Insights Prelims Revision 2017 Test – 38

Solution: c)
This site is located in a fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass, which is one of the most important
routes into Iran. Mehrgarh was probably one of the places where women and men learnt to grow
barley and wheat, and rear sheep and goats for the first time in this area. It is one of the earliest
villages that we know about

Solution (c)
A Civil law deals with any harm/injury to rights of individuals. For example, disputes relating to
sale of land, purchase of goods, rent matters, divorce cases. A petition has to filed before the
relevant court by the affected party only and the court gives the specific relief asked for.
Whereas a Criminal Law deals with conduct or acts that law defines as offences. For example,
theft, harassing a woman to bring more dowry, murder.

Solution (d)
Marginalisation can be because group of people or communities who speak a different language,
follow different customs, low social status or belong to a different religious group from the
majority community. Also Economic, social, cultural and political factors work together to make
certain groups in society feel marginalised

Solution: c)

Solution: c)
The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651. This was the base
from which the Company’s traders, known at that time as “factors”, operated. The factory had a
warehouse where goods for export were stored, and it had offices where Company officials sat.
As trade expanded, the Company persuaded merchants and traders to come and settle near the
factory.

Solution: c
The Company tried continuously to press for more concessions and manipulate existing
privileges. Aurangzeb’s farman, for instance, had granted only the Company the right to trade
duty free. But officials of the Company, who were carrying on private trade on the side, were
expected to pay duty. This they refused to pay, causing an enormous loss of revenue for Bengal.

Solution: c
On hearing the news of the fall of Calcutta, Company officials in Madras sent forces under
the command of Robert Clive, reinforced by naval fleets. Prolonged negotiations with the Nawab
followed. Finally, in 1757, Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.
One of the main reasons for the defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar, one of

Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, never fought the battle. Clive had managed to secure his support by
promising to make him nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah. The Battle of Plassey became famous
because it was the first major victory the Company won in India.

Solution (c)
Men and women under MGNERGA program get the same salary- Right to Equality, the
government shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex
or place of birth. All citizens have equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment or
appointment to any position in the government. No citizen shall be discriminated against or made
ineligible for appointment.
Parents property inherited by their children is not a fundamental right.
Workers from Bihar go to the Maharashtra in search of job comes under right to freedom. As
citizens we have the freedom to travel to any part of the country. We are free to reside and settle
in any party of the territory of India.
Christian missions can set up a chain of missionary schools (this comes under Right to Freedom of
Religion) but cannot allure other persons to convert to Christianity. Every person has a right to
profess, practice and propagate the religion he or she believes in. Every religious group or sect is
free to manage its religious affairs. A right to propagate one’s religion, however, does not mean
that a person has right to compel another person to convert into his religion by means of force,
fraud, inducement or allurement. Of course, a person is free to change religion on his or her own
will.

Solution : c)
The Munro system

In the British territories in the south there was a similar move away from the idea of Permanent
Settlement. The new system that was devised came to be known as the ryotwar (or ryotwari ). It
was tried on a small scale by Captain Alexander Read in some of the areas that were taken over
by the Company after the wars with Tipu Sultan. Subsequently developed by Thomas Munro,
this system was gradually extended all over south India. Read and Munro felt that in the south
there were no traditional zamindars. The settlement, they argued, had to be made directly with
the cultivators (ryots) who had tilled the land for generations. Their fields had to be carefully and
separately surveyed before the revenue assessment was made. Munro thought that the British
should act as paternal father figures protecting the ryots under their charge.

Solution (b)
The familiarity with political institutions of colonial rule also helped develop an agreement over
the institutional design. The British rule had given voting rights only to a few. On that basis the
British had introduced very weak legislatures.
Elections were held in 1937 to Provincial Legislatures and Ministries all over British India.
These were not fully democratic governments. But the experience gained by Indians in the
working of the legislative institutions proved to be very useful for the country in setting up its

own institutions and working in them. That is why the Indian constitution adopted many
institutional details and procedures from colonial laws like the Government of India Act, 1935.
Many of our leaders were inspired by the ideals of French Revolution, the practice of
parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the US. The socialist revolution in
Russia had inspired many Indians to think of shaping a system based on social and economic
equality

Solution: c
From the late eighteenth century the Company also sought to curb and eventually destroy
Maratha power. With their defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Marathas’ dream of
ruling from Delhi was shattered. They were divided into many states under different chiefs
(sardars) belonging to dynasties such as Sindhia, Holkar, Gaikwad and Bhonsle. These chiefs were
held together in a confederacy under a Peshwa (Principal Minister) who became its effective
military and administrative head based in Pune. Mahadji Sindhia and Nana Phadnis were two
famous Maratha soldiers and statesmen of the late eighteenth century.

