DAY – 59 (InstaTest-59): Insta 75 Days Revision Plan-2020: Topic – Modern India, Previous year UPSC papers – 2001, Textbook based test 27 & 28, February & March 2020 CA Revision

Solution: D

CAWACH Initiative

• The Centre for Augmenting WAR with COVID-19 Health Crisis (CAWACH) is an initiative by National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India.
• Given the impact of COVID-19 globally and in India, the need of the hour is to support R&D efforts in this direction and end any further damage to the economy. Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India is supporting innovations offering comprehensive solutions for through the startup-ecosystem.
• DST has nominated Society for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (SINE), IIT B to implement Centre for Augmenting WAR with COVID-19 Health Crisis (CAWACH) to source and support startups having solutions to fight pandemic COVID-19 by way of funding.
• CAWACH supports innovations in the areas of diagnostics, devices, informatics including bio-informatics & information management systems, any intervention for the control of COVID-19 and/or startup ideas to address/mitigate various challenges faced by country / society due to severe impact of COVID-19.

Solution: A

Solution: C

Solution: B

Project Arunank

• Project Arunank is responsible for the construction and maintenance of approximately 1113 Kms of roads in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
• It is being implemented by the Border Roads Organisation, an important arm of the Ministry of Defence.
• It aims to link remote regions of the borders with well-developed strategic roads
• Project Arunank has reconstructed the Daporijo Bridge across Subansiri River in Arunachal Pradesh.

Solution: D

Solution: B

The Charter Act of 1853

• The Company was to continue possession of territories unless the Parliament provided otherwise.
• The strength of the Court of Directors was reduced to 18.
• The Company’s patronage over the services was dissolved—the services were now thrown open to a competitive examination.
• The law member became the full member of the governor-general’s executive council.
• The separation of the executive and legislative functions of the Government of British India progressed with the inclusion of six additional members for legislative purposes.
• Local representation was introduced in the Indian legislature. The legislative wing came to be known as the Indian Legislative Council.

However, a law to be promulgated needed the assent of the governor-general, and the governor general could veto any Bill of the legislative council.

Solution: C

Green Companies (GreenCo) Rating System

• The Green Companies (GreenCo) Rating System has been developed by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).
• The system evaluates the companies on 10 broad green parameters, including GreenHouse Gases (GHG) reduction, renewable energy use etc.
• It is the “first of its kind in the world” holistic framework that evaluates companies on the environmental friendliness of their activities using a life cycle approach.
• The development of ‘Green Company Rating system’ (GreenCo rating) for companies was a step taken by CII to promote the greener ways of production in Indian companies
• The development of ‘Green Company Rating system’ (GreenCo rating) for companies was a step taken by CII to promote the greener ways of production in Indian companies
• GreenCo rating is applicable to both manufacturing facilities and service sector units
• Accordingly, ratings are provided which remain valid for three years.

Solution: B

In 1863, Satyendra Nath Tagore became the first Indian to qualify for the Indian Civil Service.

Statutory Civil Service

In 1878-79, Lytton introduced the Statutory Civil Service consisting of one-sixth of covenanted posts to be filled by Indians of high families through nominations by local governments subject to approval by the secretary of

State and the viceroy. But the system failed and was abolished.

Government of India Act, 1935

The 1935 Act recommended the establishment of a Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission under their spheres.

Solution: B

Bentinck (governor-general, 1828-35) abolished the office of the SP. The collector/magistrate was now to head the police force in his jurisdiction and the commissioner in each division was to act as the SP. This arrangement resulted in a badly organised police force, putting a heavy burden on the collector/magistrate. Presidency towns were the first to have the duties of collector/magistrate separated.

The recommendations of the Police Commission(1860) led to the Indian Police Act, 1861. The commission recommended—

• a system of civil constabulary—maintaining the village set-up in the present form (a village watchman maintained by the village) but in direct relationship with the rest of the constabulary.
• inspector-general as the head in a province, deputy inspector-general as the head in a range, and SP as the head in a district.

