DAY – 29 ( INSTA REVISION TEST)INSTA REVISION PLAN 3.0, 2020

Solution: C

Hydrogels

Hydrogel agriculture technology involves gel forming polymers that are insoluble water absorbing polymers designed exclusively for agricultural use by the late 1980’s. They were developed to improve physical properties of soil to:

1. Increase water holding capacity
2. Increase water use efficiency
3. Enhance soil permeability and infiltration rate
4. Reduce irrigation frequency
5. Reduce compaction tendency
6. Stop soil erosion, farm run-off & surface leaching
7. Increase plant performance, particularly in structure-less soils stressed with drought condition

Hydrogels as they are commonly called are cross-linked three-dimensional networked water absorbent polymers. Three main types of Hydrogels have so far been found appropriate for agricultural use:

1. Starch-graft copolymers
2. Cross-linked Polyacrylates
3. Cross-linked Polyacrylamides & Acrylamide-acrylate copolymers

Potassium Polyacrylate is the principle material used in SAP industry and marketed as hydrogel for agricultural use because of its longer retention and high efficiency in soil with nil toxicity issues. They are prepared by polymerizing Acrylic acid with a cross linker. Cross-linked polymers can hold water 400 times their own weight and release 95% of that to growing plants. Use of Hydrogel leads to increased water use efficiency by preventing leaching and increasing frequency for irrigation. During summer months particularly in semi arid regions, lack of soil moisture can cause plant stress. Moisture released by hydrogel close to root area helps reduce stress and increase growth and plant performance. Hydrogels can reduce fertilizer leaching and reduce application of pesticides.

Water Absorption with Hydrogel

Hydrogel works as water reservoirs round the root mass zones of the plant. In presence of water, it expands to around 200-800 times the original volume. There is ample possibility to trap irrigation and rainwater that can then be collected, stored and gradually released for crop requirements over prolonged durations. Hydrogel mixed with soil increase soil permeability and improve germination rates. It is compatible with a wide range and type of soils and thus has in general a tendency to increase plant performance and yield.  Rainwater retention, soil erosion by storm water run-offs, especially in sloped terrains can be greatly averted. There has been proof of decrease in fruit & vegetable loss due to insect by around 10-30%

Solution: A

Mission Kakatiya, Telangana

Place of implementation : Telangana
Implementing agency : Telangana State Government

Intervention

Mission Kakatiya is a flagship program under Telangana government aimed at restoring minor irrigation sources of water like ponds and tanks. The objective is to enhance the development of Minor Irrigation infrastructure, strengthening community based irrigation management in a decentralized manner and to adopt a comprehensive programme for restoration of tanks and sources of water to effectively utilize 265 TM of water allocated for minor irrigation sector under Godavari and Krishna river Basins. Gram Sabha were conducted and the proposed plans were discussed with the villagers. Farmers were motivated to co-operate and were suggested to deposit the silt for field preparation. Several district level coordination committees were formed. Emphasis was given for improvement in delivery time of services. Steps like tank de-siltation, restoration of the feeder channels, re-sectioning of irrigation channels, repair of bund, weir and sluice, raising of FTL (Full Tank Level) wherever required were carried out.

Achievements

The intervention helped in increasing the storage capacity of tanks and other water bodies. It helped in making water available and accessible to small and medium farmers in particular and benefitted other farmers as well. The intervention helped in increasing the water retention capacity of the sources and also helped in improving the on-farm moisture retention capacity. The intervention bridged the 63% ayacut gap and also helped in stabilization of ayacut under minor irrigation. Measures like mixing of the slit on farm land preparation reduced the use of chemical fertilizers and also improved the land water retention capacity. An appreciable change was observed in the nutritive values of the soil. It resulted in diversification of high value crop and crop intensification and also gave rise to loop irrigation. Other achievements that accompanied the project are development of fisheries and livestock and rise in the ground water levels in that area. The increase in plantation of palm trees on the slopes also added to the income generation for the rural people.

Solution: D

Gir National Park situated in India state Gujarat is the only natural habitat on earth to watch Asiatic lion. Moreover, Gir forest is the only place where lions are found in the wild apart from Africa.

