Insights Secure PRELIMS – 2014: July 30

Equal to the force exerted by ‘B’ on ‘A’.

http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/space/teachers/suited/6work.html

One of the great advantages of working in space is that objects, including the astronauts themselves, have no apparent weight. Regardless of the weight of an object on Earth, a single crew member can move and position that object in orbit with ease provided the crew member has a stable platform from which to work.

The physics of working in space is the same as that of working on Earth. All people and things contain matter and consequently have mass. Because of that mass, they resist any change in motion. Physicists refer to that resistance as inertia. The greater the mass, the greater the inertia.

Like on Earth, to change the motion of objects in space requires an application of force. How much the object moves is explained in part by Sir Isaac Newton’s Third Law of Motion. The law states that a force causing an object to move one way is met with an equal and opposite force in the other direction. The law is more familiarly stated as, “For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.” The consequence of this law in space is important. A simple Earth task, such as turning a nut with a wrench, can become quite difficult in space because the astronaut- and not the nut- may turn.

Application of force on Earth is easy because we plant our feet firmly on the ground. We can lift heavy objects upward because the equal and opposite force is directed downward through our legs and feet to Earth itself. Earth’s inertia is so great that its response to the downward force is infinitesimal. In space, on the other hand, astronauts do not have the advantage of having a planet to stand on to absorb the equal and opposite force during work activities. As explained in the Third Law of Motion, pushing on an object causes the object and the crew member to float away in opposite directions. The rates at which the crew member and the object float away from each other is determined by their respective masses. For example, a massive satellite will move away much more slowly than the less massive astronaut pushing on it. To gain advantage over objects, the spacesuited crew member must be braced, through foot restraints, by a stable platform, such as a massive and actively stabilized Shuttle orbiter or International Space Station.

1, 2 and 3

http://pblabour.gov.in/pdf/rti/rti_chapter18.pdf

At 2.5 m above the ground

http://www.butler.edu/herbarium/treeid/treegrowth.html

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

Fall down

As far as the balloon’s concerned you need two things to make a balloon float. First you need an atmosphere for it to float in. The second thing you need is gravity. That’s because the reason why a balloon floats is that the balloon itself is less dense than the air around it so gravity pulls on the air around it more than the balloon. The air around it actually tries to push underneath the balloon. That forces the balloon up and makes it float. Unfortunately the moon hasn’t got an atmosphere at all. Therefore you’re missing one of the two things that you need to make a balloon float. In that case a balloon on the moon wouldn’t float at all. It would just land on the floor. 

http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/questions/question/2173/

Establish a national religion which would be acceptable to both the Muslims and the Hindus.

1 and 3 only

The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was founded in 1934 as a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress[INC]. Its members rejected what they saw as the anti-rational mysticism of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi as well as the sectarian attitude of the Communist Party of India towards the Congress Party. Influenced by Fabianism as well asMarxism-Leninism, the CSP included advocates of armed struggle or sabotage (such as Jai Prakash Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha) as well as those who insisted uponahimsa or nonviolent resistance (such as Acharya Narendra Deva). The CSP advocated decentralized socialism in which co-operatives, trade unions, independent farmers, and local authorities would hold a substantial share of the economic power. As secularists, they hoped to transcend communal divisions through class solidarity. Some, such as Narendra Deva or Basawon Singh (Sinha), advocated a democratic socialism distinct from both Marxism and reformist social democracy.

A B C D- 4 2 1 3

A B C D- 2 3 1 5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursendas_Mulji

A B C D -3 4 2 1

 A B C D  – 4 3 1 2

 A is true but R is false

Detergents are primarily surfactants, which could be produced easily from petrochemicals. Surfactants lower the surface tension of water, essentially making it ‘wetter’ so that it is less likely to stick to itself and more likely to interact with oil and grease.

Remain unchanged.

Why did oxygen levels rise? Cyanobacteria, the first organisms capable of producing oxygen through photosynthesis, emerged well before the first step up in atmospheric oxygen concentrations, perhaps as early as 2.7 billion years ago. Their oxygen output helped to fill up the chemical sinks, such as iron in soils, that removed oxygen from the air. But plant photosynthesis alone would not have provided enough oxygen to account for this increase, because heterotrophs (organisms that are not able to make their own food) respire oxygen and use it to metabolize organic material. If all new plant growth is consumed by animals that feed on living plants and decomposers that break down dead plant material, carbon and oxygen cycle in what is essentially a closed loop and net atmospheric oxygen levels remain unchanged .

For More: http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=1&secNum=6

Melting point is lowered

http://sciencecity.oupchina.com.hk/npaw/student/supplementary/1a-mp_pressure.asp

Most liquids under increased pressure freeze at higher temperatures because the pressure helps to hold the molecules together. However, the strong hydrogen bonds in water make it different: For some pressures higher than 1 atm (0.10 MPa), water freezes at a temperature below 0 °C. The melting of ice under high pressures is thought to contribute to the movement of glaciers.

In the case of skating, the ice at the top level melts. The ice beneath it remains solid. This can happen only when the melting point of ice is lowered.

This lessens the friction for the ice skates thus allowing ice skating.

Viral diseases are intra-cellular.

Though option (D) is also correct, for this question, (B) is the most appropriate answer.

Most of the antiviral drugs now available are designed to help deal with HIV, herpes viruses, the hepatitis B and C viruses, and influenza A and B viruses. Researchers are working to extend the range of antivirals to other families of pathogens.

Designing safe and effective antiviral drugs is difficult, because viruses use the host’s cells to replicate. This makes it difficult to find targets for the drug that would interfere with the virus without also harming the host organism’s cells. Moreover, the major difficulty in developing vaccines and anti-viral drugs is due to viral variation.

Decrease

http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae508.cfm

Doctrine of Ahimsa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa#Buddhism

http://www.budsas.org/ebud/whatbudbeliev/214.htm

It resulted in the origination of Hinayanism

Hinayanism is old Buddha religion. Mahayna is the new form- idol worship, brahmanic practices, rituals etc.

Several Kushan rulers worshipped both Shiva and Buddha. Several worshipped Vishnu. Some were converted to Vaishnavism.

Amaravati School of art The third type of sculpture art that Flourished during the Kushana time was Amaravati School of art in the Andhra Pradesh. White Marble was used in this art and the themes were Buddha’s life and Jatakas tales. The curly hairs of Buddha is a feature that is influenced by the Greeks. In this school, the Kings, Princes, Palaces etc. have got prominence.

Gandhara school – Buddha hair – Graeco Roman style

Mathura also produced images of Mahavira. Ignored Krishna even though mathura was his birth place.

Labrador

Imaginary region that encompass the path of the planets.