The police gradually succeeded in curbing criminal acts, such as dacoity, thugee, etc. But, while dealing with the public, the attitude of the police was unsympathetic. The police was also used to suppress the national movement.

The British did not create an All-India Police. The olice Act, 1861 presented the guidelines for a police setup in the provinces. The ranks were uniformly introduced all over the country.

1902 The Police Commission recommended the establishment of CID (Criminal Investigation Department) in the provinces and a Central Intelligence Bureau at the Centre.

Solution: B

PM CARES Fund:

• The Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund) was created on 28 March 2020 following the COVID-19 pandemic in India.
• The fund will be used for combating, containment and relief efforts against the coronavirus outbreak and similar pandemic like situations in the future.
• The Fund will strengthen disaster management capacities and encourage research on protecting citizens.
• The Prime Minister is the chairman of the trust. Members will include the defence, home and finance ministers.
• This Fund has been set up owing to a number of requests made by the people to support the government in the wake of the COVID-19 emergency.
• The Ministry of Corporate Affairs clarified on recently, that while contributions made to the ‘PM CARES Fund’ shall qualify as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) expenditure, donations made to the ‘Chief Minister’s Relief Fund’ or ‘State Relief Fund for COVID-19’ do not.
• The fund will also enable micro-donations. The minimum donation accepted for the PM CARES Fund is ₹10 (14¢ US).

Solution: C

Evaluation

Positive Aspects of Judiciary under the British

• The rule of law was established.
• The codified laws replaced the religious and personal laws of the rulers.
• Even European subjects were brought under the jurisdiction, although in criminal cases, they could be tried by European judges only.
• Government servants were made answerable to the civil courts.

The Negative Aspects

• The judicial system became more and more complicated and expensive. The rich could manipulate the system.
• There was ample scope for false evidence, deceit and chicanery.
• Dragged out litigation meant delayed justice.
• Courts became overburdened as litigation increased.
• Often, the European judges were not familiar with the Indian usage and traditions.

Solution: D

Ironically, the first-ever demand for regulation of the condition of workers in factories in India came from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby. Apprehending the emergence of a competitive rival in the Indian textile industry under conditions of cheap and unregulated labour, they demanded the appointment of a commission for investigation into factory conditions. The first commission was appointed in 1875 although the first Factory Act was not passed before1881.

But these laws did not apply to British-owned tea and coffee plantations where the labour was exploited ruthlessly and treated like slaves.

Solution: B

The Solar Charkha Mission is a Ministry of Micro Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) initiative launched during June 2018. The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) would implement the programme.

Background

A pilot project on Solar Charkha was implemented at Khanwa village, Nawada District of Bihar in 2016.

Based on the success of the pilot project, Government of India has accorded approval to set up 50 such clusters with a budget of Rs. 550 Crore for 2018-19 and 2019-20.

The scheme is envisaged to generate direct employment nearly to one lakh persons in the approved Fifty (50) clusters.

Scheme Objectives

The objectives of the Scheme are as follows:

1. To ensure inclusive growth by generation of employment, especially for women and youth, and sustainable development through solar charkha clusters in rural areas.
2. To boost rural economy and help in arresting migration from rural to urban areas.
3. To leverage low-cost, innovative technologies and processes for sustenance

http://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/entrepreneurship/mission-solar- charkha?content=small

Solution: D

It was only in the second half of the nineteenth century that modern machine-based industries started coming up in India. The first cotton textile mill was set up in 1853 in Bombay by Cowasjee Nanabhoy and the first jute mill came up in 1855 in Rishra (Bengal). But most of the modern industries were foreign-owned and controlled by British managing agencies.

The foremost among these economic analysts was Dadabhai Naoroji, the ‘Grand Old Man of India’, who after a brilliant analysis of the colonial economy put forward the theory of economic drain in Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India. Other economic analysts included Justice Mahadeo Govind Ranade, Romesh Chandra Dutt (The Economic History of India), Gopal Krishna Gokhale, G. Subramaniya Iyer andPrithwishchandra Ray.