The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), also known as Iranian cheetah, is a Critically Endangered cheetah subspecies surviving today only in Iran. It once occurred from the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East to the Caspian region, Kyzylkum Desert, Pakistan and India, but has been extirpated there during the 20th century

Indus river dolphins are found in Pakistan and River Beas, a tributary of Indus River in Punjab, India. The dolphin is the state aquatic animal of Punjab and WWF-India is working towards its conservation. River Beas is the only habitat of Indus River Dolphin in India.

https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/indus-river-dolphin

Solution: B

Springs are the primary source of water for the rural households in the hilly region. Despite the key role that they play, springs have not received their due attention and are today facing the threat of drying up. Spring discharge is reported to be declining due to Increased water demand, changing land use patterns, ecological degradation and erratic trends in precipitation. These springs are known as dhara, mool, kuan in the central and eastern Himalayas and Chashma and naula in the western Himalayas.

Solution: A

National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC)

A National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) has been constituted in the Cabinet Secretariat.

As per the National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009, the National Crisis Management Committee headed by the Cabinet Secretary deals with major crises that have serious or national ramifications.

The composition of the Committee is as under:-

• Cabinet Secretary Chairman
• Secretary to Prime Minister Member
• Secretary (MHA) Member
• Secretary (MCD) Member
• Director (IB) Member
• Secretary (R&AW) Member
• Secretary (Agri & Coopn.) Co-opted Member
• An officer of Cabinet Secretariat. Convenor

Solution: A

Jal Shakti Abhiyan for Water Conservation Launched.

Key facts:

• It is a time-bound, mission-mode campaign that would focus on 1,592 “water-stressed” blocks in 257 districts.
• The campaign will run through citizen participation during the monsoon season, from 1st July, 2019 to 15th September, 2019.
• The 1,592 blocks, identified as “water-stressed” as per the Central Ground Water Board’s 2017 data, include 313 critical blocks, 1,000-odd over-exploited blocks and 94 blocks with least water availability (for states without water-stressed blocks).
• Jal Shakti Abhiyan is a collaborative effort of various Ministries of the Government of India and State Governments, being coordinated by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
• Under the campaign, teams of officers from the central government will visit and work with district administration in water stressed blocks, to ensure five important water conservation interventions.
• These will be water conservation and rainwater harvesting, renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks, reuse, bore well recharge structures, watershed development and intensive afforestation.
• Other measures: These water conservation efforts will also be supplemented with special interventions including the development of Block and District Water Conservation Plans, promotion of efficient water use for irrigation and better choice of crops through Krishi Vigyan Kendras.
• A large-scale communications campaign has also been planned alongside the JSA involving mass mobilisation of different groups including school students, college students, swachhagrahis, Self Help Groups, Panchayati Raj Institution members, youth groups (NSS/NYKS/NCC), defence personnel, ex-servicemen and pensioners, among various others.

Solution: B

Water Cup

The Water Cup is essentially a competition between different villages to see who can do the maximum work for watershed management and water conservation in the period of the competition. It is an initiative of the Paani Foundation, a not-for-profit company that works towards creating a drought-free Maharashtra.

Every revenue village in the selected talukas of Maharashtra is eligible to participate. Participation is based on self-selection and the application form is to be sent by the Gram Panchayat.  A four-day Training Camp is being organised by Paani Foundation to train villagers in the science of watershed management. Villages are at liberty to mobilise funds, machinery, materials, etc. for soil and water conservation works. The structures and treatments initiated and completed during the period of competition is considered for award of the prizes.

Solution: C

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) includes a comprehensive set of prohibitions on participating in any nuclear weapon activities. It is the first multilateral legally-binding instrument for complete nuclear disarmament.

These include undertakings not to develop, test, produce, acquire, possess, stockpile, use or threaten to use nuclear weapons. The Treaty also prohibits the deployment of nuclear weapons on national territory and the provision of assistance to any State in the conduct of prohibited activities. States parties will be obliged to prevent and suppress any activity prohibited under the TPNW undertaken by persons or on territory under its jurisdiction or control.

