance performed by the men folk of the Wattal tribe of Kashmir This dance is performed with long colorful robes, tall conical caps (studded with beads and shells). Dumhal dance is accompanied by songs which the performers themselves sing.

Kalbelia Dance is performed by the womenfolk hailing from the Kalbelia community in Rajastan. The dance movements and the costumes have an uncanny resemblance to the slithery creatures.

Solution: D

Kalarippayattu is a martial art, which originated as a style in Kerala, southern India (North Malabar). The word kalari first appears in the Tamil Sangam literature (c. 300 BCE to 300 CE) to describe both a battlefield and combat arena.

Silambam is a weapon-based Martial Art of India, more specifically in the state of Tamil Nadu. The word “Silambam” means either a mountain or merely to sound. While the Silambam fencers are fighting, the weapon makes sound. This might have been the cause for its being named as “Silambam”.

Thang-ta is the popular Manipuri name for a set of armed and unarmed fighting techniques developed by the Meitei people of the state of Manipur, India. The formal name for this martial system is Huyen Lallong.

Bhand Pather is a traditional theatre form of Kashmir. A unique combination of dance, music and acting.

Solution: C

Kuchipudi is originally from Andhra Pradesh. Its evolution can be traced to traditional dance – drama, known under the generic name of Yakshagaana.

It originated in the seventh century AD. In 17th century A.D. Siddhendra Yogi, a talented Vaishnava poet, conceived Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana. It begins with an invocation to Lord Ganesha followed by nritta (non-narrative and abstract dancing) shabdam (narrative dancing) and natya.

The dance is accompanied by song which is typically Carnatic music. Like other classical dances, Kuchipudi also comprises pure dance, mime and histrionics but it is the use of speech that distinguishes Kuchipudi’s presentation as dance drama.

Solution: C

The Ajanta Caves carved out of volcanic rock in the Maharashtra Plateau, situated near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.

Frescoes are paintings which are done on wet plaster in which colours become fixed as the plaster dries. They are found on the walls and ceilings at Ajanta.

The human & animal forms show a variety of graceful poses. Various methods were used to create the illusion of depth.

They depict themes of court life, feasting, processions, men and women at work, festivals and various natural scenes including animals, birds and flowers.

Most of paintings were depicted well before Gupta’s time.

Solution: B

The mural paintings in the Ellora caves are found in five caves, mostly limited to Kailasa temple. Ellora paintings are related to all three religions (Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism).

Sittanavasal cave: Located 16 km northwest of Pudukkottai town in Tamil Nadu, these famous rock-cut caves are known for the paintings in the Jain temples. These murals have close resemblance to Bagh and Ajanta paintings.

The paintings are not only on the walls but also on the ceiling and pillars. The paintings are with the theme of Jain Samavasarana.

Solution: A

Miniature paintings are small paintings with minute details. They were often painted for either books or albums, on perishable material including paper, palm leaves and cloth.

Developed almost as a reaction to the enormous wall paintings, the art of miniature painting developed between 8th and 12th centuries.

Two prominent school of paintings before Delhi Sultanate are Pala School of Art and Apabhramsa School of art.

The Mughal paintings brought together Persian naturalistic style with the opulence of a great dynasty and created some beautifully illustrated folios.

These paintings were considered unique because of the use of brilliant colours.

Solution: A

Reign of Krishna Raya Deva of Vijaynagara (1509 –30);

Construction of Qutab Minar (1206 – 1210);

Arrival of Portugese in India (1498);

Death of Firoz Tughlaq (1388).

Solution: A

In the year 1956, American computer scientist John McCarthy organised the Dartmouth Conference, at which the term ‘Artificial Intelligence’ was first adopted. From then on, the world discovered the ideas of the ability of machines to look at social problems using knowledge data and competition. There used to be several dedicated projects on the same and the government was funding the research.

Every aspect of science and especially when one starts looking at empowering machines to behave and act like human beings, the questions of ethics arise. About 70’s and late 80’s there was a time when the governments stopped funding research into AI.

According to a Canada based company’s report, Global AI Report 2019, India stood at the ninth position in terms of the number of the AI specialists working in the field. The US, China and the UK topped the list.

Hence Statement 2 and 3 is incorrect.

AI is used in

• For solving complex issues like efficient utilization of available resources.
• Analyzing the Data: The AI technology helps in analyzing data and thus can improve the efficiency of the systems like power management in cars, mobile devices, weather predictions, video and image analysis.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence

Solution: D

Metamaterials are artificial materials that can achieve electromagnetic properties that do not occur naturally, such as negative index of refraction or electromagnetic cloaking.

The theoretical properties of metamaterials were first described in the 1960s by Victor Veselago, who focused on the purely theoretical (at the time) concept of negative index materials. His concept became a reality in the turn of the century.

A metamaterial typically consists of a multitude of unit cells, i.e. multiple individual elements (sometimes referred to as “meta-atoms”) that each has a size much smaller than the wavelength that it interacts with. These unit cells are microscopically built from conventional materials such as metals and dielectrics like plastics.

However, their exact shape, geometry, size, orientation, and arrangement can macroscopically affect light in an unconventional manner such as creating resonances or unusual values for macroscopic permittivity and permeability.

Some examples of available metamaterials are negative index metamaterials, chiral metamaterials, plasmonic metamaterials, photonic metamaterials,etc.