Solution: B

Registration Act, 1867

This replaced Metcalfe’s Act of 1835 and was of a regulatory, not restrictive, nature. As per the Act, (i) every book/newspaper was required to print the name of the printer and the publisher and the place of the publication; and (ii) a copy was to be submitted to the local government within one month of the publication of a book.

Solution: A

NIDHI (National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations) program was launched by Department of Science & Technology

The purpose of the program is to provide technological solutions not only to the pressing needs of the society but also targets to create new avenues for wealth and job creation.

The programme will focus on helping startups to meet their funding, infrastructure and other mentorship needs.

It aims to accelerate the journey of idea to prototype by providing initial funding assistance to startups.

http://www.nidhi-eir.in/about.php

Solution: D

The Vernacular Press Act (VPA) was designed to ‘better control’ the vernacular press and effectively punish and repress seditious writing. The provisions of the Act included the following.

1. The district magistrate was empowered to call upon the printer and publisher of any vernacular newspaper to enter into a bond with the government undertaking not to caused is affection against the government or antipathy between persons of different religions, caste, race through published material; the printer and publisher could also be required to deposit security which could be forfeited if the regulation were contravened, and press equipment could be seized if the offence re-occurred.
2. The magistrate’s action was final and no appeal could be made in a court of law.
3. A vernacular newspaper could get exemption from the operation of the Act by submitting proofs to a government censor.

The Act came to be nicknamed “the gagging Act”. The worst features of this Act were—(i) discrimination between English and vernacular press, (ii) no right of appeal.

Under VPA, proceedings were instituted against SomPrakash, Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash and Samachar.(Incidentally, the Amrita Bazar Patrika turned overnight into an English newspaper to escape the VPA.)

Later, the pre-censorship clause was repealed, and a press commissioner was appointed to supply authentic and accurate news to the press.

There was strong opposition to the Act and finally Ripon repealed it in 1882.

In 1883, Surendranath Banerjea became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned. In an angry editorial in The Bengalee  Banerjea had criticized a judge of Calcutta High Court for being insensitive to the religious sentiments of Bengalis in one of his judgments.

Solution: C

Lord Macaulay’s Minute (1835)

The famous Lord Macaulay’s Minute settled the row in favour of Anglicists—the limited government resources were to be devoted to teaching of Western sciences and literature through the medium of English language alone. Lord Macaulay held the view that “Indian learning was inferior to European learning”—which was true as far as physical and social sciences in the contemporary stage were concerned.

The government soon made English as the medium of instruction in its schools and colleges and opened a few English schools and colleges instead of a large number of elementary schools, thus neglecting mass education. The British planned to educate a small section of upper and middle classes, thus creating a class “Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect” who would act as interpreters between the government and masses and would enrich the vernaculars by which knowledge of Western sciences and literature would reach the masses. This was called the ‘downward filtration theory’.

Solution: D

Ways and Means Advance (WMA) scheme was introduced in 1997 to meet mismatches in the receipts and payments of the government.

The government can avail of immediate cash from the RBI, if required. [But it has to return the amount within 90 days. Interest is charged at the existing repo rate]

Recently, the Government has hiked Ways and Means Advance (WMA) limit with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) by 60%.

WMA limit is proposed to be revised to Rs 1.20 lakh crore and would be reviewed on a need basis (from Rs 75,000 crore last year) due to COVID-19.

There is no provision of raising fund through the prior approval of President of India.

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/slate/all-you-wanted-to-know-about-ways-and-means-advances/article31390159.ece

Solution: B

Government Resolution on EducationPolicy—1913

In 1906, the progressive state of Baroda introduced compulsory primary education throughout its territories.

National leaders urged the government to do so for British India (Gokhale made a powerful advocacy for it in the Legislative Assembly).