This treaty prohibits a full range of nuclear-weapon related activities, such as undertaking to develop, test, produce, manufacture, acquire, possess or stockpile nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.

The Treaty also obliges States parties to provide adequate assistance to individuals affected by the use or testing of nuclear weapons, as well as to take necessary and appropriate measure of environmental remediation in areas under its jurisdiction or control contaminated as a result of activities related to the testing or use of nuclear weapons.

https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/tpnw/

Solution: D

About biofertilizers

In nature, there are a number of useful soil micro organisms which can help plants to absorb nutrients. Their utility can be enhanced with human intervention by selecting efficient organisms, culturing them and adding them to soils directly or through seeds. The cultured micro organisms packed in some carrier material for easy application in the field are called bio-fertilisers. Thus, the critical input in Biofertilisers is the micro organisms.

Benefits of biofertilizers

Bio-fertilisers are living microorganisms of bacterial, fungal and algal origin. Their mode of action differs and can be applied alone or in combination.

• Biofertilizers fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and root nodules of legume crops and make it available to the plant.
• They solubilise the insoluble forms of phosphates like tricalcium, iron and aluminium phosphates into available forms.
• They scavenge phosphate from soil layers.
• They produce hormones and anti metabolites which promote root growth.
• They decompose organic matter and help in mineralization in soil.
• When applied to seed or soil, biofertilizers increase the availability of nutrients and improve the yield by 10 to 25% without adversely affecting the soil and environment.

Solution: C

The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) was established by the Government of India under the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act passed by the Parliament in December, 1985. The Act (2 of 1986) came into effect from 13th February, 1986 by a notification issued in the Gazette of India

ASSIGNED FUNCTIONS

• In accordance with the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act, 1985, (2 of 1986) the following functions have been assigned to the Authority.
• Development of industries relating to the scheduled products for export by way of providing financial assistance or otherwise for undertaking surveys and feasibility studies, participation in enquiry capital through joint ventures and other reliefs and subsidy schemes;
• Registration of persons as exporters of the scheduled products on payment of such fees as may be prescribed;
• Fixing of standards and specifications for the scheduled products for the purpose of exports;
• Carrying out inspection of meat and meat products in slaughter houses, processing plants, storage premises, conveyances or other places where such products are kept or handled for the purpose of ensuring the quality of such products;
• Improving of packaging of the Scheduled products;
• Improving of marketing of the Scheduled products outside India;
• Promotion of export oriented production and development of the Scheduled products;
• Collection of statistics from the owners of factories or establishments engaged in the production, processing, packaging, marketing or export of the scheduled products or from such other persons as may be prescribed on any matter relating to the scheduled products and publication of the statistics so collected or of any portions thereof or extracts therefrom;
• Training in various aspects of the industries connected with the scheduled products;
• Such other matters as may be prescribed.

http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/About_apeda.htm

Solution: C

There are four generally recognized classes of seeds. They are

• Breeder seed
• Foundation seed
• Registered seed
• Certified seed

The basis of seed multiplication of all notified varieties/hybrids is the Nucleus seed.

Definition of seed classes

Nuclear seed : This is the hundred percent genetically pure seed with physical purity and produced by the original breeder/Institute /State Agriculture University (SAU) from basic nucleus seed stock. A pedigree certificate is issued by the producing breeder.

Breeder seed : The progeny of nucleus seed multiplied in large area as per indent of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DOAC), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, under supervision of plant breeder / institute / SAUs and monitored by a committee consisting of the representatives of state seed certification agency, national / state seed corporations, ICAR nominee and concerned breeder. This is also hundred percent physical and genetic pure seed for production of foundation seed. A golden yellow colour certificate is issued for this category of seed by the producing breeder.

Foundation seed : The progeny of breeder seed produced by recognized seed producing agencies in public and private sector, under supervision of seed certification agencies in such a way that its quality is maintained according to prescribed field ad seed standards. A white colour certificate is issued for foundation seed by seed certification agencies.

Registered seed : Registered seed shall be the progeny of foundation seed that is so handled as to maintain its genetic identity and purity according to standard specified for the particular crop being certified. A purple colour certificate is issued for this category of seed.