Solution: d)
Just as victories against the British had earlier encouraged rebellion, the defeat of rebel forces
encouraged desertions. The British also tried their best to win back the loyalty of the people.
They announced rewards for loyal landholders would be allowed to continue to enjoy traditional
rights over their lands. Those who had rebelled were told that if they submitted to the British,
and if they had not killed any white people, they would remain safe and their rights and claims to
land would not be denied. Nevertheless, hundreds of
sepoys, rebels, nawabs and rajas were tried and hanged

Solution: d)
Dargah – The tomb of a Sufi saint
Khanqah – A sufi lodge, often used as a rest house for travellers and a place where people
come to discuss spiritual matters, get the blessings of saints, and hear sufi music
Idgah – An open prayer place of Muslims primarily meant for id prayers
Cul-de-sac – Street with a dead end

Solution b)
After 1800, urbanization in India was sluggish. All through the nineteenth century up to the first
two decades of the twentieth, the proportion of the urban population to the total population in
India was extremely low and had remained stagnant. In the forty years between 1900 and 1940
the urban population increased from about 10 per cent of the total population to about 13 per
cent. The smaller towns had little opportunity to grow economically. Calcutta, Bombay and
Madras on the other hand grew rapidly and soon became sprawling cities. In other words, the
growth of these three cities as the new commercial and administrative centres was at the
expense of other existing urban centres.

Solution: a)
As in the case of agriculture, so also in manufacturing, India could not develop a sound industrial
base under the colonial rule. Even as the country’s world famous handicraft industries declined, no corresponding modern industrial base was allowed to come up to take pride of place so long
enjoyed by the former.
The primary reasons behind de-industrializing India by the British were: Firstly, to reduce India to
the status of a mere exporter of important raw materials for the upcoming modern industries in
Britain. Secondly, o turn India into a sprawling market for the finished products of those
industries so that their continued expansion could be ensured to the maximum advantage of their
home country — Britain.
Third statement is unfounded and unsubstantiated.

Solution: d)
A socialist society answers the three questions in a totally different manner. In a socialist society
the government decides what goods are to be produced in accordance with the needs of society.
It is assumed that the government knows what is good for the people of the country and so the
desires of individual consumers are not given much importance. The government decides how
goods are to be produced and how they should be distributed. In principle, distribution under
socialism is supposed to be based on what people need and not on what they can afford to
purchase. Unlike under capitalism, for example, a socialist nation provides free health care to the
citizens who need it. Strictly, a socialist society has no private property since everything is owned

by the state. With the collapse of the Soviet system in the last decades of the twentieth century,
socialist economies in the former Soviet Union and the socialist states in Eastern Europe ceased to
exist.

Solution b)
Initially, only men were allowed into the sangha, but later women also came to be admitted.
According to Buddhist texts, this was made possible through the mediation of Ananda, one of the
Buddha’s dearest disciples, who persuaded him to allow women into the sangha. The Buddha’s
foster mother, Mahapajapati Gotami was the first woman to be ordained as a bhikkhuni.

Solution (c)
Market and State in Indian Industrial Development:
The big question facing the policy makers was — what should be the role of the government and
the private sector in industrial development? At the time of independence, Indian industrialists
did not have the capital to undertake investment in industrial ventures required for the
development of our economy; nor was the market big enough to encourage industrialists to
undertake major projects even if they had the capital to do so. It is principally for these reasons
that the state had to play an extensive role in promoting the industrial sector. In addition, the
decision to develop the Indian economy on socialist lines led to the policy of the state controlling
the commanding heights of the economy, as the Second Five Year plan put it. This meant that
the state would have complete control of those industries that were vital for the economy. The
policies of the private sector would have to be complimentary to those of the public sector, with
the public sector leading the way.

Solution: a

Solution d)
The founding and settling of hill stations was initially connected with the needs of the British
army. Hill stations became strategic places for billeting troops, guarding frontiers and launching
campaigns against enemy rulers. Simla became the official residence of the commander-in-chief of
the Indian army. Hill stations were important for the colonial economy. With the setting up of
tea and coffee plantations in the adjoining areas, an influx of immigrant labour from the plains
began. This meant that hill stations no longer remained exclusive racial enclaves for Europeans in
India.