In its 1913 Resolution on Education Policy, the government refused to take up the responsibility of compulsory education, but accepted the policy of removal of illiteracy and urged provincial governments to take early steps to

provide free elementary education to the poorer and more backward sections. Private efforts were to be encouraged for this and the quality of secondary schools was to be improved.

A university, it was decided, was to be established in each province and teaching activities of universities were to be encouraged.

Solution: D

Solution: D

Mahalwari system

• The government of Lord William Bentinck, Governor-General of India (1828 to 1835) introduced the Mahalwari system of land revenue in 1833.
• This system was introduced in North-West Frontier, Agra, Central Province, Gangetic Valley, Punjab, etc.
• This had elements of both the Zamindari and the Ryotwari systems.
• This system divided the land into Mahals. Sometimes, a Mahal was constituted by one or more villages.
• Tax was assessed on the Mahal.
• Each individual farmer gave his share.
• Ownership rights were with the peasants.
• Revenue was collected by the village headman or village leaders (lambardar).
• It introduced the concept of average rents for different soil classes.
• The state share of the revenue was 66% of the rental value. The settlement was agreed upon for 30 years.
• This system was called the Modified Zamindari system because the village headman became virtually a Zamindar.

Solution: B

Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1989 on the initiative of G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering. It also included terrorism financing in 2001.

As of now there are only two countries in the blacklist — Iran and North Korea — and seven on the grey list, including Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Syria and Yemen.

The FATF reviews money laundering and terrorist financing techniques and continuously strengthens its standards to address new risks, such as the regulation of virtual assets, which have spread as crypto currencies gain popularity.  The FATF monitors countries to ensure they implement the FATF Standards fully and effectively, and holds countries to account that do not comply.

https://www.fatf-gafi.org/about/

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/mauritius-on-faft-grey-list-why-is-there-panic-among-fiis-and-on-dalal-street/articleshow/74298713.cms?from=mdr

Solution: A

Solution: C

Aarogya Setu app was developed by National Informatics Center (NIC), under MeitY has launched a mobile app named Aarogya Setu.
It is mobile app developed in public-private partnership to bring the people of India together in a resolute fight against COVID-19.

It will enable people to assess themselves the risk for their catching the Corona Virus infection.

It will calculate this based on their interaction with others, using cutting edge Bluetooth technology, algorithms and artificial intelligence.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-does-the-aarogya-setu-app-work/article31532073.ece

Solution: A

If An odd integer is obtained as reminder when z is divided by 4 means that z has to be odd number. For even numbers which are not completely divisible by 4 we will have even reminder. Therefore, Statement I alone is sufficient.

Second statement says that the sum of x and z is an odd number. This comes up with two possibilities:

1. x can be odd and z can be even or
2. x can be even and z can be odd number.

Therefore, Statement II alone is not sufficient to answer the question.

Solution: C

It is given that difference between two digits = 6

Therefore, possible numbers are 17, 71, 82, 28, 39 and 93.

Now, Statement I says that the unit place digit is three times the tenth place digit.

Therefore, it can be clearly said that required number is 39 by statement I alone.

Now, Statement II says that the unit place digit is equals to the square of the tenth place digit. Again, it can be clearly said that required number is 39 by statement II alone.

Thus, the data either in statement I alone or in statement II alone are sufficient to answer the question.

Solution: A

For a number to be divisible by 8; its last 3 digits should be divisible by 8
So (45x) is divisible by 8

Thus, x = 6 is the correct answer

Solution: D

Statement I and Statement II alone are not sufficient.

Lets combine the given data from two statements.

From Statement I, let the two numbers be 2x and 3x

Combining statement II with Statement I, we get

2x + 3x = 15

Or 5x = 15

Therefore, x= 3

Difference between two numbers = 3x – 2x =x

Or Difference = 3 (Numbers are 6 and 9)

Answer. C.

The inference of the passage is apparent in the last line of the passage from which we can deduce that the correct Answer is C.