Certified seed : The progeny of foundation seed produced by registered seed growers under supervision of seed certification agencies to maintain the seed quality as per minimum seed certification standards. A blue colour certificate is issued by seed certification agency for this category of seed.

Solution: D

Silver Hydrogen Peroxide – a potential eco-friendly disinfectant

Silver Hydrogen Peroxide has earned its name as an eco-friendly disinfectant that can be used universally. The silver here functions both as a stabilizer and activator, keeping the peroxide ions stable. The resultant silver hydrogen peroxide is both safe and nontoxic for people and surroundings. This synergy of hydrogen peroxide and silver provides high efficacy in killing of microorganisms in all possible media applications of air, water, surface, and soil. It proves to be a powerful antibacterial, fungicide, virucide, amoebicide, algaecide that chips away at a wide range of microorganisms. This combination of hydrogen peroxide and silver is about twenty times more powerful than hydrogen peroxide alone.

Applications in Agriculture

• Field sanitation – Powdery mildew, downy mildew, botrytis blight, anthracnose, bacterial leaf spots and cankers, pests like nematodes, and mites are well heard amongst farmers, and usage of silver hydrogen peroxide for a complete field sanitation eradicates the same.
• Fumigating the soil with Silver Hydrogen Peroxide requires no flushing with water, no polythene covering for days, saving time, money, water, labour. Moreover, the bed is ready for plantation in four to six hours.
• Curative treatment with silver hydrogen peroxide includes drip, drench, spraying methods, frequency of application and dosage depending upon the severity of the infection.
• Plant pruning tools act as vectors for diseases and application of silver hydrogen peroxide sterilizes the same.
• Post harvest wash with silver hydrogen peroxide eliminates the toxic pesticidal residues which prompt customer rejection.
• Field water sanitation, unclogging of drip lines and venturi meters, biofilm elimination all are catered with the use of this product.

Solution: D

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was the first law to mandate social audit as a statutory requirement.

Objective of the Act

The objective of the Act is to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

MGNREGA Goals

• Strong social safety net for the vulnerable groups by providing a fall-back employment source, when other employment alternatives are scarce or inadequate
• Growth engine for sustainable development of an agricultural economy. Through the process of providing employment on works that address causes of chronic poverty such as drought, deforestation and soil erosion, the Act seeks to strengthen the natural resource base of rural livelihood and create durable assets in rural areas. Effectively implemented, MGNREGA has the potential to transform the geography of poverty
• Empowerment of rural poor through the processes of a rights-based Law
• New ways of doing business, as a model of governance reform anchored on the principles of transparency and grass root democracy Thus, MGNREGA fosters conditions for inclusive growth ranging from basic wage security and recharging rural economy to a transformative empowerment process of democracy

Solution: A

The Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme for P&K fertilizers has already been implemented w.e.f. 1.4.2010. Under the said Scheme, a fixed amount of subsidy decided on annual basis, is provided on each grade of subsidized Phosphatic & Potassic (P&K) fertilizers depending upon its Nutrient Content. As the P&K fertilizers are decontrolled, the Maximum Retail Price (MRP) is fixed by Companies as per market dynamics at reasonable level.

Solution: A

Pakke Tiger Reserve, also known as Pakhui Tiger Reserve, is a Project Tiger reserve in the Pakke Kessang district of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. The 862 km² reserve is protected by the Department of Environment and Forest of Arunachal Pradesh.

Solution: A

Based on CCEA decision, vide notification dated 25^th May,2015 Department of Fertilizers had made it mandatory for all the domestic producers of urea to produce 100% as Neem Coated Urea, with the objective of promoting the balanced use of fertilizers. Entire quantity of indigenously produced urea and imported urea is being neem coated w.e.f 1^st September, 2015 and w.e.f 1^st December, 2015 respectively.

The Department of fertilizers has also implemented Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) System across all States/UTs w.e.f. March, 2018. Under the DBT system, 100% subsidy on various fertilizer grades is released to the fertilizer companies, on the basis of actual sales made by the retailers to the beneficiaries through Point of Sale (PoS) devices installed at each retailer shop and the beneficiaries are identified through Aadhaar Card, Kisan Credit Card, Voter Identity Card etc.

