Insights Static Quiz -430, 2019–Art and Culture

Solution: c)

The rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire (1335-1565 AD) were great patrons of art and architecture with capital at Hampi (Karnataka). They combined the features of Chola, Hoysalas, Pandyas, Chalukyas architectural styles. Under them, the architectural style started to be influenced by the Indo-Islamic style of Bijapur, which in turn was reflected in the temples built during this period.

Generally, temple pillars have a mythical creature Yali (Horse) engraved in them. The concept of secular buildings inside the temple premises was also introduced during this period. Example: Vittalsami temple, Lotus Mahal, Virupaksha temple in Hampi, Raghunatha Temple in Hampi etc.

Solution: c)

Odantapuri: It is located in Bihar and was made under the patronage of Pala dynasty King Gopala I. It was a Buddhist mahavihara.

Vikramshila: It is located in present-day Bhagalpur district of Bihar. It was established by King Dharampala of Pala dynasty, primarily as a Buddhist learning centre.

Valabhi: It was situated in Saurashtra, Gujarat. It was an important centre of learning for the Hinayana Buddhism.

Kancheepuram: It was a centre of learning for Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism from 1st century AD and achieved great name under the rule of Pallavas.

Malinithan is a temple dedicated to Deity Durga in her Shakti form located in Northern bank of the Brahmaputra River, Arunachal Pradesh.

Solution: c)

Angkor Vat, Cambodia

Prambanan Temple, Java-Indonesia

Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu, Nepal

Umananda Devaloi is dedicated to Shiva located in Peacock Island on river Brahmaputra in Guwahati, Assam.

Solution: a)

Hill temple architecture in Kashmir

1) Place of development: hills of Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal and Kashmir.

2) Influence:

• Kashmir’s proximity to prominent Gandhara sites (such as Taxila, Peshawar and the northwest frontier) lent the region a strong Gandhara influence by the 5CE.
• This began to mix with the Gupta and post-Gupta traditions that were brought to it from Sarnath, Mathura and even centres in Gujarat and Bengal.
• Brahmin pundits and Buddhist monks frequently travelled between Kashmir, Garhwal, Kumaon and religious centres in the plains like Banaras, Nalanda and even as far south as Kanchipuram. As a result both Buddhist and Hindu traditions began to intermingle and spread in the hills.
• The hills also had their own tradition of wooden buildings with pitched roofs.
• At several places in the hills, therefore, you will find that while the main garbhagriha and shikhara are made in a rekha-prasada or latina style, the mandapa is of an older form of wooden architecture. Sometimes, the temple itself takes on a pagoda shape.
• The Karkota period of Kashmir is the most significant in terms of architecture. One of the most important temples is Pandrethan, built during the eighth and ninth centuries.

Solution: b)

Musical instruments like seven-holed flute and Ravanahatha, have been recovered from the sites of Indus Valley Civilization. The Jaimini Brahmana speaks collectively of dance and music. Dhrupad is pure music without distraction of words.