[Mission 2022] Insta– QUED ( Questions from Editorials. ) 27 August 2021

Solution: d)

The Sagarmala programme is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Shipping to promote port-led development in the country through harnessing India’s 7,500 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes.

Implementation of these projects are being done by the Central Line Ministries, State Governments / Maritime Boards and SPVs preferably through the private sector and through the Public Private Participation (PPP) wherever feasible.

Components of Sagarmala Programme are:

• Port Modernization & New Port Development: De-bottlenecking and capacity expansion of existing ports and development of new greenfield ports
• Port Connectivity Enhancement: Enhancing the connectivity of the ports to the hinterland, optimizing cost and time of cargo movement through multi-modal logistics solutions including domestic waterways (inland water transport and coastal shipping)
• Port-linked Industrialization: Developing port-proximate industrial clusters and Coastal Economic Zones to reduce logistics cost and time of EXIM and domestic cargo
• Coastal Community Development: Promoting sustainable development of coastal communities through skill development & livelihood generation activities, fisheries development, coastal tourism etc.
• Coastal Shipping & Inland Waterways Transport: Impetus to move cargo through the sustainable and environment-friendly coastal and inland waterways mode.

Vision of Sagarmala Programme

Solution: d)

The IMO is the United Nations’ specialised agency responsible for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships.

The IMO’s policies or conventions have a serious impact on every aspect of shipping including the cost of maritime trade.

The IMO, like any other UN agency, is primarily a secretariat, which facilitates decision-making processes on all maritime matters through meetings of member states. The binding instruments are brought in through the conventions — to which member states sign on to for compliance — as well as amendments to the same and related codes.

The IMO currently lists India as among the 10 states with the “largest interest in international seaborne trade”.

Solution: d)

Chabahar Port is a seaport in Chabahar located in southeastern Iran, on the Gulf of Oman. It serves as Iran’s only oceanic port, and consists of two separate ports named Shahid Kalantari and Shahid Beheshti.

Solution: d)

Published annually since 2005, the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) tracks countries’ efforts to combat climate change. As an independent monitoring tool it aims to enhance transparency in international climate politics and enables comparison of climate protection efforts and progress made by individual countries.

Germanwatch, the NewClimate Institute and the Climate Action Network publish the index annually.

If a country fails to meet its NDCs, there is no penalty.

Solution: d)

In addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC publishes Special Reports on specific topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports.

The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000. The SRES contains “scenarios” of future changes in emissions of greenhouse gases and sulfur dioxide.

Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation (SRREN) was published in 2012. It assesses existing literature on renewable energy commercialisation for the mitigation of climate change.

Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation (SREX). The report was published in 2012. It assesses the effect that climate change has on the threat of natural disasters and how nations can better manage an expected change in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of severe weather patterns.

Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15) was released on 8 October 2018. It is on “How can humanity prevent the global temperature rise more than 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial level”.

Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL) was published online on 7 August 2019. This report presents the most recent evidence on how the different uses of land like forests, agriculture, urbanisation is affecting and getting affected by climate change.

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). It covers how the ocean and cryosphere have and are expected to change with ongoing global warming.