As far as market-linked pricing policy is concerned, the MRP of urea is statutorily fixed by the Government.

Solution: B

Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 is an integrated food law that lays down standards and guidelines for consumer safety, protection of consumer health and regulation of the food sector. It seeks to harmonise Indian standards with the international standards like CODEX and facilitates international trade in food articles.

It is a comprehensive legislation for the sector and subsumes the then existing acts and standards like Prevention of Food Adulteration Act(PFA) of 1954 ,Fruit Products Order of 1955, Meat Food Products Order of 1973, Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order of 1947, Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation)Order of 1988, Solvent Extracted Oil, De- Oiled Meal and Edible Flour (Control) Order of 1967, Milk and Milk Products Order of 1992 and also any order issued under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 relating to food .

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare administrates Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006

Operation Greens is a 500 crore project on the lines of Operation Flood for enhancing production & reducing price volatility of fruits & vegetable.

Initially, Operation Greens seeks to stabilize the supply of Tomato, Onion and Potato (TOP) crops and to ensure availability of TOP crops throughout the country round the year without price volatility.

Solution: B

About Atal Bhujal Yojana:

• It is a Rs.6000 crore World Bank approved Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• The funding pattern is 50:50 between Government of India and World Bank.
• Aims to improve ground water management in priority areas in the country through community participation.

The scheme “envisages”:

• Community participation eg, “formation of Water User Associations”.
• Monitoring and dissemination of data.
• Water budgeting.
• Panchayat-level plans.
• Information, Education & Communication (IEC) activities.

Priority areas:

• The priority areas identified under the scheme fall in the states of Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
• These States represent about 25% of the total number of over-exploited, critical and semi-critical blocks in terms of ground water in India.
• They also cover two major types of groundwater systems found in India – alluvial and hard rock aquifers- and have varying degrees of institutional readiness and experience in groundwater management.

Implementation of the scheme:

Funds under the scheme will be provided to the states for strengthening the institutions responsible for ground water governance, as well as for encouraging community involvement for improving ground water management to foster behavioural changes that promote conservation and efficient use of water. The scheme will also facilitate convergence of ongoing Government schemes in the states by incentivizing their focussed implementation in identified priority areas.

Solution: D

Kerala accounts for majority of coir industry in India.

Jute-ICARE Improved Cultivation and Advanced Retting Exercise for Jute (Jute – ICARE) : An initiative of Ministry of Textiles to double the income of jute farmers.

It was launched in 2015 to popularize/introduce some of the better agronomic practices and recently developed microbial-assisted retting among farmers intensively in a few blocks in West Bengal and Assam on pilot basis.

Solution: A

Adaptation fund:

• Established under the Kyoto Protocol of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

• It finances projects and programmes that help vulnerable communities in developing countries adapt to climate change.
• Initiatives are based on country needs, views and priorities.

 Financing:

• The Fund is financed in part by government and private donors, and also from a two percent share of proceeds of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) issued under the Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism projects.

 Governance:

• The Fund is supervised and managed by the Adaptation Fund Board (AFB). The AFB is composed of 16 members and 16 alternates and meets at least twice a year.
• The World Bank serves as trustee of the Adaptation Fund on an interim basis.

Solution: B

Zero tillage is the process where the crop seed will be sown through drillers without prior land preparation and disturbing the soil where previous crop stubbles are present.

Zero tillage not only reduce the cost of cultivation it also reduces the soil erosion, crop duration and irrigation requirement and weed effect which is better than tillage. Zero Tillage (ZT) also called No Tillage or Nil Tillage.

Mixed farming is a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops as well as the raising of livestock.

Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity.

Solution: D

Bawaris are unique stepwells that were once a part of the ancient networks of water storage in the cities of Rajasthan. The little rain that the region received would be diverted to man-made tanks through canals built on the hilly outskirts of cities. The water would then percolate into the ground, raising the water table and recharging a deep and  intricate network of aquifers. To minimise water loss through evaporation, a series of layered steps were built around the reservoirs to narrow and deepen the wells.

