Insights Secure Prelims – August 01, 2014

500

Harappa was the first site to be excavated in the Indus valley

Observe continence

Parshvanatha established the “fourfold restraint,” the four vows taken by his followers (not to take life, steal, lie, or own property) that, with Mahavira’s addition of the vow of celibacy, became the five “great vows” (mahavratas) of Jain ascetics. While Parshvanatha allowed monks to wear an upper and lower garment, Mahavira gave up on clothing altogether. According to tradition, the two sets of views were reconciled by a disciple of each of the Tirthankaras, with the followers of Parshvanatha accepting Mahavira’s reforms.

Tanuja

Glass Industry

Alok

The drain of wealth from India was uncontrolled

http://www.celdf.org/downloads/NATURE%20and%20EMPIRE%20-%20LAXMAN%20SATYA%20ARTICLE.pdf (please read CONCLUSION)

The spark plug fitted in the engine produces electro-magnetic signals due to sparking

It is likely the phenomenon is caused by the ignition systems of the vehicles passing by. Spark plugs make good arc transmitters, and motorcycles and scooters lack the secondary shielding provided by car bodies. The ignition systems in road vehicles also operate at significantly higher voltages (45-60kV) than lawnmowers and other yard appliances (15-20kV.)

The interference is a broadband transmission from the ignition system of the engine. Cars produce a similar noise, but the metal bodywork provides effective shielding so only a much weaker portion escapes, not usually enough to affect reception. It is possible to modify a motorcycle to reduce EM noise by connecting a suitably valued high-voltage capacitor (Known to automative types as a condensor, for historical reasons) in the appropriate place, but this is something few motorcycles have fitted and fewer have fitted well. Even with this measure, the noise is still greater than that produced by a car.

48

Admission of women into the monasteries

In Buddhism, a bodhisattva is an enlightenment (bodhi) being (sattva). Traditionally, a bodhisattva is anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta, which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. According to Tibetan Buddhism, a Bodhisattva is one of the four sublime states a human can achieve in life (the others being an Arhat, Buddha, or Pratyekabuddha.

he bodhisattva is a popular subject in Buddhist art. Usage of the term bodhisattva has evolved over time. In early Indian Buddhism, for example, the term bodhisattva was primarily used to refer specifically to the Buddha in his former lives. The Jatakas, which are the stories of his lives, depict the various attempts of the bodhisattva to embrace qualities like self-sacrifice and morality

In Theravāda Buddhism

Bronze statue of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva. Sri Lanka, ca. 750 CE

The term “bodhisatta” (Pāli language) was used by the Buddha in the Pāli canon to refer to himself both in his previous lives and as a young man in his current life, prior to his enlightenment, in the period during which he was working towards his own liberation. When, during his discourses, he recounts his experiences as a young aspirant, he regularly uses the phrase “When I was an unenlightened bodhisatta…

In Mahayana

There are a variety of different conceptions of the nature of a bodhisattva in Mahāyāna. According to some Mahāyāna sources a bodhisattva is someone on the path to full Buddhahood. Others speak of bodhisattvas renouncing Buddhahood. According to the Kun-bzang bla-ma’i zhal-lung

There is a broad spectrum of opinion on the universality and method of attainment of Buddhahood, depending on the Shakyamuni Buddha’s teachings that a school of Buddhism emphasizes. The level to which this manifestation requires ascetic practices varies from none at all to an absolute requirement, dependent on doctrine. Mahayana Buddhism emphasizes the Bodhisattva ideal instead of the Arhat.

The Tathagatagarba and Buddha-nature doctrines of Mahayana Buddhist consider Buddhahood to be a universal and innate property of absolute wisdom. This wisdom is revealed in a person’s current lifetime through Buddhist practice, without any specific relinquishment of pleasures or “earthly desires”.

Buddhists do not consider Siddhartha Gautama to have been the only Buddha. The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones (see List of the 28 Buddhas), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial origin

Cause and Effect

The Concept of Cause and Effect, or Causality, is a key concept in Theravāda, and indeed, in Buddhism as a whole. This concept is expressed in several ways, including the Four Noble Truths, and most importantly, the Paticca-Samuppāda (dependent co-arising).

Abhidhamma in Theravāda canon differentiate between a root cause (Hetu) and facilitating cause (pacca). By the combined interaction of both these, an effect is brought about. On top of this view, a logic is built and elaborated whose most supple form can be seen in the Paticca Samuppāda.

This concept is then used to question the nature of suffering and to elucidate the way out of it, as expressed in the Four Noble Truths. It is also employed in several suttas to refute several philosophies, or any belief system that takes a fixed mindset, or absolute beliefs about the nature of reality.

By taking away a cause, the result will also disappear. From this follows the Buddhist path to end suffering and existence in samsara.

All Buddhist traditions hold that a Buddha is fully awakened and has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion and ignorance. A Buddha is no longer bound by Samsara, and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life.

I, II and III

Ultrasonic waves

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_pest_control

Amino acids mixture

Greatest when the earth is nearest to the sun

The Earth changes all the time as the Earth moves around the Sun. This is because Kepler’s law says that on its orbit, a planet will sweep equal areas in equal amounts of time. This means that when the Earth is closer to the Sun (which happens in early January, about 2 weeks after the winter solstice) it’s moving faster than when it is farther away.

80

Scorpions and spiders

6

Gandhi-lrwin Pact

Reference

A is older than C

Retreating south-west monsoon