Due to their subwavelength nature, metamaterials that operate at microwave frequencies have a typical unit cell size of a few millimetres, while metamaterials operating at the visible part of the spectrum have a typical unit cell size of a few nanometres. Metamaterials are also inherently resonant, i.e. they can strongly absorb light at a certain narrow range of frequencies that can block or absorb a particular colour in the spectrum.

For conventional materials, the electromagnetic parameters such as magnetic permeability and electric permittivity arise from the response of the atoms or molecules that make up the material to an electromagnetic wave being passed through. In the case of metamaterials, these electromagnetic properties are not determined at an atomic or molecular level.

Instead, these properties are determined by the configuration of a collection of smaller objects that make up the metamaterial. Although such a collection of objects and their structure do not appear at an atomic level like a conventional material, a metamaterial can nonetheless be designed so that an electromagnetic wave will pass through as if it were passing through a conventional material.

Furthermore, because the properties of the metamaterial can be determined from the composition and structure of such small (nanoscale) objects, the electromagnetic properties of the metamaterial such as permittivity and permeability can be accurately tuned on a very small scale.

https://content.metamaterial.com/blog/what-are-metamaterials

Solution: D

Both Mercury and Venus have no moons, which can be considered a surprise given there are dozens of other ones around the Solar System.

Facts about the Planets

• Mercury’s craters are named after famous artists, musicians and authors.
• Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system.
• Earth’s atmosphere protects us from meteoroids and radiation from the Sun.
• There have been more missions to Mars than any other planet.
• Jupiter has more than double the mass of all the other planets combined. Hence Statement 2 is incorrect.
• Saturn has more moons than any other planet in the Solar System.
• Uranus has only been visited by a single spacecraft, Voyager 2. Hence Statement 3 is incorrect.
• It takes like more than 4 hours for light to reach Neptune from the Sun.
• Only 8 planets have been discovered in our solar system but there is compelling evidence for a 9th planet.
• With the exception of Neptune and Uranus the other 6 planets can be seen unaided and all 8 are visible with a small telescope or binoculars

Solution: A
What are stem cells?

Stem cells are the body’s raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. Under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells.

Why is there such an interest in stem cells?

Researchers and doctors hope stem cell studies can help to:

• Increase understanding of how diseases occur.By watching stem cells mature into cells in bones, heart muscle, nerves, and other organs and tissue, researchers and doctors may better understand how diseases and conditions develop.
• Generate healthy cells to replace diseased cells (regenerative medicine).Stem cells can be guided into becoming specific cells that can be used to regenerate and repair diseased or damaged tissues in people.

People who might benefit from stem cell therapies include those with spinal cord injuries, type 1 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, stroke, burns, cancer and osteoarthritis.

Stem cells may have the potential to be grown to become new tissue for use in transplant and regenerative medicine. Researchers continue to advance the knowledge on stem cells and their applications in transplant and regenerative medicine.

• Test new drugs for safety and effectiveness.Before using investigational drugs in people, researchers can use some types of stem cells to test the drugs for safety and quality. This type of testing will most likely first have a direct impact on drug development first for cardiac toxicity testing.

New areas of study include the effectiveness of using human stem cells that have been programmed into tissue-specific cells to test new drugs. For the testing of new drugs to be accurate, the cells must be programmed to acquire properties of the type of cells targeted by the drug. Techniques to program cells into specific cells continue to be studied.

For instance, nerve cells could be generated to test a new drug for a nerve disease. Tests could show whether the new drug had any effect on the cells and whether the cells were harmed.

Solution: A

mRNA is the intermediate step between the translation of protein-encoding DNA and the production of proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Two major types of RNA are currently studied as vaccines: non-replicating mRNA and virally derived, self-amplifying RNA. Conventional mRNA-based vaccines encode the antigen of interest and contain 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs), whereas self-amplifying RNAs encode not only the antigen but also the viral replication machinery that enables intracellular RNA amplification and abundant protein expression.

mRNA vaccines represent a promising alternative to conventional vaccine approaches because of their high potency, capacity for rapid development and potential for low-cost manufacture and safe administration. However, their application has until recently been restricted by the instability and inefficient in vivo delivery of mRNA. Recent technological advances have now largely overcome these issues, and multiple mRNA vaccine platforms against infectious diseases and several types of cancer have demonstrated encouraging results in both animal models and humans. This Review provides a detailed overview of mRNA vaccines and considers future directions and challenges in advancing this promising vaccine platform to widespread therapeutic use.

Correct Answer : D
Answer Justification :
Explanation
Rs.1,26,000 Explanation:
4,50,000*( 80/100)*(90/100)= 324000
450000 – 126000 = Rs.1,26,000

Correct Answer : D
Answer Justification :
Solution:
CP = 100/120 = 10/12
SP = 135/90 = 18/12
Profit % = {[(18/12) – (10/12)]/(10/12)}
*100 = 80%

Correct Answer : A
Answer Justification :
Solution:
[P(1+r/100)2]/[P(1+r*1/100)]=6/5
1+r/100=6/5
r/100=1/5
r=20%

Correct Answer : C
Answer Justification :
Solution:
In 60 l of mixture, milk = 3/5 * 60 = 36 l,
so water = 24 l
Let x litres of mixture is replaced
So
Remaining Milk after replacement is = 36 –
(3/5)*x + x = 36 + 2x/5
So (36 + 2x/5)/60 = 7/10
Solve, x = 15 l

Correct Answer : C
Answer Justification :
Solution:
25000*12 : 20000(12-x)
15 : 8
solve and get x=4 months