The Kuruma tribe (a native tribe of Wayanad) uses a special type of well, called the panam keni, to store water. Wooden cylinders are made by soaking the stems of toddy palms in water for a long time so that the core rots away until only the hard outer layer remains. These cylinders, four feet in diameter as well as depth, are then immersed in groundwater springs located in fields and forests.

Zings, found in Ladakh, are small tanks that collect melting glacier water. A network of guiding channels brings water from the glacier to the tank. A trickle in the morning, the melting waters of the glacier turn into a flowing stream by the afternoon. The water, collected by evening, is used in the fields on the following day. A water official called a Chirpun is responsible for the equitable distribution of water in this dry region that relies on melting glacial water to meet its farming needs.

Solution: A

Leader of Opposition:

• The LOP is leader of the largest party that has not less than one-tenth of the total strength of the house.
• It is a statutory post defined in the Salaries and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977.

Significance of the office:

• LoP is referred to as the ‘shadow Prime Minister’.
• She/he is expected to be ready to take over if the government falls.
• The LoP also plays an important role in bringing cohesiveness and effectiveness to the opposition’s functioning in policy and legislative work.
• LoP plays a crucial role in bringing bipartisanship and neutrality to the appointments in institutions of accountability and transparency – CVC, CBI, CIC, Lokpal etc.

Solution: C

Marine macroalgae, or seaweeds, are plant-like organisms that generally live attached to rock or other hard substrata in coastal areas.

Commercial cultivation of sea-weeds in India had started PepsiCo in Tamil Nadu in first decade of 21st century.

TamilNadu and Gujurat has highest potential to cultivate seaweeds in India.

No dedicated policy exist for the overall development of sea weed cultivation in India

Solution: D

Parliamentary privileges:

• Parliamentary privileges are certain rights and immunities enjoyed by members of Parliament, individually and collectively, so that they can “effectively discharge their functions”.
• Parliamentary privileges are defined in Article 105 of the Indian Constitution and those of State legislatures in Article 194.
• When any of these rights and immunities are disregarded, the offence is called a breach of privilege and is punishable under law of Parliament.
• Besides, Rule No 222 in Chapter 20 of the Lok Sabha Rule Book and correspondingly Rule 187 in Chapter 16 of the Rajya Sabha rulebook govern privilege.

Privileges are based on five sources: i) Constitutional provisions ii) Various laws of parliament (iii) Rules of both the houses iv) Parliamentary conventions v) Judicial interpretations

 Privileges of Parliamentarians:

• Freedom of Speech: According to the Indian Constitution, the members of Parliament enjoy freedom of speech and expression. No member can be taken to task anywhere outside the four walls of the House (e.g. court of law) or cannot be discriminated against for expressing his/her views in the House and its Committees.
• Freedom from Arrest: It is understood that no member shall be arrested in a civil case 40 days before and after the adjournment of the House (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha) and also when the House is in session. It also means that no member can be arrested within the precincts of the Parliament without the permission of the House to which he/she belongs.
• Exemption from attendance as witnesses: The members of Parliament also enjoy freedom from attendance as witnesses.

 Privileges of Parliament:

Right to publish debates and proceedings:

• Though by convention, the Parliament does not prohibit the press to publish its proceedings, yet technically the House has every such right to forbid such publication.
• Again, while a member has the privilege of freedom of speech in Parliament, he has no right to publish it outside Parliament.
• Anyone violating this rule can be held responsible for any libellous matter it may contain under the common law rules.

Right to exclude strangers:

• Each house of Parliament enjoys the right to exclude strangers (no-members or visitors) from the galleries at any time and to resolve to debate with closed doors.

Right to punish members and outsiders for breach of its privileges:

• In India, the Parliament has been given punitive powers to punish those who are adjudged guilty of contempt of the House.
• Such contempt can be committed by the members of any House or any outsider. When a member of the House is involved for parliamentary misbehaviour or commits contempt he can be expelled from the House.

Right to regulate the internal affairs of the House:

• The House has the right to regulate its internal affairs. A member of the House is free to say whatever he likes subject only to the internal discipline of the House or the Committee concerned.